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See also:PYRRHUS (c. 318–272 B.C.) , See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Epirus, son of Aeacides, and a member of the royal See also:family of the Molossians. He claimed descent from Pyrrhus, the son of See also:Achilles, and was also connected with the royal family of See also:Macedonia through See also:Olympias, the See also:mother of See also:Alexander the See also:Great. When a See also:mere lad he became king of the See also:wild See also:mountain tribes of Epirus, and learned the See also:art of See also:war in the school of See also:Demetrius Poliorcetes and his See also:father Antigonus. He fought by their See also:side at the See also:battle of Ipsus (301) in See also:Phrygia, in which they were decisively defeated by the combined armies of Seleucus Nicator and See also:Lysimachus. Soon afterwards he was sent to the See also:court of See also:Ptolemy of See also:Egypt at See also:Alexandria as a See also:pledge for the faithful carrying out of a treaty of See also:alliance between his See also:brother-in-See also:law Demetrius and Ptolemy. Through Ptolemy, whose step-daughter See also:Antigone he married, Pyrrhus was enabled to establish himself firmly on the See also:throne of Epirus, and became a formidable opponent to Demetrius, who was now king of Macedonia and the leading See also:man in the See also:Greek See also:world. He defeated one of Demetrius's generals in See also:Aetolia, invaded Macedonia, and forced Demetrius to conclude a truce with him. For about seven months Pyrrhus was in See also:possession of a large See also:part of Macedonia, Demetrius finding it convenient to make this surrender on See also:condition that Pyrrhus did not meddle with the affairs of See also:Peloponnesus. But in 286 he was defeated by Lysimachus at See also:Edessa, driven out of Macedonia, and compelled to fall back on his little See also:kingdom of Epirus. In 281 came the great opportunity of his See also:life. An See also:embassy was sent to him from the Greek See also:city See also:Tarentum in See also:southern See also:Italy with a See also:request for aid against See also:Rome, whose hostility the Tarentines had recklessly provoked. After some hesitation on the part of the Tarentines, Pyrrhus's conditions were accepted, and a treaty was concluded. His See also:general See also:Milo crossed with a See also:body of troops and occupied the citadel. Pyrrhus soon followed with a See also:miscellaneous force of about 25,000 men (partly furnished by Ptolemy Ceraunus of Macedonia) and some elephants. The Tarentines and See also:Italian Greeks shrank, however, from anything like serious effort, and resented his calling upon them for men and See also:money. Rome meantime levied a See also:special war contribution, called on her subjects and See also:allies for their full contingent of troops, and posted strong garrisons in all towns of doubtful fidelity. She was now the dominant See also:power in Italy, but her position was See also:critical, as in the See also:north she had had trouble with the Etruscans and the Gauls, while in the See also:south the Lucanians and the Bruttians were making See also:common cause with Tarentum and the Greek cities. For the first See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time in See also:history Greeks and See also:Romans met in battle at See also:Heraclea near the shores of the Gulf of Tarentum, and the See also:cavalry and elephants of Pyrrhus secured for him a See also:complete victory over the See also:consul M. See also:Valerius Laevinus, though at so heavy a cost as to convince him of the great uncertainty of final success (hence is derived the phrase of a Pyrrhic victory). Although he now had the Sarirnites as well as the Lucanians and the Bruttians and all the Greek cities of southern Italy with him, he found every city closed against him as he advanced Jn Rome through See also:Latium. The See also:peace negotiations, carried on by the skilful diplomatist See also:Cineas, the See also:minister of Pyrrhus, led to no result; the See also:senate seemed inclined to come to terms, butthe fiery and patriotic eloquence of the aged and See also:blind Appius See also:Claudius (the See also:censor) carried the See also:day. Cineas was ordered to leave the city at once and to tell his See also:master that Rome could not negotiate so See also:long as See also:foreign troops remained on the See also:soil of Italy. In the second See also:year of the war (279), Pyrrhus again defeated a See also:Roman See also:army at Asculum (mod. See also:Ascoli) in See also:Apulia, but Rome still had armies in the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field and her Italian See also:confederation was not broken up. For a while he quitted Italy for See also:Sicily, at the invitation of the Syracusans, with the See also:idea of making himself the See also:head of the Sicilian Greeks and See also:driving the Carthaginians out of the See also:island. In his military operations he was on the whole successful; and Rome and See also:Carthage, in See also:face of the common danger, concluded an offensive and defensive alliance against him. He passed three years in Sicily, but offended the Greek cities, which he governed in the See also:fashion of a See also:despot. Finding that he could no longer hold Sicily in face of the See also:ill feeling thus aroused, and reproached by the See also:Samnites for having deserted them, he decided to return to Italy. On the voyage he was attacked by the Carthaginians and lost several vessels. When he reached Italy, the Tarentines and the other Greek cities, having lost confidence in him, refused to See also:supply him with men or money. Thoroughly disheartened, he made one more effort and engaged a Roman army at Beneventum (275) in the Samnite See also:country, but his arrangements miscarried, and he was defeated with the loss of his See also:camp and the greater part of his army. Nothing remained but to go back to See also:Greece. He See also:left a See also:garrison in Tarentum and returned the following year to his See also:home in Epirus after a six years' See also:absence. The brief See also:remainder of his life was passed in camps and battles, without any glorious result. He gained a victory on Macedonian soil over Antigonus Gonatas, king of Macedonia, whose troops hailed him as king. In 273 he was invited into Peloponnesus by Cleonymus to See also:settle by force of arms a dispute about the royal See also:succession at See also:Sparta. He besieged the city, but was repulsed with great loss. Next, at the invitation of a See also:political See also:faction, he went to See also:Argos, where, during a fight by See also:night in the streets, he was struck on the head by a huge See also:tile. He See also:fell from his See also:horse, and was put to See also:death by one of the soldiers of Antigonus.
Pyrrhus was a brilliant and dashing soldier, but he was aptly compared to a gambler who made many See also:good throws with the See also:dice, but could not make proper use of them in the See also:game. He obtained no lasting results, and was never more than a See also:captain of mercenaries, yet there was something chivalrous about him which seems to have made him a general favourite. After his death Macedonia had, for a time at least, nothing to fear, and the See also:liberty of Greece was quite at the See also:mercy of that power, Pyrrhus wrote a history of the art of war, which is praised by See also:Cicero, and quoted by See also:Dionysius of See also:Halicarnassus and See also:Plutarch.
The See also:chief See also:ancient authority for the life of Pyrrhus is Plutarch; see also See also:Polybius xviii. If, and elsewhere; See also:Dion. Halic. xviii. 1, xix. 6–9; See also:Pausanias i. 13; See also:Justin xviii. 1, 2, See also:xxiii. 3, See also:xxv. 4, 5. See also:Modern monographs by G. F. See also:Hertzberg, " Rom and See also:Konig Pyrrhus " (popular: in 0. See also:Jager's Darstellungen aus der romischen Geschichte, 187o) ; R. von Scala, Der Pyrrhische Krieg (1884), with See also:map of Roman garrison See also:system in 281; R.
End of Article: PYRRHUS (c. 318–272 B.C.)
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