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BENEVENTO , a See also:town and archiepiscopal see of See also:Campania, See also:Italy, See also:capital of the See also:province of Benevento, 6o m. by See also:rail and 32 M. See also:direct N.E. of See also:Naples, situated on a See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
hill 400 ft. above See also:sea-level at the confluence of the Calore and Sabbato. Pop. (1901) town, 17,227; See also:commune, 24,137. It occupies the site of the See also:ancient Beneventum, originally Maleventum or Maluentum, supposed in the imperial See also:period to have been founded by See also:Diomedes. It was the See also:chief town of the See also:Samnites, who took See also:refuge here after their defeat by the See also:Romans in 314 B.C. It appears not to have fallen into the hands of the latter until See also:Pyrrhus's See also:absence in See also:Sicily, but served them as a See also:base of operations in the last See also:campaign against him in 275 B.C. A Latin See also:colony was planted there in 268 B.C., and it was then that the name was changed for the See also:sake of the See also:omen, and probably then that the Via See also:Appia was extended from See also:Capua to Beneventum. It remained in the hands of the Romans during both the Punic and the Social See also:Wars, and was a fortress of importance to them. The position is strong, being protected by the two See also:rivers mentioned, and the See also:medieval fortifications, which are nearly 2 M. in length, probably follow the ancient See also:line, which was razed to the ground by See also:Totila in
728
A.D. 542. After the Social See also:War it became a See also:municipium and under See also:Augustus a colony. Being a See also:- MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)
meeting point of six See also:main roads,' it was much visited by travellers. Its importance is vouched for by the many remains of antiquity which it possesses, of which the most famous is the triumphal See also:arch erected in See also:honour of See also:Trajan by the See also:senate and See also:people of See also:Rome in A.D. 114, with important reliefs See also:relating to its See also:history (E. Petersen in Romische Mitleilungen, 1892, 241; A. von Domaszewzki in Jahreshefte See also:des Osterreich. archdologischen Instituts, 1899, 173). There are also considerable remains of the ancient See also:theatre, a large cry ptoporticus 197 ft. See also:long known as the ruins of Santi Quaranta, and probably an See also:emporium (according to Meomartini, the portion preserved is only a fraction of the whole, which once measured 1791 ft. in length) and an ancient See also:brick arch (called the Arco del See also:Sacramento), while below the town is the See also:Ponte Lebroso, a See also:bridge of the Via Appia over the Sabbato, and along the road to See also:Avellino are remains of thermae. Many See also:inscriptions and ancient fragments may be seen built into the houses; in front of the Madonna delle Grazie is a See also:bull in red See also:Egyptian See also:granite, and in the Piazza Papiniano the fragments of two Egyptian obelisks erected in A.D. 88 in front of the See also:temple of See also:Isis in honour of See also:Domitian. In 1903 the See also:foundations of this temple were discovered See also:close to the Arch of Trajan, and many fragments of See also:fine sculptures in both the Egyptian and the See also:Greco-See also:Roman See also:style belonging to it were found. They had apparently been used as the See also:foundation of a portion of the See also:city See also:wall, reconstructed in A.D. 663 under the fear of an attack by See also:Constans, the See also:Byzantine See also:emperor, the temple having been destroyed under the See also:influence of the See also:bishop, St Barbatus, to provide the necessary material (A. Meomartini, O. Marucchi and L. Savignoni in Notizie degli Scani, 1904, 107 sqq.). Not long after it had been sacked by Totila Benevento became the seat of a powerful Lombard duchy and continued to be See also:independent until 1053, when the emperor See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry III. ceded it to See also:Leo IX. in See also:exchange for the bishopric of See also:Bamberg; and it continued to be a papal See also:possession until 18o6, when See also:Napoleon granted it to Talleyrand with the See also:title of See also:prince. In 1815 it returned to the papacy, but was See also:united to Italy in 186o. See also:Manfred lost his See also:life in 1266 in See also:battle with See also:Charles of See also:Anjou not far from the town. Much damage has been done by earthquakes from See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time to time. The See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church of S. See also:Sofia, a circular edifice of about 76o, now modernized, the roof of which is supported by six ancient columns, is a relic of the Lombard period; it has a fine See also:cloister of the 12th See also:century constructed in See also:part of fragments of earlier buildings; while the See also:cathedral with its fine arcaded See also:facade and incomplete square campanile (begun in 1279) See also:dates from the 9th century and was rebuilt in 1114. The See also:bronze doors, adorned with bas-reliefs, are See also:good; they may belong to the beginning of the 13th century. The interior is in the See also:form of a See also:basilica, the See also:double aisles being See also:borne by ancient columns, and contains ambones and a See also:candelabrum of 1311, the former resting on columns supported by lions, and decorated with reliefs and
coloured See also:marble See also:mosaic. The See also:castle at the highest point of the town was erected in the 14th century.
Benevento is a station on the railway from Naples to See also:Foggia,
and has See also:branch lines to See also:Campobasso and to Avellino.
See A. Meomartini, Monumenti e opere d'Arte di Benevento (Benevento, 1899) ; T.
See also:Ashby, Melanges de l'ecole franraise, 1903, 416.
(T. As.) BENEVOLENCE (See also:Lat. bene, well, and volens, wishing), a See also:term
for an See also:act of kindness, or a See also:gift of See also:money, or goods, but used in a See also:special sense to indicate sums of money, disguised as gifts, which were extorted by various See also:English See also:kings from their subjects, without consent of See also:parliament. Among the numerous methods which have been adopted by sovereigns everywhere to obtain support from their people, that of demanding gifts has frequently found a See also:place, and consequently it is the word and not the method
which is See also:peculiar to English history. See also:Edward II. and See also:Richard II.
1 These were (I) the prolongation of the Via Appia from Capua, (2) its continuation to See also:Tarentum and See also:Brundisium, of which there were two different lines between Beneventum and Aquilonia at different dates (see APPIA, VIA), (3) the Via Traiana to Brundisium by Herdoniae, (4)" the road to See also:Telesia and See also:Aesernia, (5) the road to Aesernia by See also:Bovianum, (6) the road to Abellinum and Salernum.had obtained funds by resorting to forced loans, a practice which as probably not unusual in earlier times. Edward IV., however, discarded even the pretence of repayment, and in 1473 the word benevolence was first used with reference to a royal demand for a gift. Edward was very successful in these efforts, and as they only concerned a limited number of persons he did not incur serious unpopularity. But when Richard III. sought to emulate his See also:brother's example, protests were made which led to the passing of an act of parliament in 1484 abolishing benevolences as " new and unlawful inventions." About the same time the See also:Chronicle of Croyland referred to a benevolence as a " nova et inaudita impositio muneris ut per benevolentiam quilibet daret id quod vellet, immo verius quod See also:nollet." In spite of this act Richard demanded a further benevolence; but it was Henry VII. who made the most extensive use of this See also:system. In 1491 he sent out commissioners to'obtain gifts of money, and in 1496 an act of parliament enforced See also:payment of the sums promised on this occasion under See also:penalty of imprisonment. Henry's See also:chancellor, See also:Cardinal See also:Morton, See also:archbishop of See also:Canterbury, was the traditional author of a method of raising money by benevolences known as " Morton's See also:Fork." If a See also:man lived economically, it was reasoned he was saving money and could afford a See also:present for the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king. If, on the contrary, he lived sumptuously, he was evidently wealthy and could likewise afford a gift. Henry VII. obtained consider-able sums of money in this manner; and in 1545 Henry VIII. demanded a " loving contribution " from all who possessed lands See also:worth not less than See also:forty shillings a See also:year, or chattels to the value of £15; and those who refused to make payment were summoned before the privy See also:council and punished. See also:Elizabeth took loans which were often repaid; and in 1614 See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James I. ordered the sheriffs and magistrates in each See also:county and See also:- BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
- BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)
borough to collect a See also:general benevolence from all persons of ability, and with some difficulty about £40,000 was collected. Four counties had, how-ever, distinguished themselves by protests against this demand, and the act of Richard III. had been cited by various objectors. Representatives from the four counties were accordingly called before the privy council, where See also:Sir Edward See also:Coke defended the See also:action of the king, quoted the Tudor precedents and urged that the act of 1484 was to prevent exactions, not voluntary gifts such as James had requested. Subsequently See also:Oliver St See also:John was fined and imprisoned for making a violent protest against the benevolence,and on the occasion of his trial Sir See also:Francis See also:- BACON
- BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
- BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
- BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
- BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
- BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
- BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)
Bacon defended the See also:request for money as voluntary. In 1615 an See also:attempt to exact a benevolence in See also:Ireland failed, and in 162o it was decided to demand one for the See also:defence of the See also:Palatinate. Circular letters were sent out, punishments were inflicted, but many excuses were made and only about £34,000 was contributed. In 1621 a further attempt was made, See also:judges of See also:assize and others were ordered to See also:press for contributions, and wealthy men were called before the privy council and asked to name a sum at which to be rated. About £88,000 was thus raiged, and in 1622 See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William See also:Fiennes, 1st See also:Viscount Saye and Sele, was imprisoned for six months for protesting. This was the last time benevolences were actually collected, although in 1622 and 1625 it was proposed to raise money in this manner. In 1633 Charles I. consented to collect a benevolence for the recovery of the Palatinate for Charles See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis, the son of his See also:sister Elizabeth, but no further steps were taken to carry out the project.
See W. See also:Stubbs, Constitutional History of See also:England, vol. iii. (See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford, 1895) ; H. See also:Hallam, Constitutional History of England, vol. i. (See also:London, 1855) ; T. P. Taswell-Langmead, English Constitutional History (London, 1896) ; S. R. See also:Gardiner, History of England, passim (London, 1893).
End of Article: BENEVENTO
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