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PHRYGIA , the name of a large See also:country in See also:Asia See also:Minor, inhabited by a See also:race which the Greeks called 4piryes, freemen.' Roughly speaking, Phrygia comprised the western See also:part of the See also:great central See also:plateau of See also:Anatolia, extending as far See also:east as the See also:river Halys; but its boundaries were vague,2 and varied so much at different periods that a See also:sketch of its See also:history must precede any See also:account of the See also:geography. According to unvarying See also:Greek tradition the Phrygians were most closely akin to certain tribes of See also:Macedonia and See also:Thrace; and their near relationship to the Hellenic stock is proved by all that is known of their See also:language and See also:art, and is accepted by almost every See also:modern authority. The country named Phrygia in the better known See also:period of history lies inland, separated from the See also:sea by See also:Paphlagonia, See also:Bithynia, See also:Mysia and See also:Lydia. Yet we hear of a Phrygian
thalassocracy " at the beginning of the 9th See also:century B.C. The See also:Troad and the See also:district See also:round Mt Sipylus are frequently called Phrygian, as also is the seaport See also:Sinope; and a district on the See also:coast between. Sestus and the river Cius was regularly named Little Phrygia; names like Mygdones, Doliones and Phryges or Briges, &c., were widely current both in Asia Minor and in See also:Europe. The inference has been generally See also:drawn that the Phrygians belonged to a stock widespread in the countries which See also:lie round the See also:Aegean Sea. There is, however, no conclusive See also:evidence whether this stock came from the east over See also:Armenia, or was See also:European in origin and crossed the See also:Hellespont into Asia Minor; but modern See also:opinion inclines decidedly to the latter view.
According to Greek tradition there existed in See also:early See also:time a Phrygian See also:kingdom in the Sangarius valley, ruled by See also:kings among whom the names Gordius and See also:Midas were See also:common. It was known to the See also:ancient Greeks of See also:Ionia and the Troad as something great and See also:half-divine. When the goddess appeared to her favourite See also:Anchises she represented herself as daughter of the See also: of the Sangarius valley, but at least one of the monuments in it seems to belong to the older period of Cappadocian supremacy, and to prove that the See also:city already existed in that earlier time. The Phrygian kingdom and art therefore took the See also:place of an older See also:civilization. It is probable that the tradition of battles between the Phrygians and the See also:Amazons on the See also:banks of the Sangarius preserves the memory of a struggle between the two races and the victory of the Phryges. Of the monuments that exist around this city two classes may be confidently referred to the period of Phrygian greatness. That which is inscribed with the name of " Midas the King " is the most remarkable example of one class, in which a large perpendicular See also:surface of See also:rock is covered with a geometrical See also:pattern of squares, crosses and maeanders, surmounted by a See also:pediment supported in the centre by a See also:pilaster in See also:low See also:relief. In some cases a floral pattern occupies part of the surface, and in one See also:case the two sides of the pediment are filled by two sphinxes of archaic type.' In some of these monuments a See also:door-way is carved in the See also:lower part; the door is usually closed, but in one case, viz. the See also:sphinx See also:monument just alluded to, the valves of the door are thrown wide open and give See also:access to a little chamber, on the back of which is sculptured in relief a See also:rude See also:image of the See also:Mother-goddess See also:Cybele, having on each See also:side of her a See also:lion which rests its forepaws on her See also:shoulder and places its See also:head against hers. Sometimes a See also:grave has been found hidden behind the carved front; in other cases no grave can be detected, but it is probable that they are all sepulchral? The See also:imitation of woodwork is obvious on several monuments of this See also:kind. The second class is marked by the heraldic type of two animals, usually lions rampant, facing one another, but divided by a See also:pillar or some other See also:device. This type is occasionally found conjoined with the preceding; and various details common to both classes show that there was no great difference in time between them. The heraldic type is used on the monuments which appear to be the older, and the geometrical pattern is often employed on the inscribed monuments, which are obviously later than the earliest uninscribed. Monuments of this class are carved on the front of a sepulchral chamber, the entrance to which is a small See also:doorway placed high and inaccessible in the rocks. There are also many rock monuments of the See also:Roman time. Early Phrygian art stands in See also:close relationship with the art of See also:Cappadocia. The monuments of the type of the .Midas See also:tomb are obviously imitated from patterns which were employed in See also:cloth and carpets and probably also in the tilework on the inside of See also:chambers varying slightly according to the material. Such patterns were used in Cappadocia, and the See also:priest in the rock-See also:sculpture at Ibriz wears an embroidered robe strikingly similar in See also:style to the pattern on the Midas tomb; but the See also:idea of using the pattern as the Phrygians did seems See also:peculiar to themselves. The heraldic type of the second class is found also in the art of See also:Assyria, and was undoubtedly adopted by the Phrygians from earlier art; but it is used so frequently in Phrygia as to be specially characteristic of that country.' While Phrygian art is distinctly non-See also:Oriental in spirit, its resemblance to archaic Greek art is a fact of the greatest importance. It is not merely that certain types are employed both in Phrygia and in See also:Greece, but several favourite types in early Greek art can be traced in Phrygia, employed in similar spirit and for similar purposes. The heraldic type of the two lions is the device over the See also:principal gateway of See also:Mycenae, and stamps this, the oldest great monument on Greek See also:soil, with a distinctly Phrygian See also:character. Mycenae was the city of the Pelopidae, whom Greek tradition unhesitatingly declares to be Phrygian immigrants. A study of the See also:topography of the Argive See also:plain suggests the conclusion that Mycenae, ' Published in Journ. See also:Hell. See also:Stud. (1884). 2 The monuments of Phrygia fall into two See also:groups, which probably See also:mark the sites of two cities about 16 m. distant from each other, See also:Metropolis and Conni. One See also:group lies round the villages of Yazili-Kaya, Kumbet, Yapuldak and Bakshish; the other beside Liyen, Bei Keui, Demirli and Ayazin. J The heraldic type continues on gravestones down to the latest period of paganism. Carpets with geometrical patterns of the Midas-tomb style are occasionally found at the See also:present time in the houses of the peasantry of the district. Midea and See also:Tiryns See also:form a group of cities founded by an immigrant people in opposition to See also:Argos, the natural See also:capital of the plain and the stronghold of the native race. Midea appears to be the city of Midas, and the name is one more See also:link in the See also:chain that binds Mycenae to Phrygia. This connexion, whatever may have been its character, belongs to the remote period when the Phrygians inhabited the Aegean coasts. In the 8th and probably in the 9th century B.C. communication with Phrygia seems to have been maintained especially by the Greeks of Cyme, See also:Phocaea and See also:Smyrna. About the end of the 8th century Midas, king of Phrygia, married Damodice, daughter of See also:Agamemnon, the last king of Cyme. See also:Gyges, the first Mermnad king of Lydia (687—653), had a Phrygian mother. The See also:worship of Cybele spread over Phocaea to the See also:west as far as Massilia: rock monuments in the Phrygian style and votive reliefs of an Anatolian type are found near Phocaea. Smyrna was devoted to the Phrygian See also:Meter Sipylene. It is then natural that the Homeric poems refer to Phrygia in the terms above described, and make See also:Priam's wife a Phrygian woman. After the See also:foundation of the Greek See also:colony at Sinope in 751 there can be no doubt that it formed the link of connexion between Greece and Phrygia. Phrygian and Cappadocian traders brought their goods, no doubt on camels, to Sinope, and the Greek sailors, the aetvaurat of See also:Miletus, carried See also:home the See also:works of Oriental and Phrygian artisans. The Greek See also:alphabet was carried to Phrygia and See also:Pteria, either from Sinope or more probably See also:direct east from Cyme, in the latter part of the 8th century. The immense importance of Sinope in early times is abundantly attested, and we need not doubt that very intimate relations existed at this See also:port between the Ionic colonists and the natives. The effects of this See also:commerce on the development of Greece were very great. It affected Ionia in the first place, and the mainland of Greece indirectly; the art of Ionia at this period is almost unknown, but it was probably closely allied to that of Phrygia.4 A striking fact in this connexion is the use of a very See also:simple kind of Ionic capital in one early Phrygian monument, suggesting that the " proto-Ionic " See also:column came to Greece over Phrygia. It is obvious that the revolution which took place in the relations between Phrygians and Greeks must be due to some great See also:movement of races which disturbed the old paths of communication. See also:Abel is probably correct in placing the inroads of the barbarous European tribes, Bithynians, Thyni, Mariandyni, &c., into Asia Minor about the beginning of the 9th century B.C. The Phrygian See also:element on the coast was weakened and in many places annihilated; that in the interior was strengthened; and we may suppose that the kingdom of the Sangarius valley now sprang into greatness. The kingdom of Lydia appears to have become important about the end of the 8th century, and to have completely barred the path between Phrygia and Cyme or Smyrna. Ionian maritime' enterprise opened a new way over Sinope.b The downfall of the Phrygian See also:monarchy can be dated with See also:comparative accuracy. Between 68o and 67o the Cimmerians in their destructive progress over Asia Minor overran Phrygia; the king Midas in despair put an end to his own See also:life; and from henceforth the history of Phrygia is a See also:story of See also:slavery, degradation and decay, which contrasts strangely with the earlier legends. The See also:catastrophe seems to have deeply impressed the Greek mind, and the memory of it was preserved. The date of the Cimmerian invasion is fixed by the concurrent testimony of the contemporary poets See also:Archilochus and See also:Callinus, of the See also:late chronologists See also:Eusebius, &c., and of the See also:inscriptions of the See also:Assyrian king Esar-haddon. The Cimmerians were finally expelled from Asia Minor by See also:Alyattes before his See also:war with the Medes under See also:Cyaxares (59o—585 B.C.). The Cimmerians, therefore, were ravaging Asia Minor, and presumably held See also:possession of Phrygia, the only country where they achieved 6 See See also:Furtwangler, Goldfund von Vettersfelde, Winckelm. Progr. (1884) ; See also:Hogarth; &c., The Archaic See also:Artemisia(See also:British Museum, 1908). The closest analogies of old Phrygian art are to be found in the earliest Greek See also:bronze See also:work in See also:Olympia, See also:Italy and the See also:northern lands. b Hipponax, fr. 36 1491, proves that a See also:trade-route from Phrygia down the Maeander to Miletus was used in the 6th century. See also:complete success, till some time between 6ro and 590 Phrygia then See also:fell under the Lydian See also:power, and by the treaty of 585 the Halys was definitely fixed as the boundary between Lydia and See also:Media (see LYDIA and See also:PERSIA). The period from 675 to 585 must therefore be considered as one of great disturbance and probably of complete See also:paralysis in Phrygia. After 585 the country was ruled again by its own princes under subjection to Lydian supremacy. To See also:judge from the monuments, it appears to have recovered some of its old prosperity; but the art of this later period has to a great extent lost the strongly marked individuality of its earlier See also:bloom. The later sepulchral monuments belong to a class which is widely spread over Asia Minor from See also:Lycia to See also:Pontus. The See also:graves are made inside a chamber excavated in the rock, and the front of the chamber imitates a See also:house or See also:temple. No See also:attempt is made to conceal the entrance or to render it inaccessible. The architectural details are in some cases unmistakably copied, without intentional modification, from the See also:architecture of Greek temples; others point perhaps to See also:Persian See also:influence, while several—which are perhaps among the early works of this period—show the old freedom and power of employing in new and See also:original ways details partly learned from abroad. This style continued in use under the Persians, under whose See also:rule the Phrygians passed when See also:Cyrus defeated See also:Croesus in 546, and lasted till the Roman period. One monument appears to presuppose a development of Greek plastic art later than the time of See also: Very little is to be learned from the ancient writers with regard to the See also:state of Phrygia from 585 to 300. The slave-trade flourished: Phrygian slaves were common in the Greek See also:market, and the Phrygian names Midas and See also:Manes were stock-names for slaves. See also:Herodotus (i. 14) records that a king Midas of Phrygia dedicated his own See also:chair at See also:Delphi; the chair stood in the See also:treasury of Cypselus, and cannot have been deposited there before 68o to 66o B.c. It is not improbable that the event belongs to the time of Alyattes or Croesus, when Greek influence was favoured throughout the Lydian empire; and it is easy to understand how the offering of a king Midas should be considered, in the time of Ierodotus, as the earliest made by a See also:foreign See also:prince to a Greek See also:god. The Phrygian troops in the See also:army of See also:Xerxes were armed like the Armenians and led by the same See also:commander. It is to be presumed that the cities of the Sangarius valley gradually lost importance in the Persian period. The final castastrophe was the invasion of the Gauls about 270 to 250; and, though the circumstances of this invasion are almost unknown, yet we may safely reckon among them the complete devastation of northern Phrygia. At last Attalus I. settled the Gauls permanently in eastern Phrygia, and a large part of the country was henceforth known as See also:Galatia. See also:Strabo mentions that the great cities of ancient Phrygia were in his time either deserted or marked by See also:mere villages. The great city over the tomb of Midas has remained uninhabited down to the present See also:day. About 5 M. west of it, near the modern Kumbet, stood Metropolis, a bishopric in the See also:Byzantine time, but never mentioned under the Roman empire. Alexander the Great placed Phrygia under the command of Antigonus, who retained it when the empire was broken up. When Antigonus was defeated and slain, at the decisive See also:battle of Ipsus, Phrygia came under the sway of Seleucus. As the Pergamenian kings See also:grew powerful, and at last confined the Gauls in eastern Phrygia, the western half of the country was ' A gorgoneum of Roman period, on a tomb engraved in Journ. Hell. Stud. (Pl. See also:xxvi.).incorporated in the kingdom of See also:Pergamum. Under the Roman empire Phrygia had no See also:political existence under a See also:separate See also:government, but formed part of the vast See also:province of Asia. In autumn 85 B.C. the pacification of the province was completed by See also:Sulla, and throughout the imperial time it was common for the Phrygians to date from this era. The imperial rule was highly favourable to the spread of Hellenistic civilization, which under the Greek kings had affected only a few of the great cities, leaving the See also:mass of the country purely Phrygian. A See also:good See also:deal of See also:local self-government was permitted; the cities struck their own bronze coins, inscribed on them the names of their own magistrates,' and probably administered their own See also:laws in matters purely local. The western part of the country was pervaded by Graeco-Roman civilization very much sooner than the central, and in the country districts the Phrygian language 3 continued in common use at least as late as the third century after See also:Christ. When the Roman empire was reorganized by See also:Diocletian at the end of the 3rd century Phrygia was divided into two provinces, distinguished at first as Prima and Secunda, or Great and Little, for which the names Pacatiana and Salutaris soon came into See also:general use. Pacatiana comprised the western half, which had See also:long been completely pervaded by Graeco-Roman manners, and Salutaris the eastern, in which the native manners and language were still not See also:extinct. Each province was governed by a praeses or iryeµwv about A.D. 412, but shortly after this date an officer of consular See also:rank was sent to each province (See also:Hierocles, Synecd.). About 535 Justinian made some changes in the provincial See also:administration: the See also:governor of Pacatiana was henceforth a comes, while Salutaris was still ruled by a consularis. When the provinces of the Eastern empire were reorganized and divided into themata the two Phrygias were broken up between the Anatolic, Opsician and Thracesian themes, and the name Phrygia finally disappeared. Almost the whole of Byzantine Phrygia is now included in the vilayet of See also:Brusa, with the exception of a small part of Parorius and the district about Themisonium (Karayuk Bazar) and Ceretapa (Kayadibi), which belong to the vilayet of See also:Konia, and the district of See also:Laodicea and See also:Hierapolis, which belongs to See also:Aidin. The principal modern cities are See also:Kutaiah (Cotyaeum), Eski Shehir (Dorylaeum), Afiom Kara See also:Hissar (near Prymnessus), and See also:Ushak (Trajanopolis). It is impossible to say anything definite about the boundaries of Phrygia before the 5th century. Under the Persians Great Phrygia extended on the east to the Halys and the See also:Salt See also:Desert; See also:Xenophon (Anab. i. 2, 19) includes See also:Iconium on the See also:south-east within the province, whereas Strabo makes Tyriaeum the boundary in this direction. The See also:southern frontier is unknown: the language of See also:Livy (xxxviii. 15) implies that the southern Metropolis (in the Tchul Ova) belonged to See also:Pisidia; but Strabo (p. 629) includes it in Phrygia. See also:Celaenae, beside the later city of See also:Apamea (See also:Dineir), and the entire valley of the Lycus, were Phrygian. The Maeander above its junction with the Lycus formed for a little way the boundary between Phrygia and Lydia. The great plateau now called the Banaz Ova was entirely or in great part Phrygian. Mt Dindymus (See also:Murad Dagh) marked the frontier of Mysia, and the entire valley of the Tembrogius or Tembris (Porsuk Su) was certainly included in Phrygia. The boundaries of the two Byzantine Phrygias were not always the same. Taking Hierocles as authority, the extent of the two provinces at the beginning of the 6th century will be readily gathered from the accompanying See also:list, in which those towns which coined See also:money under the Roman empire are italicized and the name of the nearest modern See also:village is appended. I. PACATINA.—(I) Laodicea (Eski Hissar) ; (2) Hierapolis (Pambuk Kalessi) ; (3) Mosyna (Geveze) ; [(4) Motellopolis, only in Notitiae 2 This See also:liberty was not granted to the cities of any other province in Anatolia. - 3 A number of inscriptions in a language presumably Phrygian have been discovered in the centre and east of the country; they belong generally to the end of the 2nd and to the 3rd century. Episcop. (Medele)] ; (5) Attudda (Assar) ; (6) Trapeaopolis' (Bolo S. from Serai Keui) ; (7) See also:Colossae (near Chonas) (8) Ceretapa Diocaesarea (Kayadibi) ; (9) Themisonium (Karayuk Bazar) ; (to) Tacina (Yarishli); (II) Sanaus (See also:Sari Kavak, in Daz Kiri); (12) Dionysopolis (See also:Orta Keui) ; (13) Anastasiopolis, originally a village of the Hyrgaleis (Utch Kuyular); (14) Attanassus (Eski Aldan); (15) Lunda (Eski Seid) ; (16) Peltae (Karayashlar) ; (17) Eumenea (Ishekli) ; (i8) Siblia (Homa); (19) Pepuza (Duman orSuretli); (2o) Bria (Bourgas); (21) Sebasle (Sivasli) ; (22) Eluza or Aludda (Hadjimlar) ; (23) Acmonia (.See also:ghat Keui) ; (24) Alice (Kirka) ; (25) Siocharax (Otourak) , (26) Diodea (Dola); (27) Aristium (Karaj Euren, in Sitchanli Ova); (28) Cidyessus (Geukche Eyuk); (29) Apia (Abia); (30) Cotyaeum (Kutaiah) ; (31) Aezani (Tchavdir Hissar) ; (32) Tiberiopolis, (Amed) ; (33) Cadoi (Gediz) ; (34) See also:Ancyra (Kilisse Keui) ; (35) Synaus (Simav) ; (36) Flaviopolis Temenothyrae (Ushak) ; (37) Trajanopolis Grimenolhyrae (See also:Giaour Euren, near Orta Keui); (38) Blaundus (Suleimanli) II. SALUTARIS.--(I) Eucarpia (Emir Assar); (2) Hieropolis (Kotch Hissar) ; (3) Otrous (Tchor Hissar) • (4) Stectorium (Mentesh); (5) Bruzus (Kara Sandykly)i ; (6) Beudus (Aghzi Kara) ; (7) Augustopolis, formerly Anabura (Surmeneh) ; (8) Sibidunda (Baljik Hissar) ; (9) See also:Lysias (Oinan) ; (io) Synnada (Tchifut See also:Cassaba) ; (i I) Peymnessus (Seulun); (12) Ipsus, afterwards Julia (near Sakly); (13) Polybotus (Bolawadun); (14) Docimium (Istcha Kara Hissar); (15) Metropolis (Kumbet), including Conni (B. Tchorgia) and Ambasus (Ambanaz); (16) Merus (Doghan Arslan); (17) Nacolea (Seidi See also:Ghazi); (18) Dorylaeum (Eski Sheher); (19) Midaeum (Kara Euuk); (20) Lycaones (Kalejik) ; (21) Aulocra (in Dombai Ova) ; (22) Amadassus (unknown, perhaps corrupt: it should include Kinnaborion near Geneli); (23) Praepenissus (Altyntash). In later times the important fortress (and bishopric) of Acroenus was founded on the site of the present Afiom Kara Hissar.
Besides these, certain cities beyond the See also:bounds of the Byzantine Phrygias belonged under the Roman empire to the province of Asia and are usually considered Phrygian: (I) in Byzantine Pisidia, Philomelium (Ak Shehr), Hadrianopolis; (2) in Byzantine Galatia, Amorium (Assar near Hamza Hadji), Orcistus (Alikel or Alekian), Tricomia or Trocmada or Trocnada (Kaimaz); (3) in Byzantine Lycia, Cibyra (Horzum).
Phrygia contains several well-marked See also:geographical districts. (I) PARORIUS, the long, level, elevated valley stretching See also:north-west to south-east between the See also:Sultan Dagh and the Emir Dagh from Holmi (about Tchai) to Tyriaeum (Ilghin) ; its See also:waters collect within the valley, in three lakes, which probably See also:supply the great fountains in the Axylon and through them the Sangarius. (2) AXYLON, the vast treeless plains on the upper Sangarius; there burst forth at various points great perennial springs, the Sakaria fountains (Strabo p. 543), Ilije Bashi, Bunar Bashi, Geuk Bunar, Uzuk Bashi, &c., which feed the Sangarius. Great part of the Axylon was assigned to Galatia. (3) The See also:rest of Phrygia is mountainous (except the great plateau, Banaz Ova), consisting of See also: Great part of southern and western Phrygia is drained by the Maeander with its tributaries, Sandykly Tchai (See also:Glaucus), Banaz Tchai, Kopli Su (Hippurius), and Tchuruk Su (Lycus) ; moreover, some upland plains on the south, especially the Dombai Ova (Aulocra), communicate by underground channels with the Maeander. Finally, the Karayuk Ova in the extreme south-west drains through the Kazanes, a tributary of the See also:Indus, to the Lycian Sea. Phrygia Parorius and all the river-valleys are exceedingly fertile, and See also:agriculture was the See also:chief occupation of the ancient inhabitants; according to the myth, Gordius was called from the plough to the See also:throne. The high-lying plains and parts of the vast Axylon furnish good pasturage, which formerly nourished countless flocks of See also:sheep. The See also:Romans also obtained See also:fine horses from Phrygia. Grapes, which still grow abundantly in various parts, were much cultivated in ancient times. Other fruits are rare, except in a few small districts. See also:Figs cannot be grown in the country, and the ancient references to Phrygian figs are either erroneous or due to a loose use of the See also:term Phrygia.3 Trees are exceedingly scarce. in the country; and the See also:pine-See also:woods on the western tributaries of the Sangarius and the valonia oaks in parts of the Banaz Ova and a few other districts form exceptions. The underground See also:wealth is not known to be great. See also:Iron was worked in the district of Cibyra, and the See also:marble of Synnada, or more correctly of Docimium, was largely used by the Romans. See also:Copper and quicksilver were See also:mined in the Zizima district, north of Iconium. The scenery is generally monotonous; even the mountainous districts rarely show striking features i Nos. 1–5 were called the Phrygian " Pentapolis." ' This district was according to the Greek view part of Mysia. 3In Strabo, p. 577, EXaib4urov must be wrong; flliaeXb¢urov is true to fact, and is probably the right See also:reading. See also:Olives cannot now grow on these uplands, which are over 3000 ft. above sea-level.or boldness of character; where the landscape has beauty it is of a subdued See also:melancholy character. The See also:water-supply is rarely abundant, and agriculture is more or less dependent on an uncertain rainfall. The circumstances of the country are well calculated to impress the inhabitants with a sense of the overwhelming power of nature and of their complete dependence on it. Their See also:mythology so far as we know it, has a melancholy and mystic See also:tone, and their See also:religion partakes of the same character. The two chief deities were Cybele, the Mother, the reproductive and nourishing power of See also:Earth, and See also:Sabazius, the Son, the life of nature, dying and reviving every See also:year (see GREAT MOTHER OF THE GODS). The See also:annual vicissitudes of the life of Sabazius, the Greek See also:Dionysus, were accompanied by the mimic See also:rites of his worshippers, who mourned with his sufferings and rejoiced with his joy. They enacted the story of his See also:birth and life andeath ; the Earth, the Mother, is fertilized only by an See also:act of violence by her own See also:child; the representative of the god was probably slain each year by .a cruel See also:death, just as the god himself died. The rites were characterized by a frenzy of devotion, unrestrained See also:enthusiasm, See also:wild orgiastic dances and wanderings in the forests, and were accompanied by the See also:music of the See also:flute, cymbal, and See also:tambourine.' At an early time 'this worship was affected by Oriental influence, coming over See also:Syria from Babylonia. Sabazius was identified with See also:Adonis or See also:Attis (Atys), Cybele with the Syrian goddess; and many of the coarsest rites of the Phrygian worship, the See also:mutilation of the- priests, the See also:prostitution at the See also:shrine,b came from the countries of the south-east. But one point of Semitic religion never penetrated west of the Halys: the See also:pig was always unclean and abhorred among the Semites, whereas it was the See also:animal regularly used in See also:purification by the Phrygians, Lydians, Lycians and Greeks. The Phrygian religion exercised a very strong influence on Greece. In the archaic period the Dionysiac rites and orgies spread from Thrace into Greece, in spite of opposition which has See also:left many traces in tradition, and the worship of See also:Demeter at See also:Eleusis was modified by Cretan influence ultimately traceable to Asia Minor. See also:Pindar erected a shrine of the Mother of the gods beside his house, and the Athenians were directed by the Delphic See also:oracle to atone for the See also:execution of a priest of Cybele during the Peloponnesian War by See also:building the Metroon. In these and other cases the Phrygian character was more or less Hellenized; but See also:wave after wave of religious influence from Asia Minor introduced into Greece the unmodified " See also:barbarian " See also:ritual of Phrygia. The rites spread first among the common people and those engaged in foreign trade. The comic poets satirized them, and See also:Plato and See also:Demosthenes inveighed against them; but, they continued to spread, with all their fervid enthusiasm, their superstition and their obscene practices, wide among -the people, whose religious cravings were not satisfied with the purely See also:external religions of See also:Hellenism. The orgies or mysteries were open to all, freemen or slaves, who had duly performed the preliminary purifications, and secured to the participants salvation and remission of sins. Under MYSTERIES (g.e.) a distinction of character has been pointed out between the true Hellenic mysteries, such as the Eleusinian and the Phrygian; but there certainly existed much similarity between the two rituals. In the first centuries after Christ only the Phrygian and the See also:Egyptian rites retained much real hold on the Graeco-Roman See also:world. Phrygia itself, however, was very early converted to See also:Christianity. See also:Christian inscriptions in the country begin in the 2nd and are abundant in the 3rd century. There is every See also:appearance that the great mass of the people were Christians before 300, and Eusebius (H. E. v. 16) is probably correct in his statement that in the time of Diocletian there was a Phrygian city in which every living soul was Christian. The great Phrygian See also:saint of the 2nd century was named Avircius See also:Marcellus (Abercius) ; the mass of legends and miracles in the late See also:biography of him long brought his very existence into dispute, but a fragment of his gravestone, discovered in 1883, and now preserved in the Lateran Museum in See also:Rome, has proved that he was a real per-son, and makes it probable that the wide-reaching See also:conversion of the people attributed to him did actually take place. The See also:strange enthusiastic character of the old Phrygian religion was not wholly lost when the country became Christian, but is clearly traced in the various heresies that arose in central Anatolia. Especially the wild ecstatic character and the prophecies of the Montanists recall the old type of religion. Montanus (see See also:MONTANISM) was See also:born on the See also:borders of Phrygia and Mysia (probably south-east from See also:Philadelphia), and was vehemently opposed by Abercius. Of the old Phrygian language very little is known; a few words are preserved in See also:Hesychius and other writers. Plato mentions that the Phrygian words for " See also:dog, " "See also:fire," &c., were the same as the Greek; and to these we may add from inscriptions the words for " mother," " king," &c. A few inscriptions of the ancient period are known, and a larger number of the Roman period have been published in the Oesterreichische Jahreshefte (1905). Owing to the scantiness of published material about Phrygia frequent reference has been made in this See also:article to unpublished ' The influence which was exerted on Greek music and lyric See also:poetry by the Phrygian music was great; see See also:MARSYAS; See also:OLYMPUS. b There is no direct evidence that this was practised in'the worship of Cybele, but See also:analogy and indirect arguments make it See also:pretty certain.
monuments. Besides the works already quoted of Abel and See also:Perrot, see See also:Ritter's " Kleinasien," in his Erdkunde von Asien; See also:Leake, Asia Minor (1824); See also:Kiepert appendix to See also:Franz, Feinf Inschr. u. fiinf Stadte Kleinasiens (184o) ; See also:Haase, in See also:Ersch and See also:Gruber's Encyklop. art. " Phrygien "; See also: Athen., &c., and his See also:book See also:Gordium (1904); Humann and Judeich, Hierapolis (1898); Radet in his work En Phrygie; See also:Ramsay [in addition to articles in Mitt/zed. Instit. Athen. (1882 sqq.), Bulletin de corresp. hellen (1883 sqq.), Journal of Hellenic Studies (1882, sqq.), See also:American Journal of See also:Archaeology, Revue See also:des etudes anciennes], .Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, vols. i. ii. (1895 sqq.); Studies in the History and Art of the Eastern Provinces (1906); Pauline and other Studies (1906); See also:Historical Commentary on See also:Galatians, &c. (1899); Cities of St See also:Paul (1907); see also T. Eisele, " See also:Die Phrygischen Kulte " in Neue Jahrb. f. das klass. 4ltertum (See also:Sept. 1909). (W. M. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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