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Teeth variable in number, owing to the suppression in some forms of an upper incisor and one or more premolars. In the typical genus Sus, as exemplified by domesticated pigs (see PIG) and the wild See also:

BOAR (0. Eng. bar; the word is found only in W. Ger. languages, cf. Dutch beer, Ger. Eber)

boar (see See also:

Bona), the dentition is p.1, m.i; See also:

TOTAL

total 44; the upper incisors diminishing rapidly in See also:

SIZE

size from the first to the third, and the See also:

LOWER

lower incisors See also:

long, narrow, closely approximated, and almost See also:

HORIZONTAL

horizontal in position, their tips inclining towards the middle See also:

LINE

line, the second slightly larger than the first, the third much smaller. The tusks or canines are strongly developed, with persistent roots and a partial See also:

ENAMEL (formerly " amel," derived through the Fr. amail, emmll, esmail, from a Latin word smaltum, first found in a 9th-century life of Leo IV.)

enamel covering, those of the upper See also:

JAW (Mid. Eng. jawe, jowe and geowe, O. Eng. cheowan, connected with " chaw " and " chew," and in form with " jowl ")

jaw not having the usual downward direction, but curving out-wards, upwards and finally inwards, while those of the lower jaw are directed upwards and outwards with a See also:

GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle backward See also:

CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve, their hinder edges working and wearing against the front edges of the upper pair. The tusks appear externally to the mouth, the See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the upper See also:

LIP (a word common in various forms, to Teutonic languages, cf Ger. Lippe, Dan. laebe; Lat. labium is cognate)

lip being modified to allow of their protrusion, but are much less developed in See also:

FEMALES

females than in See also:

MALES

males. The teeth of the molar See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series gradually increase in size and complexity from first to last, and are arranged in contiguous series, except that the first lower premolar is separated by an See also:

INTERVAL

interval from the second.

First and second upper premolars with compressed crowns and two roots; and the third and See also:

FOURTH

fourth with an inner See also:

LOBE

lobe of the See also:

CROWN

crown, and an additional pair of roots. The first and second molars have quadrate crowns, with four See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal obtuse conical cusps, around which numerous See also:

ACCESSORY

accessory cusps are clustered. The crown of the third molar is nearly as long as those of the first and second together, having, in addition to the four principal lobes, a large posterior See also:

HEEL

heel, composed of clustered conical cusps, and sup-ported by additional roots. The lower molars resemble generally those of the upper jaw, but are narrower. See also:

MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

Milk dentition : c. 1, m. s ; total 28—the first permanent premolar having no predecessor. The third incisor in both upper and lower jaws is large, developed before the others, with much the size, form and direction of the canine. Vertebrae: C. 7, D. 13-14, L. 6, S. 4, Ca.

20-24. The hairy covering of the See also:

BODY

body varies under different conditions of See also:

CLIMATE

climate, but when best developed, as in the See also:

EUROPEAN

European wild boar, consists of long stiff bristles, abundant on the back and sides, and of a See also:

close softer See also:

curling under-coat. All the typical swine are further characterized by the fact that the See also:

young are longitudinally striped with bands of dark See also:

brown and some paler tint; this striped coat disappearing in the course of a few months. On the other See also:

hand, this See also:

PECULIAR

peculiar marking is rarely seen in domestic pigs in any See also:

PART

part of the world, although it has been occasionally observed. It is stated by See also:

Darwin that the pigs which have run wild in See also:

JAMAICA

Jamaica and New See also:

Granada have resumed this aboriginal See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, and produce longitudinally striped young; these being the descendants of domestic animals introduced from See also:

EUROPE

Europe since the See also:

SPANISH

Spanish See also:

CONQUEST

conquest, as before that See also:

time there were no true pigs in the New World. Another character by which the European domesticated pig differs from any of the wild See also:

SPECIES

species is the See also:

CONCAVE

concave outline of the frontal region of the See also:

SKULL

skull. In the wild boar (Sus scrofa) the upper or hinder surface of the lower tusk, which has no enamel, inclines obliquely outwards and is broader than the outer surface. The distributional See also:

AREA

area of this species includes See also:

NORTHERN

northern See also:

Africa, Europe and central and northern See also:

ASIA

Asia as far as Amurland. Whether the Nubian S. senarensis is really distinct, seems doubtful. To the same group belongs the See also:

INDIAN

Indian S. cristatus, distinguished by the more pronounced development of the See also:

crest of long hairs on the nape of the See also:

NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck, and closely related to the next species. The third species is the banded pig S. vittatus, of See also:

SUMATRA

Sumatra, characterized by having a broad reddish or whitish See also:

BAND

band See also:

RUNNING

running from the middle of the snout along the upper lip to disappear on the See also:

side of the neck; the skull being See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short and high, with the facial portion of the lachrymal See also:

bone small. Races of this type are also met with in See also:

JAVA

Java, See also:

Cochin-See also:

CHINA

China and See also:

Formosa; the pig from the latter See also:

ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island having been named S. tdivanus.

Near akin is the See also:

JAPANESE

Japanese S. leucomystax and the small Andamanese S. andamanensis. Whether the New See also:

GUINEA

Guinea S. papuensis and S. See also:

niger are really indigenous members of this group or modified descendants of European tame pigs is doubtful; although the See also:

general character of the Papuan See also:

FAUNA

fauna supports the See also:

IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea that they are introduced. A second group is typified by the warty pig, S. verrucosus, of Java, in which the hinder or upper unenamelled surface of the lower tusk is narrower than the outer, concave, and set nearly in the long See also:

AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis of the skull. The skull itself is elongated, with comparatively See also:

SIMPLE

simple and See also:

PRIMITIVE

primitive molars, the latter being relatively short. There are also three small warts on each side of the See also:

FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face, the largest of which is just below the See also:

eye and carries long bristles. The small S. celebensis of See also:

CELEBES

Celebes and S. philippinensis are probably only varieties of this species. The bearded pig S. barbatus (=longirostris) of See also:

BORNEO

Borneo is a very distinct member of this group, distinguished by the See also:

GREAT

great See also:

ELONGATION

elongation of the skull, and the presence of a tuft of long See also:

HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair near the muzzle. In Sumatra it is represented by the sub-species S. b. oi, and in See also:

south-See also:

west Borneo by S. b. gargantua. Some doubt exists whether the See also:

PYGMY, or PIGMY (Gr. avy,uavos, from avypij, a Greek measure of length corresponding to " the distance between the elbow and knuckles " of a man of average size)

pygmy hog of the See also:

NEPAL, NEPAUL

Nepal Terai, which is not much larger than a See also:

hare, is best regarded as a member of the typical genus, under the name of Sus salvanius or as representing a genus by itself, with the See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title Porcula salvania. Similar doubts have also been entertained with regard to the See also:

AFRICAN

African See also:

BUSH

bush-pigs or See also:

RIVER

river-hogs, but from See also:

GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical considerations alone these are but regarded as representing a See also:

SEPARATE

separate genus, Potamochoerus, although they are nearly allied to the verrucosus group of Sus. They are specially distinguished by the great development of the anterior See also:

HALF

half of the zygomatic See also:

arch of the skull, and by the presence in the boars of a horny protuberance of the skin in front of each eye, which overlies a tuberosity on the nasal bone; the molars are also small and simple, and the anterior premolars are generally See also:

SHED

shed at an See also:

early See also:

STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of See also:

LIFE

life. The group is represented in See also:

MADAGASCAR

Madagascar, as well as in Africa south of the See also:

SAHARA

Sahara.

(See RIVER-HOG.) The recently discovered Hylochoerus of the See also:

EQUATORIAL

equatorial See also:

FOREST

forest-districts of Africa comes nearest to the under-mentioned See also:

WART (Lat. verruca)

wart-hogs, but the skull is of a much less specialized type, while the upper tusks are much smaller although they have the same general curvature and direction, and the cheek-teeth lack the peculiar characteristics of those of Phacochoerus, although they See also:

PRESENT

present a certain approximation thereto. On the other hand, resemblance to that genus is shown by the reduction of the upper incisors to a single pair. The skin is clothed with a thick coat of coarse See also:

black hair of a bristly nature, but there are a few whitish hairs on the face and in the See also:

GROIN

groin. In the African wart-hogs (Phacochoerus), which take their name from the large warty lobes projecting from each side of the face, the teeth are remarkably modified. The milk-dentition, and even the early See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the permanent dentition, is formed on the same general type as that of Sus, except that certain teeth are absent, the See also:

formula being pi, mg, total 34; but as See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age advances all the teeth have a tendency to disappear, except the canines and the posterior molars, but these, which in some cases are the only teeth See also:

LEFT

left in the jaws, attain an extraordinary development. The upper canines especially are of great size, and curve outwards, forwards and upwards. Their enamel covering is confined to the See also:

APEX

apex, and soon wears away. The lower canines are much more slender, but follow the same curve; except on the posterior surface, their crowns are covered with enamel ; both pairs of canines are large in the two sexes. The third or last molar tooth of both jaws is of great size, and presents a structure at first sight unlike that of any other mammal, being composed of numerous (22-25) parallel cylinders or columns, each with pulp-cavity, dentine and enamel-covering, and packed together with See also:

CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement. Examination will, however, show that a modification similar to that which has transformed the comparatively simple molar tooth of the See also:

MASTODON (Gr. µavTos, breast, &bobs, tooth)

mastodon into the extremely complex grinder of the Indian See also:

ELEPHANT

elephant has served to See also:

CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change the tooth of the See also:

COMMON

common pig into that of Phacochoerus. The tubercles which cluster over the surface of the crown of the common pig are elongated and See also:

DRAWN

drawn out into the columns of the wart-hog, as the See also:

low transverse ridges of the mastodon's tooth become the See also:

LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf-like plates of the elephant's molar. (See WART-HOG.) The last existing representative of the Suidae is the See also:

BABIRUSA (" pig-deer ")

babirusa of Celebes, alone representing the genus of the same name, and readily distinguished by the extraordinary size and form of the tusks of the old males.

(For the characteristics of this See also:

animal see BAB'RUSA.) See also:

EXTINCT

Extinct Swine.—Species of Sus are met with in See also:

PLIOCENE (from the Gr. sr?eiov, mere, and xatvbs, recent)

Pliocene strata of Europe and Asia, the Lower Pliocene S. erymanthius of See also:

GREECE

Greece and S. giganteus and S. titan of See also:

India being enormous animals; the lastwith comparatively simple molars. The European S. palaeochoerus and the Indian S. hysudricus are smaller forms; the first exhibiting signs of relationship with Potamochoerus. In India also occurs Hippohyus distinguished by the extremely complicated structure of its molars. In the European See also:

MIOCENE

Miocene we have Hyotherium and Palaeochoerus, and in the Upper Oligocene Propalaeochoerus, which have square molars without any tendency to a selenodont structure in their cusps. Curiously enough a selenodont type is, however, apparent in those of the imperfectly known See also:

EGYPTIAN

Egyptian Geniohyus of the Upper See also:

EOCENE (Gr. *In, dawn, icauvos, recent)

Eocene, the earliest species which can be included in the family. Even in this the forward direction of the lower incisors is noticeable. Choeropotamus is a European Oligocene genus with bunodont molars which show a conspicuous basal cingulum in the lower dentition; the first premolar is absent. In the European Miocene Listriodon, which also occurs in the Indian See also:

TERTIARIES (Lat. tertiarii, from tertius, third)

Tertiaries, the molars have a pair of transverse ridges, like those of the proboscidean See also:

DINOTHERIUM

Dinotherium (q.v.); but the genus is believed to be related to the Oligocene Doliochoerus and Choerotherium, in which these teeth show a more normal type of structure. For the genus Elotherium, of the Lower Miocene and Upper Oligocene of both hemispheres, which is often placed next the Suidae, see ARTIODACTYLA. The American Dicotylinae are noticed under See also:

PECCARY

PECCARY. (R.

End of Article: SWINE

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