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GALLIPOLI (Turk. Gelibolu, anc. KaAAi...

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Originally appearing in Volume V11, Page 420 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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GALLIPOLI (Turk. Gelibolu, anc. KaAAiiroXrs) , a seaport and See also:city of See also:European See also:Turkey, in the vilayet of See also:Adrianople; at the See also:north-western extremity of the See also:Dardanelles, on a narrow See also:peninsula 132 M. W.S.W. of See also:Constantinople, and 90 M. S. of Adrianople, in 40° 24' N. and 26° 40' 30° E. Pop. (1905) about 25,000. Nearly opposite is Lapsaki on the See also:Asiatic See also:side of the channel, which is here about 2 M. wide. Gallipoli has an unattractive See also:appearance; its streets are narrow and dirty, and many of its houses are built of See also:wood, although there are a few better structures, occupied by the See also:foreign residents and the richer class of See also:Turkish citizens. The only noteworthy buildings are the large, crowded and well-furnished bazaars with leaden domes. There are several mosques, none of them remarkable, and many interesting See also:Roman and See also:Byzantine remains, especially a See also:magazine of the See also:emperor Justinian (483-565), a square See also:castle and See also:tower attributed to Bayezid I. (1389-1403), and some tumuli on the See also:south, popularly called the tombs of the Thracian See also:kings.

The lighthouse, built on a cliff, has a See also:

fine appearance as seen from the Dardanelles. Gallipoli is the seat of a See also:Greek See also:bishop. It hastwo See also:good harbours, and is the See also:principal station for the Turkish See also:fleet. From its position as the See also:key of the Dardanelles, it was occupied by the allied See also:French and See also:British armies in 1854. Then the See also:isthmus a few See also:miles north of the See also:town, between it and Bulair; was fortified with strong earthworks by See also:English and French See also:engineers, mainly on the lines of the old See also:works constructed in 1357. These fortifications were renewed and enlarged in See also:January 1878, on the Russians threatening to take See also:possession of Constantinople. The peninsula thus isolated by the fortified positions has the Gulf of See also:Saros on the N.W., and extends some 5o m. S.W. The guns of Gallipoli command the Dardanelles just before the strait joins the See also:Sea of See also:Marmora. The town itself is not very strongly fortified, the principal fortifications being farther down the Dardanelles, where the passage is narrower. The See also:district (sanjak) of Gallipoli is exceedingly fertile and well adapted for See also:agriculture. It has about 1oo,000 inhabitants, and comprises four kazas (cantons), namely, (1) Maitos, noted for its excellent See also:cotton; (2) Keshan, lying inland north of Gallipoli, noted for its See also:cattle-See also:market, and producing See also:grain, See also:linseed and See also:canary See also:seed; (3) Myriofyto; and (4) Sharkeui or Shar-Koi (Peristeri) on the See also:coast of the Sea of Marmora.

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Copper ore and See also:petroleum are worked at Sharkeui, and the neighbourhood formerly produced See also:wine that was highly esteemed and largely exported to See also:France for blending. Heavy See also:taxation, however, amounting to 55% of the value of the wine, See also:broke the spirit of the viticulturists, most of whom uprooted their vines and replanted their lands with mulberry trees, making sericulture their occupation. There are no important See also:industrial establishments in Gallipoli itself, except See also:steam See also:flour-See also:mills and a sardine factory. The See also:line of railway between Adrianople and the See also:Aegean Sea has been prejudicial to the transit See also:trade of Gallipoli, and several attempts have been made to obtain concessions for the construction of a railway that would connect this See also:port with the Turkish railway See also:system. Steamers to and from Constantinople See also:call regularly. In 1904 the See also:total value of the exports was £8o,000. See also:Wheat and See also:maize are exported to the Aegean islands and to Turkish ports on the mainland; See also:barley, oats and linseed to See also:Great See also:Britain; canary seed chiefly to See also:Australia; beans to France and See also:Spain. Semolinaand See also:bran are manufactured in the district. Live stock, principally See also:sheep, pass through Gallipoli in transit to Constantinople and See also:Smyrna. See also:Cheese, sardines, goats' skins and sheepskins are also exported. The imports include woollen and cotton fabrics from See also:Italy, See also:Germany, France and Great Britain, and hardware from Germany and See also:Austria. These goods are imported through Constantinople.

Cordage is chiefly obtained from See also:

Servia. Other imports are See also:fuel, See also:iron and groceries. The Macedonian city of Callipolis was founded in the 5th See also:century B.C. At an See also:early date it became a See also:Christian bishopric, and in the See also:middle ages See also:developed into a great commercial city, with a See also:population estimated at 1oo,000. It was fortified by the See also:East Roman emperors owing to its commanding strategic position and its valuable trade with See also:Greece and Italy. In 1190 the armies of the Third Crusade, under the emperor See also:Frederick I. (See also:Barbarossa), embarked here for See also:Asia See also:Minor. After the See also:capture of Constantinople by the Latins in 1204, Gallipoli passed into the See also:power of See also:Venice. In 1294 the Genoese defeated a Venetian force in the neighbourhood. A See also:body of Catalans, under See also:Roger See also:Florus, established themselves here in 1306, and after the See also:death of their See also:leader massacred almost all the citizens; they were vainly besieged by the allied troops of Venice and the See also:Empire, and with-See also:drew in 1307, after :dismantling the fortifications. About the middle of the 14th century the See also:Turks invaded See also:Europe, and Gallipoli was the first city to fall into their power. The Venetians under Pietro Loredano defeated the Turks here in 1416.

End of Article: GALLIPOLI (Turk. Gelibolu, anc. KaAAiiroXrs)

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