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Africa, ventured the guess that " Barbarossa " was simply a mispronunciation of Baba Arouj, and the supposition has been widely accepted. But the prefix Baba was not applied to Arouj by contemporaries. His name is given in See also:

SPANISH

Spanish or See also:

ITALIAN

Italian See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form as " Orux " or " Harrach " or " Ordiche." The contemporary Arab See also:

CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

chronicle published by S. Rang and F. See also:

Denis in 1837 says explicitly that Barbarossa was the name applied by Christians to Khair-ed-Din. It was no doubt a See also:

NICKNAME

nickname given to the family on See also:

account of their red or tawny beards (See also:

Lat. barba). The founder of the family was Yakub, a Roumeliot, probably of Albanian See also:

BLOOD

blood, who settled in Mitylene after its See also:

CONQUEST

conquest by the See also:

TURKS

Turks. He was a See also:

COASTING

coasting trader and skipper, and had four sons—Elias, Isaak, Arouj and Khizr, all said to have been See also:

BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born after 1482. Khizr became a See also:

potter and Isaak a trader. See also:

ELIAS, JOHN (1774-1841)

Elias and Arouj took to sea roving. In an See also:

ACTION

action with a See also:

GALLEY (derived through the 0. Fr. galee, galie, from the Med. Lat. galea, Ital. galea, Port. gale, of uncertain origin; from the Med. Lat. variant form galera are derived the Mod. Fr. galere, Span. and Ital. galera)

galley of the Knights of See also:

SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint See also:

John, then, established at See also:

Rhodes, Elias was killed and Arouj taken prisoner; the latter was ransomed by a Turkish See also:

PASHA

pasha and returned to the sea.

For some See also:

time he served the Mamelukes who still held See also:

EGYPT

Egypt. During the conflict between the Mamelukes and the See also:

SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan See also:

SELIM

Selim I., he considered it more prudent to See also:

TRANSFER (from Lat. transferre, to bear across, carry over)

transfer himself to See also:

TUNIS

Tunis. The incessant conflicts among the See also:

BERBER

Berber princes of See also:

NORTHERN

northern Africa gave him employment as a See also:

MERCENARY (Lat. mercenarius, from merces, reward, gain)

mercenary, which he varied by piratical raids on the See also:

trade of the Christians. At Tunis he was joined by Khizr, who took, or was endowed with, the name of Khair-ed-Din. Isaak soon followed his See also:

BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers. Arouj and Khair-ed-Din joined the exiled See also:

Moors of See also:

Granada inraids on the Spanish See also:

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast. They also pushed their fortunes by fighting for, or murdering and supplanting, the native See also:

AFRICAN

African princes. Their headquarters were in the See also:

ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of See also:

JERBA

Jerba in the Gulf of See also:

GABES

Gabes. They attempted in 1512 to take See also:

BOUGIE

Bougie from the Spaniards, but were beaten off, and Arouj lost an See also:

ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm, shattered by an See also:

ARQUEBUS (also called harquebus, hackbut, &c.)

arquebus shot. In 1514 they took Jijelli from the Genoese, and after a second beating at Bougie in 1515 were called in by the natives of See also:

CHERCHEL

Cherchel and See also:

ALGIERS (Fr. Alger, Arab. Jezair, i.e. The Islands)

Algiers to aid them against the Spaniards. They occupied the towns and murdered the native ruler who called them in. The Spaniards still held the little rocky island which gives Algiers its name and forms the See also:

HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour.

In 1518 Arouj was See also:

DRAWN

drawn away to take See also:

PART

part in a See also:

CIVIL

civil See also:

war in See also:

TLEMCEN

Tlemcen. He promptly murdered the See also:

prince he came to support and seized the See also:

TOWN

town for himself. The See also:

RIVAL

rival party then called in the Spaniards, by whom Arouj was expelled and slain while fleeing at the Rio Salado. Khair-ed-Din clung to his possessions on the coast and appealed to the sultan Selim I. He was named beylerbey by the sultan, and with him began the See also:

ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of Turkish rule in northern Africa. For years he was engaged in subduing the native princes, and in carrying on warfare with the Christians. In 1519 he repelled a Spanish attack on Algiers, but could not expel his enemies from the island till 1529. As a combatant in the forefront of the war with the Christians he became a See also:

GREAT

great See also:

hero in See also:

ISLAM

Islam; add dreaded by its enemies unde .his name of Barbarossa. In 1534 he seized Tunis, acting as capitan pasha for the sultan See also:

SULEIMAN

Suleiman. The See also:

EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

Charles, V. intervened on behalf of the native prince, retook the town, and destroyed great part of Barbarossa's See also:

FLEET

fleet. The See also:

CORSAIR (through the Fr. from the Med. Lat. cursarius, a pirate; cursus, or cursa, from currere, to run, being Late Latin for a plundering foray)

corsair retaliated by leading what remained of his See also:

NAVY

navy on a plundering See also:

RAID

raid to the Balearic Islands. During the See also:

REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of his life—till ,547—Barbarossa, though still beylerbey of northern Africa, was mainly engaged as capitan pasha in co-operating with the armies of the sultan Suleiman in the See also:

east.

He was absent from Algiers when it was attacked by Charles V. in 1541. In 1543-1544 he commanded the fleet which Suleiman sent to the coast of See also:

PROVENCE (Provincia, Proenza)

Provence to support See also:

Francis I. Barbarossa would not allow the bells of the See also:

Christian churches to be See also:

RUNG

rung while his fleet was at See also:

ANCHOR (from the Greek ayrcvpa, which Vossius considers is from 6yi17 , a crook or hook)

anchor in the ports. He plundered the coast of See also:

Italy on his way back to See also:

Constantinople. When he died in his See also:

PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace at Constantinople he was succeeded as beylerbey of Africa by his son Hassan. Hassan Barbarossa, like his See also:

FATHER

father, spent most of his See also:

LIFE

life in the See also:

LEVANT

Levant, but was occasionally in Africa when the See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of his family was required to suppress the disorders of the Turkish garrisons. He See also:

LEFT

left it for the last time in 1567, and is said by See also:

HAMMER, FRIEDRICH JULIUS (1810-1862)

Hammer-Purgstall to have been See also:

PRESENT

present at See also:

LEPANTO

Lepanto in 1571: His last years are obscure.

End of Article: BARBAROSSA ("Redbeard")

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