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See also:GROTE, See also:GEORGE (1794–1871) , See also:English historian of See also:Greece, was See also:born on the 17th of See also:November 1794, at See also:Clay See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
Hill near See also:Beckenham in See also:Kent. His grandfather, Andreas, originally a See also:Bremen See also:merchant, was one of the founders (1st of See also:January 1766) of the banking-See also:house of Grote, See also:Prescott & See also:Company in See also:- THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)
Thread-See also:needle See also:Street, See also:London (the name of Grote did not disappear from the See also:firm till 1879). His See also:father, also George, married (1793) Selina, daughter of See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry Peckwell (1747–178.7), See also:minister of the countess of See also:Huntingdon's See also:chapel in See also:Westminster (descended from a Huguenot See also:family, the de Blossets, who had See also:left See also:Touraine on the revocation of the See also:Edict of See also:Nantes), and had one daughter and ten sons, of whom the historian was the eldest. Educated at first by his See also:mother, George Grote was sent to the See also:Sevenoaks See also:grammar school (1800–18o4) and afterwards to See also:Charterhouse (1804-1810), where he studied under Dr Raine in company with Connop See also:Thirlwall, George and See also:Horace See also:Waddington and Henry See also:Havelock. In spite of Grote's school successes, his father refused to send him to the university and put him in the See also:bank in 181o. He spent all his spare See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time in the study of See also:classics, See also:history, See also:metaphysics and See also:political See also:economy, and in learning See also:German, See also:French and See also:Italian. Driven by his mother's See also:Puritanism and his father's contempt for See also:academic learning to outside society, he became intimate with See also:Charles See also:Hay See also:Cameron, who strengthened him in his love of See also:philosophy, and George W. See also:Norman, through whom he met his wife, See also:Miss Harriet Lewin (see below). After various difficulties the See also:marriage took See also:place on the 5th of See also:March 182o, and was in all respects a happy See also:union.
In the meanwhile Grote had finally decided his philosophic and political attitude. In 1817 he came under the See also:influence of See also:David See also:Ricardo, and through him of See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James See also:- MILL
- MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
- MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
- MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
- MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)
Mill and See also:Jeremy See also:Bentham. He settled in 182o in a house attached to the bank in Threadneedle Street, where his only See also:child died a See also:week after its See also:birth. During Mrs Grote's slow convalescence at See also:Hampstead, he wrote his first published See also:work, the Statement of the Question of See also:Parliamentary Reform (1821), in reply to See also:Sir James See also:Mackintosh's See also:article in the See also:Edinburgh See also:Review, advocating popular See also:representation, See also:vote by See also:ballot and See also:short parliaments. In 1822 he published in the See also:Morning See also:Chronicle (See also:April) a letteragainst See also:Canning's attack on See also:Lord See also:John See also:- RUSSELL (FAMILY)
- RUSSELL, ISRAEL COOK (1852- )
- RUSSELL, JOHN (1745-1806)
- RUSSELL, JOHN (d. 1494)
- RUSSELL, JOHN RUSSELL, 1ST EARL (1792-1878)
- RUSSELL, JOHN SCOTT (1808–1882)
- RUSSELL, LORD WILLIAM (1639–1683)
- RUSSELL, SIR WILLIAM HOWARD
- RUSSELL, THOMAS (1762-1788)
- RUSSELL, WILLIAM CLARK (1844– )
Russell, and edited, or rather re-wrote, some discursive papers of Bentham, which he published under the See also:title See also:Analysis of the Influence of Natural See also:Religion on the Temporal Happiness of Mankind by See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip See also:Beauchamp (1822). The See also:book was published in the name of See also:Richard See also:Carlile, then in See also:gaol at See also:Dorchester. Though not a member of J. S. Mill's Utilitarian Society (1822–1823), he took a See also:great See also:interest in a society for See also:reading and discussion, which met (from 1823) in a See also:room at the bank before business See also:hours twice a week. From the See also:Posthumous Papers (pp. 22, 24) it is clear that Mrs Grote was wrong in asserting that she first in 1823 (autumn) suggested the History of Greece; the book was already in preparation in 1822, though what was then written was subsequently reconstructed. In 1826 Grote published in the Westminster Review (April) a See also:criticism of See also:Mitford's History of Greece, which shows that his ideas were already in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order. From 1826 to 183o he was hard at work with J. S. Mill and Henry See also:Brougham in the organization of the new " university " in See also:Gower Street. He was a member of the See also:council which organized the faculties and the curriculum; but in 183o, owing to a difference with Mill as to an See also:appointment to one of the philosophical chairs, he resigned his position.
In 183o he went abroad, and, attracted by the political crisis, spent some months in See also:Paris in the society of the Liberal leaders. Recalled by his father's See also:death (6th of See also:July), he not only became manager of the bank, but took a leading position among the See also:city Radicals. In 1831 he published his important Essentials of Parliamentary Reform (an elaboration of his previous Statement), and, after refusing to stand as parliamentary See also:candidate for the city in 183 r, changed his mind and was elected See also:head of the See also:poll, with three other Liberals, in See also:December 1832. After serving in three parliaments, he resigned in 1841, by which time his party (" the philosophic Radicals ") had dwindled away. During these years of active public See also:life, his interest in See also:Greek history and philosophy had increased, and after a trip to See also:Italy in 1842, he severed his connexion with the bank and devoted himself to literature. In 1846 the first two volumes of the History appeared, and the remaining ten between 1847 and the See also:spring of 1856. In 1845 with See also:Molesworth and See also:Raikes See also:Currie he gave monetary assistance to Auguste See also:Comte (q.v.), then in See also:financial difficulties. The formation of the Sonderbund (loth of July 1847) led him to visit See also:Switzerland and study for himself a See also:condition of things in some sense analogous to that of the See also:ancient Greek states. This visit resulted in the publication in the Spectator of seven weekly letters, collected in book See also:form at the end of 1847 (see a See also:letter to de See also:Tocqueville in Mrs Grote's reprint of the Seven Letters, 1876).
In 1856 Grote began to prepare his See also:works on See also:Plato and See also:Aristotle. Plato and the Other Companions of Sokrates (3 vols.) appeared in 1865, but the work on Aristotle he was not destined to See also:complete. He had finished the See also:Organon and was about to See also:deal with the metaphysical and See also:physical See also:treatises when he died on the 18th of See also:June 1871, and was buried in Westminster See also:Abbey. He was a See also:man of strong See also:character and self-See also:control, unfailing See also:courtesy and unswerving devotion to what he considered the best interests of the nation. To colleagues and subordinates alike, he was considerate and tolerant; he was unassuming, trustworthy in the smallest detail, accurate and comprehensive in thought, energetic and conscientious in See also:action. Yet, hidden under his See also:calm exterior there was a burning See also:enthusiasm and a See also:depth of See also:passion of which only his intimate See also:friends were aware.
His work may best be considered under the following heads:
1. Grote's Services to See also:Education.—He took, as already stated, an important See also:part in the See also:foundation and organization of the See also:original university of London, which began its public work in Gower Street on the 28th of See also:October 1828, and in 1836, on the See also:incorporation of the university of London proper, became known as University See also:College. In 1849 he was re-elected to the council, in 186o he became treasurer, and on the death of Brougham (1868) See also:president. He took a keen interest in all the work of the college, presented to it the Marmor Homericum, and finally bequeathed the reversion of £6000 for the endowment of a See also:chair
of philosophy of mind and See also:logic. The emoluments of this sum were, however, to be held over and added to the See also:principal if at any time the holder of the chair should be " a minister of the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church of See also:England or of any other religious persuasion." In 185o the See also:senate of the university was reconstituted, and Grote was one of seven eminent men who were added to it. Eventually he became the strongest See also:advocate for open See also:examinations, for the claims not only of philosophy and classics but also of natural See also:science, and, as See also:vice-See also:chancellor in 1862, for the See also:admission of See also:women to examinations. This latter reform was carried in 1868. He succeeded his friend Henry See also:Hallam as a trustee of the See also:British Museum in 1859, and took part in the reorganization of the departments of antiquities and natural science.
The honours which he received in recognition of these services were as follows: D.C.L. of See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford (1853); LL.D. See also:Cambridge (1861); F.R.S. (18J7); honorary See also:professor of ancient history in the Royal See also:Academy (1859). By the French Academy of Moral and Political Sciences he was made correspondent (1857) and See also:foreign See also:associate (the first Englishman since See also:Macaulay) (1864). In 1869 he refused See also:Gladstone's offer of a See also:peerage.
2. Political Career.—In politics Grote belonged to the " philosophic Radicals " of the school of J. S. Mill and Bentham, whose See also:chief principles were representative See also:government, vote by ballot, the abolition of a See also:state church, frequent elections. He adhered to these principles throughout, and refused to countenance any reforms which were incompatible with them. By this uncompromising attitude, he gradually lost all his supporters See also:save a few men of like rigidity. As a See also:speaker, he was clear, logical and impressive, and on select committees his See also:common sense was most valuable. For his speeches see A. See also:Bain in the See also:Minor Works; see also BALLOT.
3. The History of Greece.—It is on this work that Grote's reputation mainly rests. Though See also:half a See also:century has passed since its See also:production, it is still in some sense the See also:text-book. It consists of two parts, the " Legendary " and the " See also:Historical " Greece. The former, owing to the development of See also:comparative See also:mythology, is now of little authority, and portions of part ii. are obsolete owing partly to the immense accumulations of epigraphic and archaeological See also:research, partly to the subsequent See also:discovery of the Aristotelian Constitution of See also:Athens, and partly also to the more careful weighing of See also:evidence which Grote himself misinterpreted. The interest of the work is twofold. In the first place it contains a wonderful See also:mass of See also:information carefully collected from all See also:sources, arranged on a See also:simple See also:plan, and ex-pressed in See also:direct forcible See also:language. It is in this respect one of the few great comprehensive histories in our See also:possession, great in See also:- SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)
scope, conception and accomplishment. But more than this it is interesting as among the first works in which Greek history became a See also:separate study, based on real evidence and governed by the criteria of See also:modern historical science. Further Grote, a See also:practical man, a rationalist and an enthusiast for See also:democracy, was the first to consider Greek political development with a sympathetic interest (see GREECE: History, Ancient, See also:section " Authorities "), in opposition to the Tory attitude of John See also:Gillies and Mitford, who had written under the influence of horror at the French Revolution. On the whole his work was done with impartiality, and more See also:recent study has only confirmed his See also:general conclusions. Much has been made of his defective accounts of the tyrants and the Macedonian See also:empire, and his See also:opinion that Greek history ceased to be interesting or instructive after Chaeronea. It is true that he confined his interest to the fortunes of the city state and neglected the wider See also:diffusion of the Greek culture, but this is after all merely a criticism of the title of the book. The value of the History consists to-See also:day primarily in its examination of the Athenian democracy, its growth and" decline, an examination which is still the most inspiring, and in 'general the most instructive, in any language. In the description of battles and military operations generally Grote was handicapped by the lack of See also:personal knowledge of the See also:country. In this respect he is inferior to men like See also:Ernst See also:Curtius and G. B. See also:Grundy.
4. In Philosophy Grote was a follower of the See also:Mills and Bentham. J. S. Mill paid a See also:tribute to him in the See also:preface to the
third edition of his Examination of Sir Wm. See also:- HAMILTON
- HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
- HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
- HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
- HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
- HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
- HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
- HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
- HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
- HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
- HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
- HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
- HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
- HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
- HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
- HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
- HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
- HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)
Hamilton's Philosophy, and there is no doubt that the empirical school owed a great deal to his See also:sound, accurate thinking, untrammelled by any reverence for authority, technique and See also:convention. In dealing with Plato he was handicapped by this very common sense, which prevented him from appreciating the theory of ideas in its widest relations. His Plato is important in that it emphasizes the generally neglected passages of Plato in which he seems to indulge in See also:mere Socratic See also:dialectic rather than to seek knowledge; it is, therefore, to be read as a corrective to the See also:ordinary criticism of Plato. The more congenial study of Aristotle, though incomplete, is more valuable in the See also:positive sense, and has not received the See also:attention it deserves. Perhaps Grote's most distinctive contribution to the study of Greek philosophy is his See also:chapter in the History of Greece on the See also:Sophists, of whom he took a view some-what more favourable than has been accepted before or since.
His wife, HARRIET LEWIN (1792–1878), was the daughter of See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas Lewin, a retired See also:Indian civilian, settled in See also:Southampton. After her marriage with Grote in 1820 she devoted herself to the subjects in which he was interested and was a prominent figure in the See also:literary, political and philosophical circle in which he lived. She carefully read the proofs of his work and relieved him of anxiety in connexion with his See also:property. Among her writings are: Memoir of Ary See also:Scheffer (186o); Collected Papers (1862); and her See also:biography of her See also:husband (1873). Another publication, The Philosophical Radicals of 1832 (privately circulated in 1866), is interesting for the See also:light it throws on the Reform See also:movement of 1832 to 1842, especially on Molesworth.
End of Article: GROTE, GEORGE (1794–1871)
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