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See also:MONOTHELITES (µovoOe? rai, monothelitae, from Gr. phvos, only, OEXe.v, to will) ,' in See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church See also:history, the name given to those who, in the 7th See also:century, while otherwise orthodox, maintained that See also:Christ had only one will. Their effort, as defined by See also:Dormer, was " an See also:attempt to effect some See also:kind of See also:solution of the vital unity of Christ's See also:person, which had been so seriously proposed by monophysitism, on the basis of the now firmly-established See also:doctrine of the two natures." The controversy had its origin in the efforts of the See also:emperor See also:Heraclius to win back for the church and the See also:empire the excommunicated and persecuted See also:Monophysites or Eutychians of See also:Egypt and See also:Syria. In Egypt especially the monophysite See also:movement had assumed a nationalistic, patriotic See also:character. It was in See also:Armenia, while on his expedition against See also:Persia, in 622 that, in an inter-view with See also:Paul, the See also:head of the Severians (Monophysites) there, Heraclius first broached the doctrine of the µia i4pyeta of Christ, i.e. the doctrine that the divine and human natures, while quite distinct in His one person, had but one activity and operation.' At a somewhat later date he wrote to See also:Arcadius of See also:Cyprus, commanding that " two energies" should not be spoken of; and in 626, while in Lazistan (See also:Colchis), he had a See also:- MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)
meeting with the See also:metropolitan, See also:Cyrus of Phasis, during which this command was discussed, and Cyrus was at last bidden to seek further instruction on the subject from See also:Sergius, See also:patriarch of See also:Constantinople, a strong upholder of the See also:Ala E 4pyeia, and the emperor's counsellor with regard to it. So well did he profit by the teaching he received in this See also:quarter that, in 630 or 631, Cyrus was appointed to the vacant patriarchate of See also:Alexandria, and in 633 succeeded in reconciling the Severians of his See also:province on the basis of pia 6eav3puci7 Evipyeta (one divine-human See also:energy). He was, however, opposed by See also:Sophronius, a See also:- MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
- MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
- MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
- MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)
monk from See also:Palestine, who, after vainly appealing to Cyrus, actually went to Constantinople to remonstrate with Sergius himself. Shortly afterwards Sergius wrote to See also:Pope See also:Honorius, and received a friendly reply? Sophronius, however, who mean-while had been made patriarch of See also:Jerusalem (634), refused to be silenced, and in his Epistola synodica strongly insisted on the " two energies." So intense did the controversy now become, that at last, towards the end of 638, Heraclius published an Ecthesis, or Exposition of the Faith (composed by Sergius), which prohibited the use of the phrase " one energy," because of its disquieting effects on some minds, as seeming to militate against the doctrine of the two natures; while, on the other See also:hand, the expression " two energies " was interdicted because it seemed to imply that Christ had two See also:wills. That Christ had but one will was declared to be the only orthodox doctrine, and all the faithful were enjoined to hold and See also:teach it without addition or See also:deduction. The document was not acceptable, however, to Popes See also:Severinus and See also:John IV., the immediate successors of Honorius; and See also:Maximus, the See also:confessor, succeeded in stirring up such violent opposition in See also:North See also:Africa and See also:Italy that, in 648, See also:Constans II. judged it expedient to withdraw his grandfather's See also:edict, and to substitute for it his own Typus or See also:Precept (r& nos 7repl 1rtoTewS), forbidding all discussion of the questions of the duality or singleness of either the energy or the will of Christ. The See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme of doctrine of the first four See also:general See also:councils, in all its vagueness as to these points, was to be maintained; so far as the controversy had gone, the disputants on either See also:side were to be held See also:free from censure, but to resume it
' The name seems to occur first in John of See also:Damascus.
2 Paul, speaking for the monophysite bishops, had said that what was particularly repugnant in the See also:definition of See also:Chalcedon (q.v.) was the implication of two wills in Christ. See See also:Hefele, Conciliengesch. iii. 124 seq. (1877), who also traces the previous history of the expres-
sions See also:Isla i 4pyeea, Beavbpuc,) tvepysta, especially as found in the writings
of the Pseudo-See also:Dionysius Areopagita, which first appeared in Egypt in the 5th century.
2In two letters Honorius expressed himself in See also:accord with the monothelite view, for which he was denounced as heretical by the See also:Sixth General See also:Council and anathematized by Pope See also:Leo II.
would involve penal consequences. The reply of the Western Church was promptly given in the unambiguously dyothelite decrees of the Lateran See also:synod held by Pope See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
Martin I. in 649; but the cruel persecutions to which both Martin and Maximus were exposed, and finally succumbed, secured for the imperial Typus the assent at least of silence. With the See also:accession of See also:Constantine Pogonatus in 668 the controversy once more revived, and the new emperor resolved to summon a general council. It met at Constantinople in 68o, having been preceded in 679 by a brilliant synod under Pope See also:Agatho at See also:Rome, where it had been agreed to depart in nothing from the decrees of the Lateran synod. The will, Agatho said, is a See also:property of the nature, so that as there are two natures there are two wills; but the human will determines itself ever conformably to the divine and almighty will.
See R. L. Ottley, The Doctrine of the Incarnation (pt. vii. §§ 5, 6, 7) ; A. See also:Harnack, History of See also:Dogma, iv. 252-267; See also:art " Monotholeten " in Hauck-See also:Herzog's Realencyklop. See also:fur prot. Theologie (vol. 13) by W. Moller and G. See also:Kruger.
End of Article: MONOTHELITES (µovoOe? rai, monothelitae, from Gr. phvos, only, OEXe.v, to will)
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