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Spain are known. He appears to have come to Spain in 1577, but, on being questioned two years later in connexion with a judicial suit, as to when he arrived in the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and for what purpose he came, declined to give any See also:

INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information. He was probably attracted by the prospect of participating in the decoration of the Escorial, and he appears to have settled down in See also:

Toledo, where his first works were the paintings for the high See also:

ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar of Santo Domingo, and his famous picture of " The Disrobing of Christ " in the See also:

SACRISTY (through Fr. sacrist-le, from med. Lat. sacristies or sacristina)

sacristy of the See also:

CATHEDRAL

cathedral. It was in 'connexion with this last-named See also:

WORK

work that he proved refractory, and the records of a See also:

law-suit respecting the See also:

price to be paid to him give us the earliest information of the artist's sojourn in Spain. In 1590, he painted the " See also:

HISTORY

History of St Maurice " for See also:

Philip IL, and in 1578, his masterpiece, entitled " The See also:

BURIAL

Burial of the See also:

COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Orgaz." This magnificent picture, one of the finest in Spain, is at last being appreciated, and can only be put a. little below the masterpieces of See also:

VELAZQUEZ, DIEGO RODRIGUEZ DE SILVA Y (1599-166o)

Velazquez.

It is a strangely individual work, representing See also:

SPANISH

Spanish See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character even more truthfully than did any Spanish artist, and it gathers up all the fugitive moods, the See also:

grace and See also:

CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm, the devices and defects of a single See also:

RACE

race, and gives them See also:

COMPLETE

complete stability in their wavering expressions. Between 1595 and 'boo, El Greco executed two See also:

groups of paintings in the See also:

church of See also:

San Jose at Toledo, and in the See also:

HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital of La Caridad, at Illescas. Besides these, he is known to have painted See also:

THIRTY

thirty-two portraits, several See also:

MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts, and many paintings for altar-pieces in Toledo and the neighbourhood. As an architect he was responsible for more than one of the churches of Toledo, and as a sculptor for carvings both in See also:

wood and in See also:

MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble, and he can only be properly understood in all his varied excellences after a visit to the See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city where most of his work was executed. He died on the 7th of See also:

APRIL

April 1614, and the date of his See also:

DEATH

death is one of the very few certain facts which we have respecting him. The See also:

RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record informs us that he made no will, that he received the sacraments, and was buried in the church of Santo Domingo. The popular See also:

LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend of his having gone mad towards the latter See also:

PART

part of his career has no See also:

FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation in fact, but his See also:

PAINTING

painting became more and more See also:

ECCENTRIC (from Gr. F,c, out of, and Kivrpov, centre)

eccentric as his See also:

LIFE

life went on, and his natural perversity and love of See also:

STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange, See also:

COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold colouring, increased towards the end of his life. As has been well said, " See also:

LIGHT

Light with him was only used for emotional See also:

APPEAL

appeal, and was focussed or scattered at will." He was haughtily certain of the value of his own art, and was determined to paint in cold, ashen colouring, with livid, startling effect, the gaunt and extraordinary figures that he beheld with his eccentric See also:

GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius. His pictures have wonderful visionary quality, admirable invention, and are full of passionate fervency. They may be considered extravagant, but are never See also:

COMMONPLACE

commonplace, and are exceedingly attractive in their intense emotion, marvellous sincerity, and strange, chilly See also:

COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour. El Greco's work. is typically See also:

MODERN

modern, and from it the portrait-painter, J. S.

See also:

SARGENT, JOHN SINGER (1856– )

Sargent, claims to have learnt more than from that of any other artist. It immortalizes the character of the See also:

PEOPLE

people amongst whom he dwelt, and he may be considered as the initiator of truth and See also:

REALISM (from Low Lat. realis, appertaining to res, things, as opposed to ideas and imaginations)

realism in art, a precursor and inspirer of Velazquez. In his own time he was exceedingly popular, and held in See also:

GREAT

great repute. Sonnets were written in his See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour, and he is himself said to have written several See also:

TREATISES

treatises, but these have not come down to our time. For more than a See also:

GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation his work was hardly known, but it is now gaining rapidly in importance, and its true position is more and more recognized. Some examples of the artist's own See also:

HANDWRITING

handwriting have been discovered in Toledo, and Senor See also:

Don See also:

Manuel Cossia of Madrid has spent many years See also:

COLLECTING

collecting information for a work dealing with the artist. (G. C. W.) GRECO-See also:

TURKISH

TURKISH See also:

WAR, 1897. This war between See also:

GREECE

Greece and See also:

TURKEY

Turkey (see GREECE: Modern History) involved two practically distinct See also:

CAMPAIGNS

campaigns, in See also:

THESSALY

Thessaly and in See also:

EPIRUS, or EPEIRUS

Epirus. Upon the Thessalian frontier the See also:

TURKS

Turks, early in See also:

March, had concentrated six divisions (about 58,000 men), 1500 sabres and 156 guns, under Edhem See also:

PASHA

Pasha. A seventh See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division was rendered available a little later.

The Greeks numbered about 45,000 See also:

INFANTRY

infantry, 800 See also:

CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry and 96 guns, under the See also:

CROWN

crown See also:

prince. On both sides there was a considerable See also:

dispersion of forces along the frontier. The Turkish See also:

NAVY

navy, an important See also:

FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor in the war of 1877-78, had become paralytic ten years later, and the Greek See also:

SQUADRON

squadron held complete command of the See also:

sea. Expeditionary forces directed against the Turkish See also:

LINE

line of communications might have influenced the course of the See also:

CAMPAIGN

campaign; but for such work the Greeks were quite unprepared, and beyond bombarding one or two insignificant ports on the See also:

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast-line, and aiding the transport of troops from See also:

Athens to See also:

VOLO

Volo, the navy practically accomplished nothing. On the 9th and loth April Greek irregulars crossed the frontier, either with a view to provoke hostilities or in the See also:

hope of fomenting a rising in See also:

MACEDONIA

Macedonia. On the 16th and 17th some fighting occurred, in which Greek regulars took part; and on the 18th Edhem Pasha, whose headquarters had for some time been established at Elassona, ordered a See also:

general advance. The Turkish See also:

plan was to turn the Greek See also:

LEFT

left and to bring on a decisive See also:

ACTION

action, but this was not carried out. In the centre the Turks occupied the Meluna Pass on the 19th, and the way was practically open to See also:

LARISSA (Turk. Yeni Shehr, " new town ")

Larissa. The Turkish right wing, however, moving on Damani and the Reveni Pass, encountered resistance, and the left wing was temporarily checked by the Greeks among the mountains near Nezeros. At Mati, covering the road to Tyrnavo, the Greeks entrenched themselves. Here See also:

sharp fighting occurred on the 21st and 22nd, during which the Greeks sought to turn the right flank of the See also:

SUPERIOR

superior Turkish central See also:

COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column. On the 23rd fighting was renewed, and the advance guard of the Turkish left column, which had been reinforced, and had pressed back the Greeks, reached Deliler.

The Turkish forces had now See also:

DRAWN

drawn together, and the Greeks were threatened on both flanks. In the evening a general See also:

RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat was ordered, and the loose discipline of the Greek See also:

army was at once manifested. Rumours of disaster spread among the ranks, and See also:

WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild panic supervened. There was nothing to prevent an orderly retirement upon Larissa, which had been fortified and provisioned, and which offered a See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good defensive position. The general debacle could not, however, be arrested, and in great disorder the See also:

mass of the Greek army fled southwards to Pharsala. There was no pursuit, and the Turkish See also:

COMMANDER

commander-in-chief did not reach Larissa till the 27th. Thus ended the first phase of the war, in which the Greeks showed tenacity in See also:

defence, which proved fruitless by See also:

REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason of initially See also:

BAD, BCD

bad strategic dispositions entailing far too great dispersion, and also because there was no plan of action beyond a general See also:

DESIRE

desire to avoid risking a defeat which might prevent the expected risings in Macedonia and elsewhere. The handling of the Turkish army showed little skill or enterprise; but on both sides See also:

POLITICAL

political considerations tended to prevent the application of See also:

sound military principles. Larissa being abandoned by the Greeks, Velestino, the junction of the Thessalian See also:

RAILWAYS

railways, where there was a strong position covering Volo, seemed to be the natural rallying point for the Greek army. Here the support of the See also:

FLEET

fleet would have been secured, and a Turkish advance across the Othrys range upon Athens could not have taken See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place until the flanking position had been captured. Whether by direction or by natural impulse, however, the mass of the Greek troops made for Pharsala, where some See also:

order was re-established, and preparations were made to resist attack. The importance of Velestino was recognized by sending a See also:

BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

brigade thither by railway from Pharsala, and the inferior Greek army was thus split into two portions, separated by nearly 40 M.

On 27th April a Turkish See also:

RECONNAISSANCE (from Fr. reconnaitre, to recognize, Lat. recognoscere)

reconnaissance on Velestino was repulsed, and further fighting occurred on the 29th and 3oth, in which the Greeks under See also:

COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel Smolenski held their own. Meanwhile the Turks made preparations to attack Pharsala, and on 5th May the Greeks were driven from their positions in front of the See also:

TOWN

town by three divisions. Further fighting followed on the 6th, and in the evening the Greek army retired in See also:

FAIR

fair order upon Domokos. It was intended to turn the Greek left with the first division under Hairi Pasha, but the flanking force did not arrive in time to bring about a decisive result. The See also:

ABANDONMENT (Fr. abandonnement, from abandonner, to abandon, relinquish; abandonner was originally equivalent to mettred banddn, to leave to the jurisdiction, i.e. of another, bandon being from Low Latin bandum, bannum, order, decree, " ban ")

abandonment of Pharsala involved that of Velestino, where the Turks had obtained no See also:

ADVANTAGE

advantage, and on the evening of the 5th Colonel Smolenski began a retirement upon Halmyros. Again delaying, Edhem Pasha did not attack Domokos till the 17th, giving the Greeks time to entrench their positions. The attack was delivered in three columns, of which the right was checked and the centre failed to take the Greek trenches and suffered much loss. The left column, however, menaced the line of retreat, and the Greek army abandoned the whole position during the See also:

NIGHT

night. No effective stand was made at the Furka Pass, which was evacuated on the following night. Colonel Smolenski, who arrived on the 18th from Halmyros, was directed to hold the pass of See also:

THERMOPYLAE (Gr. OepµSs, hot, and 1rf)X,

Thermopylae. The Greek forces being much demoralized, the intervention of the See also:

TSAR, or CZAR

tsar was invoked by See also:

TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

telegraph; and the latter sent a See also:

PERSONAL

personal appeal to the See also:

SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

Sultan, who directed a suspension of hostilities. On the loth an See also:

ARMISTICE (from Lat. arma, arms, and sistere, to stop)

armistice was arranged.

In Epirus at the outbreak of war about 15,000 Greeks, including a cavalry See also:

REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment and five batteries, the whole under Colonel Manos, occupied a line of defence from See also:

Arta to Peta. The Turks, about 28,000 strong, with See also:

FORTY

forty-eight guns, under Achmet Hifsi Pasha, were distributed mainly at See also:

IANNINA (i.e. " the city of St John "; Gr. Ioannina; Turk Yanid; also written Janina, Jannina, and, according to its Albanian pronunciation, Yanina)

Iannina, Pentepagadia, and in front of Arta. On 18th April the Turks commenced a three days' See also:

BOMBARDMENT

bombardment of Arta; but successive attempts to take the See also:

BRIDGE

bridge were repulsed, and during the night of the 21st they retired on Philippiada, 26 m. distant, which was attacked and occupied by Colonel Manos on the 23rd. The Greeks then advanced to Pentepagadia, See also:

MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting with little resistance. Their difficulties now began. After some skirmishing on the 27th, the position held by their advanced force near Homopulos was attacked on the 28th. The attack was renewed on the 29th, and no Greek reinforcements were forthcoming when needed. The Euzones made a good defence, but were driven back by superior force, and a retreat was ordered, which quickly degenerated into panic-stricken See also:

FLIGHT

flight to and across the Arta. Reinforcements, including 2500 Epirote See also:

VOLUNTEERS

volunteers, were sent to Arta from Athens, and on 12th May another incursion into Turkish territory began, the apparent See also:

OBJECT

object being to occupy a portion of the country in view of the breakdown in Thessaly and the See also:

PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability that hostilities would shortly end. The advance was made in three columns, while the Epirote volunteers were landed near the mouth of the Luro See also:

RIVER

river with the See also:

IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of cutting off the Turkish See also:

garrison of Prevesa. The centre column, consisting of a brigade, three squadrons and two batteries, which were intended to take up and hold a defensive position, attacked the Turks near Strevina on the 13th. The Greeks fought well, and being reinforced by a See also:

BATTALION

battalion from the left column, resumed the offensive on the following See also:

day, and fairly held their own.

On the night of the 15th a retreat was ordered and well carried out. The volunteers landed at the mouth of the Luro, were attacked and routed with heavy loss. The campaign in Epirus thus failed as completely as that in Thessaly. Under the terms of the treaty of See also:

peace, signed on loth See also:

SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September, and arranged by the See also:

EUROPEAN

European See also:

POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, Turkey obtained an See also:

INDEMNITY (through Fr. indemnite, Lat. indemnis, free from damage or loss; in-, negative, and damnum, loss)

indemnity of T4,000,000, and a rectification of the Thessalian frontier, carrying with it some strategic advantage. History records few more unjustifiable See also:

WARS

wars than that which Greece gratuitously provoked. The Greek troops on several occasions showed tenacity and endurance, but discipline and cohesion were manifestly wanting. Many of the See also:

OFFICERS

officers were incapable; the campaign was gravely mismanaged ; and politics, which led to the war, impeded its operations. On the other See also:

hand, the fruits of the See also:

German tuition, which began in 1880, and received a powerful stimulus by the See also:

APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of General von der See also:

Goltz in 1883, were shown in the Turkish army. The mobilization was on the whole smoothly carried out, and the newly completed railways greatly facilitated the concentration on the frontier. The See also:

young school of officers trained by General von der Goltz displayed ability, and the See also:

ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery at Pharsala and Domokos was well handled. The superior leading was, however, not conspicuously successful; and while the See also:

RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank and See also:

FILE

file again showed excellent military qualities, political conditions and the See also:

ORIENTAL

Oriental predilection for See also:

HALF

half-See also:

MEASURES

measures and for denying full responsibility and full powers to commanders in the See also:

field enfeebled the conduct of the campaign. On See also:

account of the See also:

TOTAL

total want of careful and systematic peace training on both sides, a war which presented several interesting strategic problems provided warnings in place of military lessons.

(G. S.

End of Article: GRECO, EL

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