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pharmacy of the university of Alabama; the academy of the Visitation, and the Immaculate Conception school, both Mr girls and both Roman Catholic; the See also:

CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

Convent of See also:

Mercy; the See also:

Emerson normal and See also:

INDUSTRIAL

industrial school (for negroes), McGill See also:

INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute, the University military school, and the Mobile military institute; and 5 M. from Mobile, at See also:

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

Spring See also:

Hill, is Spring Hill See also:

COLLEGE (Collegium)

college (Roman Catholic, founded in 183o, chartered 1836), controlled by the See also:

JESUITS

Jesuits. There is an See also:

ANNUAL

annual celebration in Mobile on Mardi Gras (Shrove Tuesday), conducted by the See also:

Order of Myths and the Mystics, two social organizations, successors of the Cowbellion de Rakin Society, which was organized in 1830 and See also:

long conducted a somewhat similar celebration annually, on New See also:

YEAR

Year's See also:

Eve. Mobile is the only seaport of Alabama. In 1826 the channel from it to the Gulf, about 30 M. distant, had a minimum See also:

DEPTH

depth of only 51 ft. through See also:

CHOCTAW

Choctaw Pass and 8 ft. through See also:

Dog River See also:

bar; but subsequently the channel has been greatly improved by the United States See also:

government, and in See also:

JUNE

June 19081 vessels See also:

DRAWING

drawing 23 and 24 ft. could pass at low-water to the mouth of See also:

CHICKASAW

Chickasaw See also:

Creek above the city. While the channel was still shallow, and rapidly growing railway systems were serving other ports, much foreign See also:

commerce was lost to Mobile, the value of the exports falling off from $12,784,171 in 1877 to $3,258,605 in 1882, and the value of the imports, during the same See also:

period, from $648,404 to $396,573; but after the improvement of the channel the value of the exports increased from $8,140,502 in 1897 to $26,815,279 in 1908, and the value of the imports See also:

rose from $956,712 in 1897 to $4,242,169 in 1908.

The foreign commerce consists largely in the export of See also:

cotton, See also:

LUMBER

lumber, See also:

TIMBER

timber, cotton-See also:

SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed oil, See also:

COAL

coal, provisions and clothing, and in the import of tropical fruits (especially bananas), sisal grass, See also:

COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee, See also:

MAHOGANY

mahogany, See also:

ASPHALT, or ASPHALTUM

asphalt, and See also:

MANGANESE (symbol Mn; atomic weight, 54.93 (0=16)], a metallic chemical element. Its dioxide (pyrolusite)

manganese and See also:

SULPHUR

sulphur ores. Vegetables, particularly beans and See also:

CABBAGE

cabbage, and small fruits are grown extensively in the vicinity, and the city has an important domestic See also:

trade in market-See also:

GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden produce, See also:

fish and oysters, hardware, dry goods, See also:

GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain and groceries. In manufacturing Mobile was second (See also:

BIRMINGHAM

Birmingham being first) among the cities of the state in 1905, when the value of the factory product was $4,942,331, 41.8% more than in 1900. In 1905 it ranked first in the state in the value of fertilizer, lumber and timber, and in the construction of railway cars; and the manufacture of See also:

FLOUR

flour and grist See also:

mill products and machinery for lumber See also:

mills were important See also:

INDUSTRIES

industries. Founded by See also:

PIERRE

Pierre See also:

LEMOYNE, JEAN BAPTISTE (1704—1778)

Lemoyne, Sieur d'Iberville (1661–1706), and his See also:

BROTHER

brother See also:

JEAN

Jean See also:

BAPTISTE

Baptiste Lemoyne, Sieur de Bienville (168o-1768), in 1702, Mobile 2 was the See also:

capital of the See also:

French See also:

province of See also:

LOUISIANA

Louisiana until 1720, when the seat of government was transferred to See also:

BILOXI

Biloxi, in the See also:

PRESENT

present Mississippi. The See also:

ORIGINAL

original See also:

settlement was at Twenty-seven Mile See also:

BLUFF (a word of uncertain origin; possibly connected with an obsolete Dutch word, blaf, broad)

Bluff, about 20 M. above the present site, to which it was removed in 1710 as a consequence of floods in 1709. By the Treaty of See also:

Paris (1763) Mobile, as a part of Louisiana See also:

east of the Mississippi, was ceded to See also:

GREAT

Great See also:

BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain; but on the 14th of See also:

March 178o it was captured by a See also:

SPANISH

Spanish force under See also:

Don Bernardo de Galvez (1755–1786), the See also:

GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor at New See also:

Orleans, and See also:

Spain was confirmed in its See also:

possession by the treaty of 1783. Spanish See also:

CIVIL

civil institutions were introduced, and new names, such as Conception, St Emanuel and St Joseph, which still survive, were given to the streets. Yet neither the English nor the Spanish occupation made any substantial See also:

CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in the See also:

TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone of the See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place or the habits of its See also:

PEOPLE

people, even the negroes holding to their French See also:

JARGON

jargon. The See also:

ALLIANCE

alliance between Great Britain and Spain, at the outbreak of the See also:

war of 1812, gave Mobile strategic importance for the military operations in the south-See also:

west. Hence, on the 15th of See also:

APRIL

April 1813 See also:

General See also:

James See also:

Wilkinson, acting on See also:

PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

President James See also:

Madison's instructions, which were based on the claim that Mobile was a part of Louisiana sold by See also:

France to the United States in 1803, seized Mobile for the United States. 1 Between 1826 and 1908 the Federal government expended $5,148,179 on the improvement of the See also:

HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour.

The bar channel also has been improved. 2 The city was named from the Mobile or Maubila See also:

INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians, a Muskhogean tribe, now See also:

EXTINCT

extinct, who occupied the neighbouring region and were Christianized by the French, In See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1814 General See also:

Andrew Jackson made Mobile his headquarters. He repaired Fort See also:

BOWYER, WILLIAM (1663-1737)

Bowyer, on Mobile Point at the mouth of the bay, and garrisoned it just in See also:

time for it to resist attack by the See also:

BRITISH

British on the 15th of See also:

SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September. On the 11th of See also:

FEBRUARY

February 1815, See also:

FORTY

forty-two days after See also:

peace had been declared and See also:

THIRTY

thirty-four days after the battle of New Orleans, a British force captured Fort Bowyer; but it made no move against Mobile, and withdrew on the 1st of April. Now began the Americanization of Mobile, a See also:

TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide of See also:

IMMIGRATION (from Lat. in, into, and tnigrare, to depart)

immigration from the up-See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country setting in and rapidly changing the See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the place, which had previously been distinctly French. A See also:

TOWN

town See also:

CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter had been granted by the territorial legislature of Mississippi on the loth of See also:

JANUARY

January 1814, and an interesting feature under the town government was the " See also:

TARIFF (adapted in English from the French; the word comes through the Spanish tarifa, a list or schedule of prices, from the Arabic, ta'rifa, information, an inventory, 'arf, know-ledge)

tariff for bakers," which fixed the See also:

WEIGHT

weight of loaves of See also:

BREAD

bread in accordance with the See also:

price of flour. A city charter, dated the 17th of See also:

DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1819, was granted by the first state legislature of Alabama, and Mobile became the commercial See also:

EMPORIUM (a Latin adaptation of the Gr. Eµabpuov, from f)

emporium for Alabama and Mississippi, its cotton exports increasing from 7000 See also:

BALES [BALESIUS], PETER (1547–1610?)

bales in 1818 to 100,000 in 183o and 450,000 in 184o. In 1826 Barton Academy, still one of the landmarks of the city, was built; but it was not until 1852 that See also:

COMMON

common See also:

SCHOOLS

schools were opened in Mobile county. Branches of the United States See also:

BANK

Bank and of the State bank were established at Mobile, and in the panic of 1837 the Bank of Mobile was one of the few See also:

banks in the United States that did not suspend See also:

PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment. The Mobile & Ohio railroad, begun in 1848, provided ampler communication with the Mississippi valley, and Mobile's export of cotton rose to 1,000,000 bales in 1861. During the Civil War Mobile was an important seaport of the Confederacy. A Federal See also:

blockade was begun as See also:

early as the 26th of May 1861, but trade with West See also:

INDIAN

Indian and See also:

EUROPEAN

European ports was continued by a line of See also:

swift vessels, which regularly escaped the blockading See also:

SQUADRON

squadron.

On the 5th of August 1864 See also:

ADMIRAL

Admiral See also:

David G. See also:

FARRAGUT, DAVID GLASGOW (1801-1870)

Farragut (q.v.), with a Federal See also:

FLEET

fleet of four See also:

IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron monitors, seven wooden sloops of war, and several gunboats, entered the channel by passing the Confederate defences, Fort Gaines on Dauphin See also:

ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island and Fort See also:

Morgan occupying the site of old Fort Bowyer on Mobile Point, captured the formidable Confederate ironclad See also:

ram " See also:

TENNESSEE

Tennessee," destroyed one gunboat and drove another aground. One of the Federal monitors, the " See also:

TECUMSEH, TECUMTHE, or TECUMTHA1 (c. 1768—1813)

Tecumseh," was destroyed by torpedoes. The Confederate fleet was commanded by Admiral See also:

Franklin See also:

Buchanan (1800-1874). Fort Gaines surrendered on the 7th, and Fort Morgan on the 23rd of the same See also:

month. In the spring of 1865 General E. R. S. Canby (1819–1873), with a Federal force of about 45,000, laid See also:

SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege to Fort Blakely and Spanish Fort, on the east See also:

side of .the bay (opposite the city), defended by General See also:

RANDALL, SAMUEL JACKSON (1828-189o)

Randall L. See also:

Gibson (1832–1892) with 5000 men. After twenty-five days of resistance the Confederates evacuated the fortifications and then the city, the Federals entering on the 12th of April 1865. Losses from See also:

RAIL

rail-way enterprises and the panic of 1873 resulted in the See also:

BANKRUPTCY (from Lat. bancus or Fr. banquet table or counter, and Lat. ruptus, broken)

bankruptcy of the See also:

MUNICIPALITY

municipality in 1879, whereupon its charter was vacated, its See also:

PROPERTY

property vested in certain trustees acting under the See also:

CHANCERY

Chancery Court to adjust its See also:

DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt, and a municipal government under the name of See also:

PORT

Port of Mobile succeeded the city of Mobile until 1887, when the latter was again chartered.

On the 27th of September 1906 Mobile was swept by a See also:

HURRICANE

hurricane, which destroyed property valued at $5,000,000 or more. See See also:

Peter J. See also:

Hamilton, Colonial Mobile (See also:

Boston, 1897) ; and a See also:

CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter by the same writer in L. P. See also:

Powell's Historic Towns of the Southern States (New York, 1900).

End of Article: MOBILE

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