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BONA (BONE)

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Originally appearing in Volume V04, Page 191 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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BONA (BONE)
BONA, JOHN (1609-1674)

BONA (See also:
BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)
BONE) , a seaport of See also:

Algeria, in 36° 53' N., 7° 46' E., on a See also:

bay of the Mediterranean, See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

TOWN

town of an See also:

ARRONDISSEMENT (from arrondir, to make round)

arrondissement in the See also:

DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

CONSTANTINE

Constantine, 220 M. by See also:

RAIL

rail W. of See also:

TUNIS

Tunis, and 136 m. N.E. of Constantine. The town, which is situated at the See also:

FOOT

foot of the wooded heights of Edugh, is surrounded with a See also:

MODERN

modern rampart erected • outside the old Arab See also:

wall, the See also:

COMPASS (Fr. corn pas, ultimately from Lat. cum, with, and passus, step)

compass of which was found too small for its growth. Much of the old town has been demolished, and its See also:

general See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character now is that of a flourishing See also:

French See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city. The streets are wide and well laid out, but some are very steep. Through the centre of the town runs a broad See also:

tree-lined See also:

PROMENADE

promenade, the Cours See also:

Jerome-Bertagna, formerly the Cours See also:

NATIONAL

National, in which are the See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal buildings —theatre, See also:

banks, hotels. At its See also:

SOUTHERN

southern end, by the See also:

quay, is a See also:

BRONZE

bronze statue of See also:

THIERS

Thiers, and at the See also:

NORTHERN

northern end, the See also:

CATHEDRAL

cathedral of St See also:

Augustine, a large See also:

church built in quasi-See also:

BYZANTINE

Byzantine See also:

style. In it is preserved a relic supposed to be the right See also:

ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm of St Augustine, brought from See also:

PAVIA (anc. Ticinum, q.v.)

Pavia in 1842. The See also:

GRAND

Grand See also:

MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

Mosque, built out of ruins of the See also:

ancient See also:

HIPPO

Hippo, occupies one See also:

side of the chief square, the See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

Place d'Armes. There are See also:

barracks with See also:

ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation for 3000 men, and See also:

CIVIL

civil and military hospitals. The Kasbah (citadel) stands on a See also:

hill at the See also:

north-See also:

east of the town. The inner See also:

HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour, covering 25 acres, is surrounded by See also:

FINE

fine quays at which vessels See also:

DRAWING

drawing 22 ft. can be moored.

Beyond is a spacious See also:

OUTER

outer harbour, built 1857-1868 and enlarged in 1905-1907. Bona is in See also:

DIRECT

direct steamship communication with See also:

MARSEILLES

Marseilles, and is the centre of a large See also:

commerce, ranking after See also:

ALGIERS (Fr. Alger, Arab. Jezair, i.e. The Islands)

Algiers and See also:

ORAN (Arabic Wahran, i.e. ravine)

Oran alone in Algeria. It imports general merchandise and manufactures, and exports See also:

PHOSPHATES

phosphates, See also:

IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, See also:

ZINC

zinc, See also:

BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, See also:

sheep, See also:

WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool, See also:

cork, See also:

ESPARTO, or SPANISH GRASS

esparto, &c. There are manufactories of native garments, See also:

TAPESTRY

tapestry and See also:

leather. The marshes at the mouths of the Seybuse and Bujema See also:

rivers, which enter the See also:

sea to the See also:

south of Bona, have been drained by a See also:

SYSTEM

system of canals, to the improvement of the sanitary See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the town, which has the further See also:

ADVANTAGE

advantage of an abundant See also:

WATER

water See also:

SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply obtained from the Edugh hills. There are cork See also:

woods and See also:

MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble quarries in the vicinity, and the valley of the Seybuse and the neighbouring plains are See also:

rich in agricultural produce. The See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of the town of Bona in 1906 was 36,004, of the See also:

commune 42,934, of the arrondissement, which includes La Calle (q.v.) and 11 other communes, 77,803. Bona is identified with the ancient Aphrodisium, the seaport of Hippo Regius or Ubbo, but it derives its name from the latter city, the ruins of which, consisting of large cisterns, now restored, and fragments of walls, are about a mile to the south of the town. In the first three centuries of the See also:

Christian era Hippo was one of the richest cities in See also:

ROMAN

Roman See also:

Africa; but its chief See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title to fame is derived from its connexion with St Augustine, who lived here as See also:

PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest and See also:

bishop for See also:

THIRTY

thirty-five years. Hippo was captured by the See also:

VANDALS (Lat. Vandili or Vandilii)

Vandals under Genseric in 431, after a See also:

SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of fourteen months, during which Augustine died. Only the cathedral, together with Augustine's library and See also:

MSS., escaped the general destruction. The town vas partially restored by See also:

BELISARIUS (c. 505–565)

Belisarius, and again sacked by the See also:

ARABS

Arabs in the 7th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century.

On the See also:

TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of the hill on which Hippo stood, a large See also:

BASILICA

basilica, with See also:

CHANCEL (through O. Fr. from Lat. plur. cancelli, dim. of cancer, grating, lattice, probably connected with an Indo-European root Kar-, to bend; cf. circus, curve, &c.)

chancel towards the See also:

west, dedicated to St Augustine, was opened in 1900. An See also:

ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar surmounted by a bronze statue of the See also:

SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint has also been erected among the ruins. The place was named Hippo Regius-(Royal) by the See also:

Romans because it was a favourite See also:

RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the Numidian See also:

KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings. Bona (Arabic annaba, "the city of See also:

JUJUBE

jujube trees "), which has passed through many vicissitudes, was built by the Arabs, and was for centuries a See also:

possession of the rulers of Tunis, who built the Kasbah in 1300. From the beginning of the 14th to the See also:

MIDDLE

middle of the 15th century it was frequented by Italians and Spaniards, and in the 16th it was held for some See also:

time by See also:

Charles V., who strengthened its citadel. Thereafter it was held in turn by Genoese, Tunisians and Algerines. From the time of See also:

Louis XIV. to the Revolution, the French Compagnie d'Afrique maintained a very active See also:

trade with the See also:

PORT

port. The town was occupied by the French for a few months in 183o and reoccupied in 1832, when Captains Armandy and Yusuf with a small force of See also:

MARINES (from Lat. mare, sea)

marines seized the Kasbah and held it for some months until help arrived. From that time the See also:

HISTORY

history of Bona is one of See also:

INDUSTRIAL

industrial development, greatly stimulated since 1883 by the See also:

DISCOVERY

discovery of the phosphate beds at See also:

TEBESSA (the Roman Theveste)

Tebessa.

End of Article: BONA (BONE)

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