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See also:EPHESUS, See also:COUNCIL OF . This See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church council was convened in 431 for the purpose of taking authoritative See also:action concerning
the See also:doctrine of the See also:person of See also:Christ. The See also:councils of See also:Nicaea and See also:Constantinople had asserted the full divinity and real humanity of Christ, without, however, defining the manner of their See also:union. The See also:attempt to solve the apparent incongruity of a perfect union of two See also:complete and distinct natures in one person produced first Apollinarianism, which substituted the divine See also:Logos for the human vows or irvevua of Jesus, thereby detracting from the completeness of his humanity; and then Nestorianism, which destroyed the unity of Christ's person by affirming that the divine Logos dwelt in the See also:man Jesus as in a See also:temple, and that the union of the two was in respect of dignity, and furthermore that, inasmuch as the Logos could not have been See also:born, to See also:call See also:Mary Beo-rorcos, " Godbearer," was absurd and blasphemous. The Alexandrians, led by See also:Cyril, stood for the doctrine of the perfect union of two complete natures in one person, and made Oeorbrcos the See also:shibboleth of orthodoxy. The theological controversy was intensified by the rivalry of the two patriarchates, See also:Alexandria and Constantinople, for the primacy of the See also:East. As See also:bishop of Constantinople See also:Nestorius naturally looked to the See also:emperor for support, while Cyril turned to See also:Rome. A See also:Roman See also:synod in 430 found Nestorius heretical and decreed his See also:excommunication unless he should recant. Shortly afterwards an Alexandrian synod condemned his doctrines in twelve anathemas, which only provoked See also:counter-anathemas. The emperor now intervened and summoned a council, which met at Ephesus on the 22nd of See also:June 431. Nestorius was See also:present with an armed escort, but refused to attend the council on the ground that the See also:patriarch of See also:Antioch (his friend) had not arrived. The council, nevertheless, proceeded to declare him excommunicate and deposed. When the Roman legates appeared they "examined and approved " the acts of the council, whether as if thereby giving them validity, or as if concurring with the council, is a question not easy to See also:answer from the records. Cyril, the See also:president, apparently regarded the subscription of the legates as the See also:acknowledgment of " canonical agreement " with the synod.
The disturbances that followed the arrival of See also:John, the patriarch of Antioch, are sufficiently described in the See also:article NE ST ORI U S.
The emperor finally interposed to terminate that scandalous strife, banished Nestorius and dissolved the council. Ultimately he gave decision in favour of the orthodox. The council was generally received as ecumenical, even by the Antiochenes, and the See also:differences between Cyril and John were adjusted (433) by a "Union Creed," which, however, did not prevent a recrudescence of theological controversy.
See Mansi iv. pp. 567-1482, v. pp. 1-1023; See also:Hardouin i. pp. 1271-1722; See also:Hefele (2nd ed.) ii. pp. 141-247 (Eng. trans. iii. pp. 1-114); Peltanus, SS. Magni et Ecumen. Conc. Ephesini priori Acta omnia
(See also:Ingolstadt, 1576); Wilhelm Kraetz, Koptische Akten zum Ephes. Konzil . . . (See also:Leipzig, 1904); also the articles NESTORIUS; CYRIL; See also:THEODORE OF MOPSUESTIA.
The so-called " Robber Synod " of Ephesus (Latrocinium Ephesinum.) of 449, although wholly irregular and promptly repudiated by the church, may, nevertheless, not improperly be treated here. The See also:archimandrite See also:Eutyches (q.v.) having been deposed by his bishop, Flavianus of Constantinople, on See also:account of his heterodox doctrine of the person of Christ, had appealed to Dioscurus, the successor of Cyril in the see of Alexandria, who restored him and moved the emperor See also:Theodosius II. to summon a council, which should " utterly destroy Nestorianism." Rome recognizing that she had more to fear from Alexandria, departed from her traditional policy and sided with Constantinople. The council of 130 bishops, which convened on the 8th of See also:August 449, was completely dominated by Dioscurus. Eutyches was acquitted of See also:heresy and reinstated, Flavianus and other bishops deposed, the Roman legates insulted, and all opposition was overborne by intimidation or actual violence. The See also:death of Flavianus, which soon followed, was attributed to injuries received in this synod; but the See also:- PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)
proof of the See also:charge leaves some-thing to be desired.
The emperor confirmed the synod, but the Eastern Church was divided upon the question of accepting it, and See also:Leo I. of Rome excommunicated Dioscurus, refused to recognize thesuccessor of Flavianus and demanded a new and greater council. The death of Theodosius II. removed the See also:main support of Dioscurus, and cleared the way for the council of See also:Chalcedon (q.v.), which deposed the Alexandrian and condemned Eutychianism.
See Mansi vi. pp. 503 sqq., 6o6 sqq. ; Hardouin ii. 71 sqq. ; Hefele (2nd ed.) ii. pp. 349 sqq. (Eng. trans. iii. pp. 221 sqq.) ; S. G. F. See also:Perry, The Second Synod of Ephesus (See also:Dartford, 1881); l'See also:Abbe See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
Martin, Actes du See also:brigandage d'Ephese (See also:Amiens, 1874) and Le Pseudo-synode connu clans l'histoire sous le nom de brigandage d'Ephese (See also:Paris, 1875). (T. F.
End of Article: EPHESUS, COUNCIL OF
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