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brother and successor of Judas Maccabaeus. The name, which may be translated " Separatists," indicates their devotion to the ideal, enforced by See also:

Ezra and See also:

NEHEMIAH (Heb. for " Yah[weh] comforts ")

Nehemiah upon the reluctant Jews, of a nation See also:

SEPARATE

separate from all other nations in virtue of its See also:

PECULIAR

peculiar relation to Yahweh (Neh. ix.). This ideal nation consisted of all who were prepared to obey the See also:

Law of See also:

Moses, irrespective of their natural descent. Consequently the Pharisees, who seem to have been an See also:

order of religious teachers, were concerned to make converts (proselytes), and some of their greatest teachers were of non-Jewish parentage. They were also concerned to insist upon the strict observance of the Law, so far as it was compatible with the exigencies of See also:

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

LIFE

life, and to See also:

TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train disciples who should seta proper example to the See also:

mass of the See also:

PEOPLE

people. The ideal of separation descended from the See also:

GREAT

Great See also:

Synagogue (See also:

ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly) of the See also:

time of Ezra to the Synagogue of the Hasidaeans (Assidaeons), who allied themselves with Judas Maccabaeus when his followers decided to suspend the law of the See also:

SABBATH

Sabbath, in order that the true Jews might preserve themselves from annihilation and survive to keep the Law as a whole. This See also:

ACTION

action of the Hasidaeans is clearly the See also:

PRACTICAL

practical outcome of the principle which Josephus describes in the See also:

LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of See also:

PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy as the characteristic of the Pharisees—" some things and not all are the See also:

WORK

work of See also:

FATE

Fate " (Ant. xiii. 5, q). Fate is the Stoic See also:

TERM

term for See also:

God; and these forerunners of the Pharisees judged that the time had come for them to take action rather than to wait passively on God. But then and always the See also:

PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime concern of the Pharisees was the See also:

EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of God's See also:

SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty (the See also:

KINGDOM

Kingdom of God) throughout the See also:

WORLD

world. God's will, which all men should obey, was revealed in the Law, and though He might appoint See also:

GOVERNORS

governors over them, He remained their See also:

King, and no See also:

GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor who was not a See also:

PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

prophet—God's See also:

mere See also:

MOUTHPIECE (Fr. embouchure; Ger. Mundstuck; Ital. bocchino)

mouthpiece—could command their unquestioning obedience.

When Judas reconquered See also:

Jerusalem and re-dedicated the desecrated See also:

Temple, his work, from the Pharisees' point of view, was done. The Temple-See also:

WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship was See also:

PART

part and See also:

PARCEL (Fr. parcelle, Ital. particella, Lat. particela, diminutive of pars, part)

parcel of the Divine See also:

plan, and a legitimate High See also:

PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

Priest was necessary. Alanius was, therefore, welcomed by the Hasidaeans, and only his treacherous See also:

MURDER

murder of sixty of their number taught them that any Syrian nominee was their enemy. Later they acquiesced in the See also:

election of See also:

Simon to the high-priesthood with the See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition " until there should arise a faithful prophet "; but some of them remonstrated against the See also:

COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of the sacred See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office with the position of See also:

POLITICAL

political ruler in the See also:

PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of See also:

John See also:

HYRCANUS ('Tp,av6s)

Hyrcanus as contrary to the precedent set by Moses at his See also:

DEATH

death. When Alexandra came to the See also:

THRONE

throne the Pharisees were the real rulers and imposed upon the people the deductions from the written Law which formed the growing See also:

BODY

body of their oral tradition. Their reign was See also:

long enough to establish this tradition in respect of See also:

RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual, and even when this See also:

GOLDEN

golden See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age—as it seemed to later See also:

SCRIBES

Scribes—was over they exercised a See also:

PARAMOUNT (Anglo-Fr. paramont, up above, par el mont, up or on top of the mountain)

paramount See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence upon the See also:

COMMON

common people. They had learned to read God's will in the events of See also:

HISTORY

history, and deduced (for example) the See also:

DOCTRINE

doctrine of the resurrection of the dead from the death of the martyrs under See also:

ANTIOCHUS

Antiochus Epiphanes and Alcimus. And what they learned from current history and from the See also:

ancient history of the nation recorded in Scripture they taught in the synagogues, which corresponded not merely to the See also:

PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish churches but also to the See also:

SCHOOLS

schools—See also:

day schools and See also:

SUNDAY

Sunday schools—of to-day. Apart from their See also:

CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of public See also:

EDUCATION

education, their See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power was enhanced by their efforts to better the position of See also:

WOMEN

women, and by their notorious leniency in the See also:

MATTER

matter of punishments. Everything—the repeated statements of Josephus and the facts of Jewish history after A.D. 7a—goes to show that the Pharisees moulded the See also:

religion of the people. Attempts have been made in See also:

MODERN

modern times to represent the Apocalyptists as opposed to the Pharisees and as occupying the position in popular estimation which Josephus ascribes to the Pharisees.

But for such representations there is no solid ground. Superficially the language of apocalypses differs from that of rabbinic deci- sions., and where the seer takes a comprehensive view of the ages the See also:

RABBI

rabbi legislates for particular cases. But even in the See also:

TALMUD

Talmud the reign of Alexandra is described in apocalyptic language such as is commonly applied to the future age, and if See also:

ALLOWANCE (from "allow,' derived through 0. Fr. alouer from the two Lat. origins adlaudare, to praise, and allocare, to assign a place; so that the English word combined the general idea of "assigning with approval")

allowance be made for the symbolism proper to revelations it is clear that essentially the See also:

SCRIBE, AUGUSTIN EUGENE (1791-1860, French dramatist, was born in Paris on the 24th of December 1791. His father was a silk merchant, and he was well educated, being destined for the bar. But, having a real gift for the theatre, a gift which unfortunately

scribe and the seer have the same purpose and even the same doctrines. The Pharisees were occupied with thepiecemeal realization of the dreams of their supposed opponents, which gain a vague See also:

GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory from their being far off. The gospels generally have See also:

LEFT

left upon the minds of men an impression unfavourable to the Pharisees. They contain denunciations attributed to our See also:

Lord and assigned—with obvious injustice in some cases—to the scribes of this sect. It is to be remembered that the Pharisees were the only sect of the Jews who survived in See also:

Christian times and that the Pharisees were never a homogeneous body possessed of a definite policy or body of doctrine. Moreover it is clear that our Lord denounced not all the Pharisees but the hypocrites only, as did the rabbis whose sayings are reported in the Talmud and other Jewish books. Again the third See also:

GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

gospel in particular betrays relations between the Pharisees and Jesus very different from those of the common Christian view, which conjures up an impossible picture of an See also:

ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute See also:

BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach between the Prophet of See also:

NAZARETH (mod. en-Ndsira)

Nazareth and the whole See also:

CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation of the Pharisees as a result of a See also:

QUARREL

quarrel with certain members of that dissident sect of See also:

INDEPENDENT

independent thinkers. See also:

GAMALIEL (Se'So?)

Gamaliel and his See also:

PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil St See also:

Paul are better representatives of the non-hypocritical Pharisee; and the Pauline Epistles or the writings of See also:

Philo are the best extant examples of the manner and matter of their teaching. As for the denunciations, apart from the See also:

charge of insincerity, it appears that the scribes in question are pilloried for the defects—or the excesses—of their qualities. Indeed they are corroborative See also:

EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence for the reverence with which the Pharisees were regarded by the people generally, and for the zeal with which they strove to fulfil God's will as contained in the Law and elucidated by the Tradition.

(J. H. A.

End of Article: PHARISEES

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