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See also:CHALCEDON, See also:COUNCIL OF , the See also:fourth ecumenical council of the See also:Catholic See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church, was held in 451, its occasion being the Eutychian See also:heresy and the notorious " Robber See also:Synod " (see See also:EUTYCHES and See also:EPHESUS, COUNCIL oF), which called forth vigorous protests both in the See also:East and in the See also:West, and a loud demand for a new See also:general council, a demand that was ignored by the Eutychian See also:Theodosius II., but speedily granted by his successor, See also:Marcian, a " Flavianist." In response to the imperial See also:summons, five to six See also:hundred bishops, all Eastern, except the See also:Roman legates and two Africans, assembled in Chalcedon on the
8th of See also:October 451. The See also:bishop of See also:Rome claimed for his legates the right to preside, and insisted that any See also:act that failed to receive their approval would be invalid. The first session was tumultuous; party feeling ran high, and scurrilous and vulgar epithets were bandied to and fro. The acts of the Robber Synod were examined; See also:fraud, violence and See also:coercion were charged against it; its entire proceedings were annulled, and, at the third session, its See also:leader, Dioscurus, was deposed and degraded. The See also:emperor requested a See also:declaration of the true faith; but the sentiment of the council was opposed to a new See also:symbol. It contented itself with reaffirming the Nicene and Constantinopolitan See also:creeds and the Ephesine See also:formula of 431, and accepting, only after examination, the Christological statement contained in the Epistola Dogmatica of See also:Leo I. (q.v.) to Flavianus. Thus the council rejected both Nestorianism and Eutychianism, and stood upon the See also:doctrine that See also:Christ had two natures, each perfect in itself and each distinct from the other, yet perfectly See also:united in one See also:person, who was at once both See also:God and See also:man. With this statement, which was formally subscribed in the presence of the emperor, the development of the Christological doctrine was completed, but not in a manner to obviate further controversy (see See also:MONOPHYSITES and See also:MONOTHELITES).
The remaining sessions, vii.–xvi., were occupied with matters of discipline, complaints, claims, controversies and the like. Canons were adopted, See also:thirty according to the generally received tradition, although the most See also:ancient texts contain but twenty-eight, and, as See also:Hefele points out, the so-called twenty-ninth and thirtieth are properly not canons, but repetitions of proposals made in a previous session.
The most important enactments of the council of Chalcedon were the following: (I) the approval of the canons of the first three ecumenical See also:councils and of the synods of See also:Ancyra, Neo-Caesarea, See also:Changra, See also:Antioch and See also:Laodicea; (2) forbidding See also:trade, See also:secular pursuits and See also:war to the See also:clergy, bishops not even being allowed to administer the See also:property of their dioceses; (3) for-bidding monks and nuns to marry or to return to the See also:world; likewise forbidding the See also:establishment of a monastery in any See also:diocese without the consent of the bishop, or the disestablishment of a monastery once consecrated; (4) punishing with deposition an ordination or clerical See also:appointment made for See also:money; forbidding " See also:absolute ordination " (i.e. without See also:assignment to a particular See also:charge), the See also:translation of derics except for See also:good cause, the enrolment of a cleric in two churches at once, and the performance of sacerdotal functions outside of one's diocese without letters' of See also:commendation from one's bishop; (5) confirming the See also:jurisdiction of bishops over all clerics, See also:regular and secular alike, and punishing with deposition any See also:conspiracy against episcopal authority; (6) establishing a gradation of ecclesiastical tribunals, viz. bishop, provincial synod, See also:exarch of the diocese, See also:patriarch of See also:Constantinople (obviously the council could not here have been legislating for the entire church); forbidding clerics to be See also:running to Constantinople with complaints, without the consent of their respective bishops; (7) confirming the See also:possession of rural parishes to those who had actually administered them for thirty years, providing for the See also:adjudication of conflicting claims, and guaranteeing the integrity of See also:metropolitan provinces; (8) confirming the third See also:canon of the second ecumenical council, which accorded to Constantinople equal privileges (to•a 7rpev/3eia) with Rome, and the second See also:rank among the patriarchates, and, in addition, granting to Constantinople patriarchal jurisdiction over See also:Pontus, See also:Asia and See also:Thrace.
The Roman legates, who were absent (designedly ?) when this famous twenty-eighth canon was adopted, protested against it, but in vain, the imperial commissioners deciding in favour of its regularity and validity. Leo I., although he recognized the council as ecumenical and confirmed its doctrinal decrees, rejected canon See also:xxviii. on the ground that it contravened the See also:sixth canon of See also:Nicaea and infringed the rights of See also:Alexandria and Antioch. In what proportion zeal for the ancient canons and the rights of others, and jealous fear of encroachment upon his own jurisdiction, were mixed in the motives of Leo, it would be interestingand " cerachates."
By See also:modern mineralogists the name See also:chalcedony is restricted to those kinds of See also:silica which occur not in distinct crystals like See also:ordinary See also:quartz, but in concretionary, mammillated or stalactitic forms, which break with a See also:fine splintery fracture, and display a delicate fibrous structure. Chalcedony maybe regarded as a micro-crystalline See also:form of quartz. It is rather softer and less dense than crystallized quartz, its hardness being about 6.5 and its specific gravity 2.6, the difference being probably due to the presence of a small amount of opaline silica between the See also:fibres. Chalcedony is a translucent substance of rather waxy lustre, presenting See also:great variety of See also:colours, though usually See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
white, See also:grey, yellow or See also:- BROWN
- BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
- BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
- BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
- BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
- BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
- BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
- BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
- BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
- BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
- BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
- BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
- BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
- BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
- BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
- BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
- BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
- BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
- BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
- BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
- BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
- BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
- BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)
brown. A rare See also:blue chalcedony is some-times polished under the name of "sapphirine "—a See also:term applied also to a distinct See also:mineral (an See also:aluminium-See also:magnesium silicate) from See also:Greenland.
Chalcedony occurs as a secondary mineral in volcanic rocks, representing usually the silica set See also:free by the decomposition of various silicates, and deposited in cracks, forming See also:veins, or in vesicular hollows, forming amygdales. Its occurrence gives the name to Chalcedony See also:Park, See also:Arizona. It is found in the basalts of N. See also:Ireland, the Faroe Isles and See also:Iceland: it is See also:common in the traps of the See also:Deccan in See also:India, and in volcanic rocks in See also:Uruguay and See also:Brazil. Certain See also:flat See also:oval nodules from a decomposed See also:lava (See also:augite-See also:andesite) in Uruguay See also:present a cavity lined with quartz crystals and enclosing liquid (a weak saline See also:solution), with a movable See also:air-bubble, whence they are called " enhydros " or See also:water-stones. Very fine examples of stalactitic chalcedony, in whimsical forms, have been yielded by some of the Cornish See also:copper-mines. The See also:surface of chalcedony is occasionally coated with a delicate bluish See also:bloom. A chalcedonic See also:deposit in the form of concentric rings, on fossils and fragments of See also:limestone in S. See also:Devon, is known as " orbicular silica " or " beekite," having been named after Dr See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry Beeke, See also:dean of See also:Bristol, who first directed See also:attention to such deposits. Certain pseudomorphs of chalcedony after See also:datolite, from Haytor in See also:Devonshire, have received the name of " haytorite." See also:Optical examination of many chalcedonic minerals by See also:French mineralogists has shown that they are aggregates of various fibrous crystalline bodies differing from each other in certain optical characters, whence they are distinguished as See also:separate minerals under such names as calcedonite,pseudocalcedonite,quartzine, lutecite and lussatite. Many coloured and variegated chalcedonies are cut and polished as ornamental stones, and are described under See also:special headings. Chalcedony has been in all ages the commonest of the stones used by the See also:gem-engraver.
See See also:AGATE, See also:BLOODSTONE, See also:CARNELIAN, See also:CHRYSOPRASE, HELIO> TROPE, MOCHA See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
STONE, See also:ONYX. See also:SARD and See also:SARDONYX. (F. W. EM
to know. The canon was universally received in the East, and was expressly confirmed by the Quinisext Council, 692 (see CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF).
The emperor Marcian approved the doctrinal decrees of the council and enjoined silence in regard to theological questions. Eutyches and Dioscurus and their followers were deposed and banished. But See also:harmony was not thus to be restored; hardly had the council dissolved when the church was plunged into the Monophysite controversy.
See Mansi vi. pp. 529-1102, vii. pp. 1-868; See also:Hardouin ii. pp. 1-772; Hefele (2nd ed.) ii. pp. 394-578 (See also:English translation, iii. pp. 268-464); also extended See also:bibliographies in See also:Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopddie, 3rd ed., s.v. " Eutyches " (by Loofs) and s.v. " Nestorianer
(by Kessler). (T. F.
End of Article: CHALCEDON, COUNCIL OF
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