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Akbar's reign exceeded alike that of his predecessors and his successors, Suleiman's conquests overshadowed all these. It is noteworthy that though in Turkey he is distinguished only as the See also:

law-giver (kanuni), in See also:

EUROPEAN

European history he is known by such titles as the Magnificent. He was the most fortunate of the sultans. He had no See also:

RIVAL

rival worthy of the name. From his father he inherited a well-organized See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, a disciplined See also:

army and a full See also:

TREASURY

treasury. He See also:

UNITED

united in his See also:

PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person the best qualities of his predecessors, and possessed the See also:

GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift of taking full See also:

ADVANTAGE

advantage of the talents of the able generals, admirals and ' Suleiman, eldest son of See also:

BAYAZID, or BAJAZET

Bayazid I., who maintained himself as sultan at See also:

Adrianople from 1402 to 1410, is not reckoned as legitimate by the See also:

OTTOMAN

Ottoman historiographers, who reckon Suleiman the Magnificent as the first of the name. By others, however, the latter is sometimes styled Suleiman II.viziers who illustrated his reign. If his See also:

CAMPAIGNS

campaigns were not always so wisely and prudently planned as those of some of his predecessors, they were in the See also:

main eminently fortunate, and resulted in adding to his dominions See also:

BELGRADE (Servian, Biograd or Beograd, i.e. " White Castle")

Belgrade, See also:

BUDAPEST

Budapest, See also:

TEMESVAR

Temesvar, See also:

Rhodes, See also:

TABRIZ

Tabriz, See also:

BAGDAD, or BAGHDAD

Bagdad, Nakshivan and Rivan, See also:

ADEN

Aden and See also:

ALGIERS (Fr. Alger, Arab. Jezair, i.e. The Islands)

Algiers, and in his days Turkey attained the culminating point of her See also:

GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory. The See also:

ALLIANCE

alliance concluded by him with See also:

France reveals him at once as rising See also:

SUPERIOR

superior to the narrow prejudices of his See also:

RACE

race and faith, which rejected with scorn any See also:

union with the unbeliever, and as gifted with sufficient See also:

POLITICAL

political insight to appreciate the advantage of combining with See also:

Francis I. against See also:

Charles V.

His See also:

Persian See also:

CAMPAIGN

campaign was doubtless an See also:

ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error, but was due in See also:

PART

part to a See also:

DESIRE

desire to find occupation, distant if possible, for his See also:

JANISSARIES (corrupted from Turkish yeni cheri, new troops)

janissaries, who were always prone to turbulence while inactive at the See also:

capital. He was perhaps wanting in firmness of See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, and the undue See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence exercised over him by unscrupulous ministers, or by the seductions of fairer but no less ambitious votaries of statecraft, led him to make concessions which tarnished the glory of his reign, and were followed by baneful results for the welfare of his See also:

EMPIRE

empire. It is from Suleiman's See also:

time that historians date the rise of that occult influence of the See also:

HAREM

harem which has so often thwarted the best efforts of Turkey's most enlightened statesmen. Suleiman's claims to renown as a legislator See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest mainly on his organization of the See also:

ULEMA (Arab. 'ulama, sing. 'alim, literally " knowers," in the sense of sciences)

Ulema, or clerical class, in its hierarchical See also:

order from the See also:

SHEIKH, or SHAIKH

Sheikh-ul-Islam downwards. He reformed and improved the See also:

ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of the country both See also:

CIVIL

civil and military, inaugurated a new and improved See also:

SYSTEM

system for the feudal tenures of limitary fiefs, and his amelioration of the See also:

lot of his See also:

Christian subjects is See also:

net his least See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title to fame. He was also not unknown to fame as a poet, under the See also:

PSEUDONYM (Gr. >l ev&,vuµos, having a false name, ¢Evirls, false and ovoµa, name)

pseudonym of " Muhibbr " (see See also:

HAMMER, FRIEDRICH JULIUS (1810-1862)

Hammer-Purgstall, Gesch. d. See also:

Osman. Reichs, ii. 331; and further TURKEY: History). Suleiman died on the 5th of See also:

SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1566, at the age of 72, while conducting the See also:

SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of Szigetvar.

End of Article: SULEIMAN

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