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Jerusalem in 63 inc. Pompey installed Hyrcanus, who was little better than a figurehead, in the high-priesthood; and when in 55 B.C. the son of Aristobulus renewed the See also:

CIVIL

civil See also:

war in Palestine, the See also:

ROMAN

Roman governor of See also:

SYRIA

Syria in the exercise of his See also:

jurisdiction arranged a See also:

settlement " in accordance with the wishes of Antipater " (Jos.

Ant. xiv. 6. 4). To this policy of dependence upon Rome Antipater adhered, and he succeeded in commending himself to See also:

Mark Antony and See also:

Caesar in turn. After the See also:

BATTLE

battle of Pharsalia Caesar made him See also:

PROCURATOR (Lat. procurare, to take care of)

procurator and a Roman See also:

CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen. At this point Herod appears on the See also:

SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene as ruler of See also:

Galilee (Jos. Ant. xiv. 9. 2) appointed by his father at the See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of fifteen or, since he died at seventy, twenty-five. In spite of his youth he soon found an opportunity of displaying his mettle; for he arrested See also:

HEZEKIAH (Heb. for " [my] strength is [of] Yah ")

Hezekiah the See also:

arch-brigand, who had overrun the Syrian border, and put him to See also:

DEATH

death. The Jewish nobility at Jerusalem . seized upon this high-handed See also:

ACTION

action as a pretext for satisfying their See also:

JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy of their Idumaean rulers. Herod was cited in the name of Hyrcanus to appear before the Sanhedrin, whose See also:

PREROGATIVE

prerogative he had usurped in executing Hezekiah.

He appeared with a bodyguard, and the Sanhedrin was overawed. Only Sameas, a Pharisee, dared to insist upon the legal See also:

VERDICT (O. Fr. verdit, Lat. vere dictum, truly said, used in Late Latin in one word with its present significance)

verdict of condemnation. But the governor of Syria had sent a demand for Herod's acquittal, and so Hyrcanus adjourned the trial and persuaded the accused to See also:

ABSCOND (Lat. abscondere, to hide, put away)

abscond. Herod returned with an See also:

army, but his father prevailed upon him to depart to Galilee without wreaking his vengeance upon his enemies. About this See also:

time (47–46 B.C.) he was created See also:

STRATEGUS (oTparfyos)

strategus of Coelesyria by the provincial governor. The See also:

EPISODE

episode is important for the See also:

LIGHT

light which it throws upon Herod's relations with Rome and with the Jews. In 44 B.C. See also:

Cassius arrived in Syria for the purpose of filling his war-See also:

CHEST (Gr. Kiarl, Lat. cista, O. Eng. cist, test, &c.)

chest: Antipater and Herod collected the sum of See also:

MONEY

money at which the Jews of Palestine had been assessed. In 43 B.C. Antipater was poisoned at the instigation of one Malichus, who was perhaps a Jewish patriot animated by hatred of the Herods and their Roman patrons. With the connivance of Cassius Herod had Malichus assassinated; but the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country was in a See also:

state of anarchy, thanks to the extortions of Cassius and the encroachments of neighbouring See also:

POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers. Antony, who became See also:

MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of the See also:

East after See also:

PHILIPPI (Turk. Filibejik)

Philippi, was ready to support the sons of his friend Antipater; but he was absent in See also:

EGYPT

Egypt when the Parthians invaded Palestine to restore Antigonus to the See also:

THRONE

throne of his father Aristobulus (40 B.C.).

Herod escaped to Rome: the Arabians, his See also:

MOTHER

mother's See also:

PEOPLE

people, had repudiated him. Antony had made him See also:

TETRARCH (TETp&pX1)S)

tetrarch, and now with the assent of Octavian persuaded the See also:

SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

Senate to declare him See also:

king of See also:

JUDAEA

Judaea. In 39 B.C. Herod returned to Palestine and, when the presence of Antony put the reluctant Roman troops entirely at his disposal, he was able to See also:

lay See also:

SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege to Jerusalem two years later. Secure of the support of Rome he was concerned also to legitimize his position in the eyes of the Jews by taking, for love as well as policy, the Hasmonaean princess Mariamne to be his second wife. Jerusalem was taken by See also:

storm; the Roman troops withdrew to behead Antigonus the usurper at See also:

ANTIOCH

Antioch. In 37 B.C. Herod was king of Judaea, being the client of Antony and the See also:

HUSBAND

husband of Mariamne. The See also:

PHARISEES

Pharisees, who dominated the bulk of the Jews, were content to accept Herod's See also:

RULE

rule as a See also:

JUDGMENT

judgment of See also:

God. Hyrcanus returned from his See also:

PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison : mutilated, he could no longer hold See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office as high-See also:

PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest; but his See also:

MUTILATION (from Lat. mutilus, maimed)

mutilation probably gave him the See also:

PRESTIGE

prestige of a martyr, and his See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence—whatever it was See also:

worth— 380 seems to have been favourable to the new dynasty. On the other hand Herod's marriage with Mariamne brought some of his enemies into his own See also:

HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household. He had scotched the See also:

FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

faction of Hasmonaean sympathizers by killing See also:

FORTY

forty-five members of the Sanhedrin and confiscating their possessions.

But so See also:

long as there were representatives of the family alive, there was always a possible pretender to the throne which he occupied; and the people had not lost their See also:

AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection for their former deliverers. Mariamne's mother used her position to further her plots for the overthrow of her son-in-See also:

law; and she found an ally in See also:

CLEOPATRA

Cleopatra of Egypt, who was unwilling to be spurned by him, even if she was not weary of his patron, Antony. The events of Herod's reign indicate the temporary triumphs of his different adversaries. His high-priest, a Babylonian, was deposed in See also:

order that Aristobulus III., Mariamne's See also:

BROTHER

brother, might hold the See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place to which he had some ancestral right. But the See also:

ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm with which the people received him at the Feast of See also:

TABERNACLES, FEAST OF

Tabernacles convinced Herod of the danger; and the youth was drowned by order of the king at See also:

JERICHO (WI:, m;, once ahn:, a word of disputed meaning, whether " fragrant " or " moon [-god] city ")

Jericho. Cleopatra had obtained from Antony a See also:

grant of territory adjacent to Herod's domain and even See also:

PART

part of it. She required Herod to collect arrears of See also:

TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute. So it See also:

fell out that, when Octavian and the Senate declared war against Antony and Cleopatra, Herod was preoccupied in obedience to her commands and was thus prevented from fighting against the future See also:

EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor of Rome. After the battle of See also:

ACTIUM (mod. Punta)

Actium (3r B.C.) Herod executed Hyrcanus and proceeded to wait upon the victorious Octavian at See also:

Rhodes. His position was confirmed and his territories were restored. On his return he took in hand to heal with the Hasmonaeans, and in 25 B.C. the old intriguers, their victims like Mariamne, and all pretenders were dead. From this time onwards Herod was See also:

FREE

free to govern Palestine, as a client-See also:

prince of the Roman See also:

EMPIRE

Empire should govern his See also:

KINGDOM

kingdom.

In order to put down the brigands who still infested the country and to check the raids of the Arabs on the frontier, he built or rebuilt fortresses, which were of material assistance to the Jews in the great revolt against Rome. Within and without Judaea he erected magnificent buildings and founded cities. He established See also:

GAMES, CLASSICAL

games in See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of the emperor after the See also:

ancient See also:

Greek See also:

MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model in Caesarea and Jerusalem and revived the splendour of the Olympic games. At See also:

Athens and elsewhere he was commemorated as a benefactor; and as See also:

JEW, THE WANDERING

Jew and king of the Jews he restored the See also:

temple at Jerusalem. The emperor recognized his successful See also:

government by putting the districts of Ulatha and Panias under him in 20 B.C. But Herod found new enemies among the members of his household. His brother Pheroras and See also:

SISTER

sister See also:

SALOME

Salome plotted for their own See also:

ADVANTAGE

advantage and against the two sons of Mariamne. The people still cherished a See also:

LOYALTY

loyalty to the Hasmonaean lineage, although the See also:

young princes were also the sons of Herod. The enthusiasm with which they were received fed the suspicion, which their See also:

UNCLE

uncle instilled into their father's mind, and they were strangled at Sebaste. On his deathbed Herod discovered that his eldest son, Antipater, whom See also:

JOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS (c. 37-C. 95?)

Josephus calls a " See also:

monster of iniquity," had been plotting against him. He proceeded to accuse him before the governor of Syria and obtained leave from See also:

AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus to put him to death. The father died five days after his son in 4 B.C.

He had done much for the Jews, thanks to the favour he had won and kept in spite of all from the successive heads of the Roman state; he had observed the Law publicly—in fact, as the traditional See also:

EPIGRAM

epigram of Augustus says, " it was better to be Herod's See also:

SWINE

swine than a son of Herod." Josephus, Ant. xv., xvi., xvii. 1-8, B.J. i. 18-33; Schiirer, Gesch. d. See also:

JUD, LEO (1482–1542)

jud. See also:

VOLK, LEONARD WELLS (1828-1895)

Volk., 4th ed., i. pp. 360-418.

End of Article: HEROD (surnamed THE GREAT)

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