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APULIA (sometimes APPULIa in manuscri...

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Originally appearing in Volume V02, Page 236 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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APULIA (sometimes APPULIa in See also:manuscripts but never in See also:inscriptions) , the See also:district inhabited in See also:ancient times by the Apuli. Strictly a Samnite tribe (see See also:SAMNITES) settled See also:round See also:Mount Garganus on the See also:east See also:coast of See also:Italy (See also:Strabo vi. 3. II), the Apuli mingled with the Iapygian tribes of that See also:part of the coast (Dauni, Peucetii, Poediculi) who, like the See also:Messapii, had come from See also:Illyria, so that the name Apulia reached down to the border of the ancient See also:Calabria. Almost the only See also:monument of Samnite speech from the district is the famous Tabula Bantina from Bantia, a small See also:city just inside the Peucetian part of Apulia, on the Lucanian border. This inscription is one of the latest and in some ways the most important monument of 'Oscan, though showing what appear to be some See also:southern peculiarities (see OSCA LINGUA). ItS date is almost certainly between 118 and 90 B.C., and it shows that Latin had not even then spread over the district (cf. LUCANIA). Far older than this are some coins from Ausculum and Teate (later known as Teanum Apulum), of which the earliest belong to the 4th See also:century B.C. See also:Roman or Latin colonies were few, Luceria (planted 314 B.C.) in the See also:north and See also:Brundisium (soon after 268) being the See also:chief. (See R. S.

See also:

Conway, See also:Italic Dialects, See also:xxviii.-See also:xxx. pp. 15 f.; and See also:Mommsen's introduction to the opening sections of C.I.L. ix.) (R. S. C.) The See also:wars of the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C. brought a See also:great part of the pastures of the Apulian See also:plain into the hands of the Roman See also:state, and a tax was paid on every See also:head of See also:cattle and every See also:sheep, at first to the tax See also:farmer and later to the imperial See also:procurator. It was under the See also:Romans that the See also:system of See also:migration for the flocks reached its full development, and the practice is still continued; the sheep-tracks (tratturi), 350 ft. wide, leading from the mountains of the Abruzzi to the plain of Apulia date in the See also:main at least from the Roman See also:period, and are mentioned in inscriptions. The plain, however, which once served as See also:winter grazing ground for a million sheep, now gives pasture to about one-See also:half of that number.' The shepherds, who were slaves, often gave considerable trouble; we hear that some 7000 of them, who had made the whole See also:country unsafe, were condemned to See also:death in 18.5 B.C. (See also:Livy xxxix. 29). Sheep-farming on a large See also:scale was no doubt detrimental to the interests of the towns. We hear of repeated risings, for the last See also:time in the Social See also:War. Even in the 4th century B.C. the then chief See also:town of Apulia, Teate or Teanum Apulum (see above), suffered in this way. Luceria subsequently took its See also:place, largely owing to its military importance; but under the See also:Empire it was succeeded by See also:Canusium.

The road system of Apulia, which touched all the important towns, consisted of three main lines, the Via See also:

Appia (see APrIA, VIA), the Via Traiana, and the coast road, See also:running more or less parallel in an east-See also:south-east direction. The first (the southern-most), coming east from Beneventum, entered Apulia at the Pons Aufidi, and ran through See also:Venusia to See also:Tarentum, and thence, ' The migration was made compulsory by See also:Alphonso I. in 1442, and remained so until 1865. Since that time the tratturi have been to some extent absorbed by private proprietors. turning north-east, to Brundusium. The second, coming north-east from Beneventum, turned east at Aecae, and ran through Herdoniae, Canusium, Butuntum, See also:Barium and Gnathia (See also:Gnatia) to Brundusium. There was also a See also:short cut from Butuntum to Gnathia through See also:Caelia, keeping inland. The third parallel See also:line ran to the north of the Via Traiana, in continuation of the road along the north-east coast of See also:Picenum and Samnium; it entered Apulia near Larinum (whence a See also:branch ran south to See also:Bovianum Undecimanorum), and thence, keeping in the plain to the south of the See also:Mons Garganus, rejoined the coast at Siponturn, where it received a branch road from the Via Traiana at Aecae, passing through Luceria and See also:Arpi. It then passed through Barduli (where it was joined by a road from Canusium by way of See also:Cannae) to Barium, where it joined the Via Traiana. From Barium a road probably ran See also:direct to Caelia, and thence south-south-east to join the Via Appia some 25 M. north-See also:west of Tarentum. Barium was an important See also:harbour, though less so than Brundusium and Tarentum, which, however, belonged to Calabria in the Roman sense. Apulia, with Calabria, formed the second region of See also:Augustus, though we once find Calabria treated as a part of the third region, Lucania (C. I.

L. ix. 2213). The Hannibalic and later wars had, Strabo tells us, destroyed the former prosperity of the country; in imperial times we hear little or nothing of it. Both were governed by a corrector from the time of See also:

Constantine onwards, but in 668 the See also:Lombards conquered Calabria and Apulia, and it was then that the former name was transferred to Bruttium, the meaning of the latter being extended to include Calabria also. In the loth century the greater part of this territory was recovered by the See also:Byzantine emperors, whose See also:governor was called Karam-See also:coin, a name which, under the corrupt See also:form Capitanata, belonged to the See also:province of See also:Foggia till 1861. It was conquered by the See also:Normans under See also:William See also:Bras-de-fer, who took the See also:title of comes Apuliae in 1042; it was raised to a dukedom with Calabria by See also:Robert Guiscard in 1059, and See also:united to the Sicilian See also:monarchy in 1127. Many of the important towns possess See also:fine Romanesque cathedrals, constructed under the Normans and the See also:Hohenstaufen rulers. It shared the subsequent See also:fate of See also:Sicily, becoming a part of the See also:kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1734, and being united with Italy in 1861. See also:Modern Apulia comprises the three provinces of Foggia, See also:Bari and See also:Lecce (the latter corresponding roughly with the ancient Calabria, which, however, extended somewhat farther north inland), and is often known as Le Puglie; it stretches from See also:Monte See also:Gargano to the south-east extremity of Italy, with an See also:area of 7376 sq. m.; it is bounded on the north and east by the Adriatic, on the south-east by the Gulf of See also:Taranto, on the south by See also:Basilicata and on the west by See also:Campania and the Abruzzi. The three provinces correspond to the three natural divisions into which it falls. That of Foggia, though it has mountains on the west and south-west boundary, and the Monte Gargano at its north-east extremity, is in the main a great plain called the Tavoliere (chessboard) di Puglia, with considerable lagoons on its north and east coast. That of Bari, east-south-east of Foggia and divided from it by the Ofanto (Aufidus), the only considerable See also:river of Apulia, 104 M. See also:long, is a hilly district with a coast See also:strip along which are the See also:majority of the towns—the lack of villages is especially noticeable; in the circondario of See also:Barletta, the north-east portion of the province, there are only eleven communes, with a See also:total See also:population of 335,934.

That of Lecce, to the east-south-east again, is a See also:

low See also:flat See also:limestone See also:terrace. The See also:industries of Apulia are mainly See also:pastoral or agricultural. Besides sheep, a considerable number of horses, cattle and See also:swine are bred; while despite the lack of See also:water, which is the great need of modern Apulia (in 1906 arrangements were made for a great See also:aqueduct, to See also:supply the three provinces from the head-See also:waters of the Sele), cultivation is actively carried on, especially in the province of Bari, where See also:grain, See also:wine, See also:olives, almonds, lemons, oranges, See also:tobacco, &c., are produced in abundance, and the export of See also:olive oil is attaining considerable importance. Thesalt See also:works of Margherita di Savoia produce large quantities of See also:salt, and See also:nitre is extracted near See also:Molfetta. Railway communications are fairly See also:good, the main line from See also:Bologna to See also:Brindisi passing through the whole length of Apulia, by way of Foggia and Bari, and having branches-from Foggia (the main railway centre of Apulia) to See also:Benevento and See also:Caserta, to 1Vlanfredonia, to See also:Lucera and to Rocchetta S. See also:Antonio (and thence to either See also:Avellino, See also:Potenza or Gioia del Colle), from Ofantino to Margherita di Savoia, from Barletta to Spinazzola (between Rocchetta S. Antonio and Gioia del Colle), from Bari to Putignano, and via Gioia del Colle to Taranto, and from Brindisi to Taranto, and to Lecce and See also:Otranto; besides which, there is a See also:steam See also:tramway from Barletta to Bari via See also:Andria. The most important harbours of Apulia are Brindisi, Bari, Taranto, Barletta, Molfetta and See also:Gallipoli. The export of olive oil to See also:foreign countries from the province of Lecce in 1905 amounted to 1048 tons, as against 3395 in 1901; but that to See also:home ports increased from 7077 to 9025 tons in the same period. The See also:production of wine was 358,953 tons in 1905 as against 203,995 tons in 1901 (an exceptionally See also:bad See also:year) and 284,156 tons in 1902. Of this 211,872 tons were forwarded by See also:rail and See also:sea, in the proportion of five to two respectively, the See also:rest being used for home See also:consumption and as a reserve. The cultivation of See also:oriental tobacco is extending in the province (see Consular See also:Report, No.

3672, See also:

July 1906). The population of the province of Foggia was 425,450 (1901) as against 322, 758in 1871, the chief towns being Foggia (53,151), See also:Cerignola (34,195), S. Severo (30,040), Monte S. Angelo (21,870), S. Marco in Lamis (17,309), Lucera (17,515); that of Bari, 827,698 (1901) as against 604,540 in 1871, the chief towns. being Bari (77,478), Andria (49,569), Barletta (42,022), Corato (41,573), Molfetta (40,,35), See also:Trani (31,800), Bisceglie (30,885), See also:Bitonto (30,617), See also:Canosa (24,169), See also:Ruvo (23,776), See also:Terlizzi (23,232), See also:Altamura (22,729), See also:Monopoli (22,545), Gioia del Colle (21,721); that of Lecce, 706,520 (1901) as against 493,594 in 1871, the chief towns being Taranto (60,733), Lecce (32,687), Brindisi (25,317), Martina Franca (25,007), See also:Ostuni (22,997), Francavilla See also:Fontana (20,422), Ceglie Messapica (16,867), Nardo (14,387), See also:Galatina (14,071), Gallipoli (13,552), See also:Manduria (13,113). (T.

End of Article: APULIA (sometimes APPULIa in manuscripts but never in inscriptions)

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