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CROESUS , last See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Lydia, of the Mermnad See also:dynasty, (560—546 B.C.), succeeded his See also:father See also:Alyattes after a See also:war with his See also:half-See also:brother. He completed the See also:conquest of See also:Ionia by capturing See also:Ephesus, See also:Miletus and other places, and extended the Lydian See also:empire as far as the Halys. His See also:wealth, due to See also:trade, was proverbial, and he used See also:part of it in securing alliances with the See also:Greek states whose fleets might supplement his own See also:army. Various legends were told about him by the Greeks, one of the most famous being that of See also:Solon's visit to him with the See also:lesson
it conveyed of the divine See also:nemesis which See also:waits upon overmuch prosperity (Hdt. i. 29 seq.; but see SoLON). After the over-throw of the Median empire (549 B.C.) Croesus found himself confronted by the rising See also:power of See also:Cyrus, and along with Nabonidos of See also:Babylon took See also:measures to resist it. A See also:coalition was formed between the Lydian and Babylonian See also:kings, See also:Egypt promised troops and See also:Sparta its See also:fleet. But the coalition was defeated by the rapid movements of Cyrus and the treachery of Eurybatus of Ephesus, who fled to See also:Persia with the See also:gold that had been entrusted to him, and betrayed the plans of the See also:con-federates. Fortified with the Delphic oracles Croesus marched to the frontier of his empire, but after some initial successes See also:fortune turned against him and he was forced to See also:retreat to See also:Sardis. Here he was followed by Cyrus who took the See also:city by See also:storm. We may gather from the recently discovered poem of See also:Bacchylides (iii. 23-62) that he hoped to See also:- ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli
escape his conqueror by burning himself with his wealth on a funeral pyre, like Saracus, the last king of See also:Assyria, but that he See also:fell into the hands of Cyrus before he could effect his purpose.' A different version of the See also:story is given (from Lydian See also:sources) by See also:Herodotus (followed by See also:Xenophon), who makes Cyrus condemn his prisoner to be burnt alive, a mode of See also:death hardly consistent with the See also:Persian reverence for See also:fire. See also:Apollo, however, came to the See also:- RESCUE (in Middle Eng. rescous, from O. Fr. recousse, Low Lat. rescussa, from reexcussa,reexcutere, to shake off again, re, again, ex, off, quatere, to shake)
rescue of his pious worshipper, and the name of Solon uttered by Croesus resulted in his deliverance. According to See also:Ctesias, who uses Persian sources, and says nothing of the See also:attempt to See also:burn Croesus, he subsequently became attached to the See also:court of Cyrus and received the governorship of Barene in See also:Media. Fragments of columns from the See also:temple of See also:Artemis now in the See also:British Museum have upon them a See also:dedication by Croesus in Greek.
See R. See also:Schubert, De Croeso et Solone fabula (1868) ; M. G. Radet, La Lydie et le monde grec an temps See also:des Mermnades (1892–1893); A. S. See also:- MURRAY
- MURRAY (or MORAY), EARLS OF
- MURRAY (or MORAY), JAMES STUART, EARL OF (c. 1531-1570)
- MURRAY (or MORAY), SIR ROBERT (c. 1600-1673)
- MURRAY, ALEXANDER STUART (1841-1904)
- MURRAY, DAVID (1849– )
- MURRAY, EUSTACE CLARE GRENVILLE (1824–1881)
- MURRAY, JAMES (c. 1719-1794)
- MURRAY, JOHN
- MURRAY, JOHN (1778–1820)
- MURRAY, LINDLEY (1745–1826)
- MURRAY, LORD GEORGE (1694–1760)
- MURRAY, SIR JAMES AUGUSTUS HENRY (1837– )
- MURRAY, SIR JOHN (1841– )
Murray, Journ. See also:Hell. Studies, x. pp. 1-10 (1889) ; for the supposition that Croesus did actually perish on his own pyre see G. B. See also:Grundy, See also:Great Persian War, p. 28; See also:Grote, Hist. of See also:Greece (ed. 1907), p. 104. Cf. CYRUS; LYDIA.
End of Article: CROESUS
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