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MESSAPII

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Originally appearing in Volume V18, Page 190 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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MESSAPII , an See also:

ancient tribe which inhabited, in See also:

HISTORICAL

historical times, the See also:

south-eastern See also:

peninsula or " See also:

HEEL

heel " of See also:

Italy, known variously in ancient times as See also:

CALABRIA

Calabria, Messapia and Iapygia. Their See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief towns were Uzentum, Rudiae, Brundisiumand Uria. They are mentioned (See also:

Herod. vii. 170) as having' inflicted a serious defeat on the Greeks of Tarenttlm in 473 B.C. See also:

HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus adds a tradition which links them to the Cretan subjects of "See also:

King See also:

MINOS

Minos." 'Their See also:

LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language is preserved for us in a scanty See also:

GROUP

group of perhaps fifty See also:

INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions of which only a few contain more than proper names, and in a few glosses in ancient writers collected by See also:

MOMMSEN, THEODOR (1817–1903)

Mommsen (Unteritalische Dialekte, p. 7o). Unluckily very few originals of the inscriptions are now in existence, though some few remain in the museum at See also:

TARANTO (anc. Tarentum, q.v.)

Taranto. The only satisfactory transcripts are those given by (I) Mommsen (loc. cit.) and by (2) I. P. Droop in the See also:

ANNUAL

Annual of the See also:

BRITISH

British School at See also:

Athens (1905-1906), xli. 137, who includes, for purposes of comparison, as the reader should be warned, some specimens of the 'unfortunately numerous class of forged inscriptions. A large number of the inscriptions collected by Gamurrini in the appendices to See also:

FABRETTI, RAPHAEL (1618–1700)

Fabretti's Corpus inscriptionum italicdrum are forgeries, and the See also:

TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text of the See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest is negligently reported.

It is therefore safest to rely on the texts collected by Mommsen, cumbered though they are by the various readings given , to him by various, authorities. In spite, however, of these difficulties some facts of considerable importance have been established. The inscriptions, so far as it is safe to See also:

JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge from the copies of See also:

TILE (0. Eng. tigel, Fr. tuile, connected with Lat. tegula)

tile older finds and from Droop's facsimiles of the newer, are all in the Tarentine-Ionic See also:

ALPHABET (see also WRITING)

alphabet (with for v and I- for h). For limits of date 400-150 B.C. may be regarded as. approximately probable; the two most important inscriptions-those of Bindisi and Vaste—may perhaps be assigned provisionally to the 3rd See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.c. Mo'mmsen's first See also:

ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt at dealing with the inscriptions and the language attained solid, if not very numerous, results, chief of which were the genitival See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the endings-aihi and ihi; and the conjunctional value of in0i (loc. cit. 79-84 sg(1). Since that See also:

time (185o) very little progress has been made There is, in fact, only one attempt known to the See also:

PRESENT

present wntet to `which the student can be referred as proceeding upon thoroughly scientific lines, that of See also:

PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Alf Torp in Indogermanische Forschungen (1895), V., 195, which deals fully 'with the two inscriptions just mentioned, and practically sums up all that is either certain or probable in the conjectures of his predecessors. Hardly more than a few words can be said to have been separated and translated with certainty—kalatoras (masc. gen. sing.) " of a See also:

HERALD (O. Fr. heraut, herault; the origin is uncertain, but O.H.G. heren, to call, or hariwald, leader of an army, have been proposed; the Gr. equivalent is Kddpvi : Lat. praeco, caduceator, fetialis)

herald "(Written upon a herald's See also:

STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff which was once in 'the See also:

Naples Museum);' See also:

ARAN

aran (acc: sing. fem.) " arable See also:

LAND

land "; tnazzes, " greater " (neut. acc. sing.), the first two syllables of the Latin maiestas; while tepise (3rd sing. See also:

AORIST (from Gr. abpOrror, indefinite)

aorist indic.) " placed " or " offered "; and forms corresponding to the See also:

ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article (la- = See also:

Greek ro) seem also reasonably probable. Some phonetic characteristics of the See also:

DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect may be regarded as quite certain; (r) the See also:

CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of the See also:

ORIGINAL

original See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short d to d (as in the last syllable of the genitive kalatoras); (2) of final -m to -n (as in aran) ;, (3) of -ni- -ti- -si- respectively to -nn- -tB- and -ssas in dazohonnes " Dasonius," dazohonnihi " DasBnii "; dazetOes, gen. dazetbihi "Dazetius, Dazetii," from the shorter See also:

STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem dazet-; Vallasso for Vallasio (a derivative from the shorter name See also:

VALLA, LORENZO, or LAURENTIUS (c. 1406-1457)

Valla); (4) the loss of final d (as in tepise), and probably of final t (as in -See also:

des, perhaps meaning "set," from the See also:

root of Gr. rtthµi); (5) the change of original dh to d (anda = Gr. EvOa and bh to b (beran = See also:

Lat. ferant); (6) -au- before (at least some) consonants becomes -d- (Bdsta, earlier /3a$ora). (7) Very See also:

GREAT

great See also:

INTEREST

interest attaches to the See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form penkaheh—which Torp very probably identifies with the Oscan stem pompaio—which is a derivative of the Indo-See also:

EUROPEAN

European See also:

NUMERAL (from Lat. numerus, a number)

numeral *penque " 5." If this last See also:

IDENTIFICATION (Lat. idem, the same)

identification ,be correct it would show, that in Messapian (just as in Venetic and Ligurian) the original velars were retained as gutturals and not converted into labials. The change of o to a is exceedingly interesting as being a phenomenon associated with the See also:

NORTHERN

northern branches of Indo-European such as See also:

GOTHIC

Gothic, Albanian and Lithuanian, and not appearing in any other See also:

SOUTHERN

southern dialect hitherto known.

The Greek 'Acbpo&ira appears in the form Aprodita (dat. sing., See also:

FERN (from O. Eng. fearn, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch varen, and Ger. Farn; the Indo-European root, seen in the Sanskrit parna, a feather, shows the primary meaning; cf. Gr. rmep6 , feather, rTepis, fern)

fern.). The use of See also:

double consonants which has been already pointed out in the Messapian inscriptions has been very acutely connected by Deecke with the tradition that the same practice was introduced at See also:

Rome by the poet See also:

ENNIUS, QUINTUS (239-170 B.c.)

Ennius who came from the Messapian See also:

TOWN

town Rudiae (See also:

Festus, p. 293 M). It should be added that the proper names in the inscriptions show the See also:

REGULAR

regular See also:

ITALIC

Italic See also:

SYSTEM

system of See also:

gentile nomen preceded by a See also:

PERSONAL

personal praenomen; and that some inscriptions show the interesting feature which appears in the Tables of See also:

HERACLEA

Heraclea of a See also:

crest or coat of arms, such as a triangle or an See also:

ANCHOR (from the Greek ayrcvpa, which Vossius considers is from 6yi17 , a crook or hook)

anchor, See also:

PECULIAR

peculiar to particular families. The same reappears in the See also:

IOVILAE, or JOVILAE

Iovilae (q.v.) of See also:

Capua and See also:

CUMAE (Gr. Kb/.m)

Cumae. For further See also:

INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information the student must be referred to the See also:

SOURCES

sources already mentioned and further to W. Deecke in a See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of articles in the Rheinisches Museum, See also:

XXXVI

xxxvi. 576 sqq. ; See also:

XXXVII

xxxvii. 373 sqq. ; xl. 131 sqq.; xlii.

226 sqq., S. See also:

BUGGE, SOPHUS (1833—1907)

Bugge, Bezzenbergers Beitrage, vol. 18. A newly discovered inscription has been published by L. Ceci Notizie degli Scavi (1908), p. 86; and one or two others are recorded by Professor See also:

VIOLA [Fr. viole, Ger. Bratsche, Ital. viola, alto]

Viola, ibid. 1884, p. 128 sqq. and in Giornale degli Scavi di Pompei, vol. 4 (1878), pp. 7o sqq. The See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place-names of the See also:

DISTRICT

district are collected by R. S.

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