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See also:MANFRED (c. 1232–1266) , See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Sicily, was a natural son of the See also:emperor See also:Frederick II. by Bianca Lancia, or Lanzia, who is reported on somewhat slender See also:evidence to have been married to the emperor just before his See also:death. Frederick himself appears to have regarded Manfred as legitimate, and by his will named him as See also:prince of See also:Tarentum and appointed him as the representative in See also:Italy of his See also:half-See also:brother, the See also:German king, See also:Conrad IV. Although only about eighteen years of See also:age Manfred acted loyally and with vigour in the See also:execution of his See also:trust, and when Conrad appeared in See also:southern Italy in 1252 his authority was quickly and generally acknowledged. When in May 1254 the German king died, Manfred, after refusing to surrender Sicily to See also:Pope See also:Innocent IV., accepted the regency on behalf of See also:Conradin, the See also:infant son of Conrad. But the strength of the papal party in the Sicilian See also:kingdom rendered the position of the See also:regent so See also:precarious that he decided to open negotiations with Innocent. By a treaty made in See also:September 1254, See also:Apulia passed under the authority of the pope, who was personally conducted by Manfred into his new See also:possession. But Manfred's suspicions being aroused by the demeanour of the papal See also:retinue, he fled to the See also:Saracens at See also:Lucera. Aided by Saracen See also:allies, he defeated the papal troops at See also:Foggia on the 2nd of See also:December 1254, and soon established his authority over Sicily and the Sicilian possessions on the mainland. -
Taking See also:advantage in 1258 of a rumour that Conradin was dead, Manfred was crowned king of Sicily at See also:Palermo on the Loth of See also:August in that See also:year. The falsehood of this See also:report was soon See also:manifest; but the new king, supported by the popular See also:voice, declined to abdicate, and pointed out to Conradin's envoys the See also:necessity for a strong native ruler. But the pope, to whom the Saracen See also:alliance was a serious offence, declared Manfred's See also:coronation void and pronounced See also:sentence of See also:excommunication. Undeterred by this sentence Manfred sought to obtain See also:power in central and See also:northern Italy, and in See also:conjunction with the Ghibellines his forces defeated the Guelphs at See also:Monte Aperto on the 4th of September 126o. He was then recognized as See also:protector of See also:Tuscany by the citizens of See also:Florence, who did See also:homage to his representative, and he was chosen senator of the See also:Romans by afaction in the See also:city. Terrified by these proceedings, Pope See also:Urban IV. implored aid from See also:France, and persuaded See also:Charles See also:count of See also:Anjou, a brother of King See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis IX., to accept the See also:investiture of the kingdom of Sicily at his hands. See also:Hearing of the approach of Charles, Manfred issued a manifesto to the Romans, in which he not only defended his See also:rule over Italy but even claimed the imperial See also:crown. The See also:rival armies met near See also:Benevento on the 26th of See also:February 1266, where, although the Germans fought with undaunted courage, the cowardice of the Italians quickly brought destruction on Manfred's See also:army. The king himself, refusing to See also:fly, rushed into the midst of his enemies and was killed. Over his See also:body, which was buried on the battlefield, a huge heap of stones was placed, but afterwards with the See also:con-sent of the pope the remains were unearthed, See also:cast out of the papal territory, and interred on the See also:banks of the Liris. Manfred was twice married. His first wife was See also:Beatrice, daughter of Amadeus IV. count of See also:Savoy, by whom he had a daughter, See also:Constance, who became the wife of See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter III. king of See also:Aragon; and his second wife, who died in See also:prison in 1271, was See also:Helena, daughter of See also:Michael II. See also:despot of See also:Epirus. Contemporaries praise the See also:noble and magnanimous See also:character of Manfred, who was renowned for his See also:physical beauty and intellectual attainments.
Manfred forms the subject of dramas by E. B. S. See also:Raupach, O. Marbach and F. W. Roggee. Three letters written by Manfred are published by J. B. Carusius in Bibliotheca historica regni Siciliae (Palermo, 1732). See Cesare, Storia di Manfredi (See also:Naples, 1837); Munch, Kbnig Manfred (See also:Stuttgart, 184o) ; Riccio, Alcuni See also:stud ii storici intorno a Manfredi e Conradino (Naples, 185o) ; F. W. Schirrmacher, See also:Die letzten See also:Hohenstaufen (See also:Gottingen, 1871); Capesso, Historia diplomalica regni Siciliae (Naples, 1874) ; A. See also:Karst, Geschichte Manfreds vom Tode Friedrichs II. bis zu seiner Kronung (See also:Berlin, 1897) ; and K. Hampe, Urban IV. and Manfred (See also:Heidelberg, 1905).
End of Article: MANFRED (c. 1232–1266)
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