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Hundred-handers. When the Cyclopes and the Hundred-handers proved trouble-some, Sky thrust them back into the bosom of Earth. This vexed Earth, and she called on her sons to avenge her on their See also:

FATHER

father Sky. They all shrank from the See also:

DEED (in O. Eng. dead, from the stem of the verb " to do ")

deed See also:

SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save Cronus, who waylaid and mutilated his father with a sickle or curved See also:

SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword. From the drops of See also:

BLOOD

blood which See also:

fell to the earth sprang the See also:

FURIES (Lat. Furiae, also called DIRAE)

Furies and the Giants. Cronus now reigned in See also:

ROOM

room of Sky. His wife was See also:

RHEA

Rhea, who was also his See also:

SISTER

sister, being a daughter of Sky and Earth. Sky and Earth had foretold to Cronus that he would be deposed by one of his own children, so he swallowed them one after another as soon as they were See also:

BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born. Thus he devoured See also:

HESTIA

Hestia, See also:

DEMETER

Demeter, See also:

HERA

Hera, Hades and See also:

POSEIDON

Poseidon.

But when Rhea had brought forth See also:

ZEUS

Zeus, the youngest,' she wrapped up a See also:

stone in swaddling clothes and gave it to Cronus, who swallowed it instead of the babe. When Zeus, who had been hidden in See also:

CRETE (Gr. Kp;rrrr; Turk. Kirid, Ital. Candia)

Crete, See also:

GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up, he gave his father a dose which compelled him to disgorge first the stone and then the children whom he had swallowed. The stone was preserved at See also:

DELPHI (the Pytho of Homer and Herodotus; in Boeotian inscriptions BeA4oi, on coins Aa)tg5oi)

Delphi; every See also:

day it was anointed and on festivals it was crowned with See also:

WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool. Zeus and his See also:

BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers now rebelled against Cronus, and after a ten years' struggle they were victorious. Cronus and the Titans were thrust down to See also:

TARTARUS

Tartarus, where they were guarded by the Hundred-handers. According to others, Cronus was removed to the Islands of the Blest, where he ruled over the departed heroes, judging them in See also:

CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with See also:

RHADAMANTHUS (Gr. Rhadamanthys)

Rhadamanthus. See also:

Plutarch (De Def. Orac. 18) mentions a See also:

story that the dethroned monarch of the gods slept on an See also:

ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of the See also:

NORTHERN

northern seas guarded by See also:

BRIAREUS, or AEGAEON

Briareus and surrounded by a See also:

TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train of attendant divinities. The reign of Cronus was supposed to have been the See also:

GOLDEN

golden See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, when men lived like gods, See also:

FREE

free from toil and grief and the weakness of old age (for See also:

DEATH

death was like See also:

SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep) ; and the earth brought forth abundantly without cultivation. There are few traces of the See also:

WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of Cronus in See also:

GREECE

Greece. See also:

PAUSANIAS

Pausanias, in his description of Greece, mentions only one See also:

temple of Cronus; it stood at the See also:

FOOT

foot of the See also:

ACROPOLIS (Gr. aKpos, top, a6)Xts, city)

Acropolis at See also:

Athens and was sacred to Cronus and Rhea jointly.

The Athenians celebrated an See also:

ANNUAL

annual festival in his See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour on the See also:

LATH (0. Eng. laett, Mid. Eng. lappe, a form possibly due to the Welsh llath; the word appears in many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch lat, Ger. Latte, and has passed into Romanic, cf. Ital. latta, Fr. latte)

lath of Hecatombaeon. A See also:

mountain at See also:

OLYMPIA

Olympia was called after him, and on its See also:

TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top annual sacrifices were offered to him at the See also:

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring See also:

EQUINOX (from the Lat. aequus, equal, and nox, night)

equinox. The See also:

IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea that Cronus was the god of See also:

time seems to have arisen from a See also:

SIMPLE

simple confusion between the words Cronus and Chronus (" time "). See also:

Curtius derives Cronus from the See also:

root kra, meaning " to accomplish." Cronus may have been a god of some aboriginal See also:

HALF

half-See also:

savage tribe which the Greeks conquered. Hence the savage traits in his See also:

LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend, his See also:

CONQUEST

conquest by Zeus and the scanty traces of his worship in Greece. The myth of the See also:

MUTILATION (from Lat. mutilus, maimed)

mutilation of Sky by Cronus may be a particular See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the widespread story of the violent separation of Sky and Earth by one of their children. Other forms of this myth are found in New See also:

ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand, See also:

India and See also:

CHINA

China. See also:

PARALLELS

Parallels to the swallowing and disgorging incident are to be found in the folk-See also:

lore of See also:

BUSHMEN, or BOSJESMANS

Bushmen, Kaffres, Basutos, See also:

INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians of See also:

GUIANA (Guyana, Guayana')

Guiana and See also:

ESKIMO, ESKIMOS

Eskimo. 2. Saturn and his wife Ops were amongst the See also:

OLDEST

oldest deities of ancient Italy. He is said to have had an See also:

ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar at the foot of the Capitol before See also:

Rome was founded. Saturn was a god of See also:

agriculture, his name being derived from serene, " to sow."' The See also:

IDENTIFICATION (Lat. idem, the same)

identification of Saturn with Cronus3 gave rise to the legend that after his deposition by Zeus (See also:

JUPITER

Jupiter) Saturn wandered to So See also:

HESIOD

Hesiod.

But, according to See also:

HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer, Zeus was the eldest of the children of Cronus and Rhea. z He was also known by the epithet of Stercutus or Sterculius, the god of fertilizing manure. 'Cronus himself was a See also:

HARVEST (A.S. hcerfest " autumn," O.H. Ger. herbist, possibly through an old Teutonic root representing Lat. car pere, " to pluck ")

harvest god under one of his aspects. Italy, where he ruled as See also:

king in the golden age and gave the name See also:

SATURNIA (mod. Saturnia)

Saturnia to the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country.' See also:

JANUS

Janus, another of the most ancient gods of Italy, is said to have welcomed him to Rome, and here he settled at the foot of the Capitol, which was called after him the Saturnian See also:

Hill. His temple stood at the ascent from the See also:

FORUM (Lat. from foris, " out of doors ")

Forum to the Capitol and was one of the oldest buildings in Rome, but the eight remaining columns of the temple probably formed a portion of a new temple built in the imperial times. The See also:

IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image of Saturn in this temple had woollen bands fastened See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round its feet all the See also:

YEAR

year through, except at the festival of the Saturnalia; the See also:

OBJECT

object of the bands was probably to detain the deity. Similarly there was a fettered image of Enyalius (the See also:

War God) at See also:

SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta, and at Athens the image of Victory had no wings, lest she might See also:

FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly away. The mode of See also:

SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice at this temple was so far See also:

PECULIAR

peculiar that the See also:

head of the sacrificer was See also:

BARE

bare as in the Greek See also:

RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual, instead of being covered, as was the usual See also:

ROMAN

Roman practice. Legend said that the Greek ritual was introduced by See also:

Hercules, who at the same time abolished the human sacrifices previously offered to Saturn. Others said that the See also:

RULE

rule had been observed by the See also:

PELASGIANS

Pelasgians before. Under or behind the temple was the Roman See also:

TREASURY

treasury, in which the archives as well as the treasures of the See also:

state were preserved. See also:

Dionysius Halicarnassensis (See also:

Ant.

Rom. i. 34) tells that there were many sanctuaries of Saturn in Italy and that many towns and places, especially mountains, were called after him. The oldest See also:

NATIONAL

national form of See also:

VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse was known as the Saturnian. Like many other figures in Roman See also:

MYTHOLOGY

mythology, Saturn is said to have vanished at last from earth. His See also:

EMBLEM (Gr. Eµ3Xysa, something put in or inserted, from EµfiiXAew, to throw in)

emblem was a sickle. The substitution of a See also:

GREAT

great See also:

SCYTHE

scythe for the sickle, and the addition of wings and an See also:

HOUR

hour-See also:

glass, are See also:

MODERN

modern.' Ops (" plenty "), wife of Saturn, was an earth-goddess, as appears from the See also:

CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom observed. by her suppliants of sitting and carefully touching the earth while they. made their vows to her. As goddess of crops and the harvest she was called Consiva, and under this name had a See also:

SANCTUARY (from the late Lat. sanctuarium, a sacred place)

sanctuary at Rome, to which only the Vestals and the See also:

PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest were admitted. As Saturn was identified in later times with Cronus, so was Ops with Rhea. Another goddess mentioned as wife of Saturn was Lua, a goddess of barrenness. She was one of the deities to whom after a victory the spoils of the enemy were sometimes dedicated and burned. Saturnalia.—This, the great festival of Saturn, was celebrated on the 19th, but after See also:

Caesar's reform of the See also:

CALENDAR

calendar on the 17th, of See also:

DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December. See also:

AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus decreed that the 17th should be sacred to Saturn and the 19th to Ops." Henceforward it appears that the 17th and 18th were devoted to the Saturnalia, and the r 9th and loth to the Opalia, a festival of Ops.' Caligula added a fifth day, " the day of youth" (See also:

DIES, CHRISTOPH ALBERT (1755-1822)

dies juvenalis), devoted no doubt to the See also:

sports of the See also:

young.

But in popular usage the festival lasted seven days. The woollen fetters were taken from the feet of the image of Saturn, and each See also:

man offered a See also:

pig. During the festival See also:

SCHOOLS

schools were closed; no war was declared or See also:

BATTLE

battle fought; no See also:

PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment was inflicted. In See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of the toga an undress; garment (See also:

SYNTHESIS (Gr. a6vOeacs, from avvrcBivac, to put together)

synthesis) was worn. Distinctions of See also:

RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank were laid aside: slaves sat at table with their masters or were waited on by them, and the utmost freedom of speech was allowed them. Gambling with See also:

DICE (plural of die, O. Fr. de, derived from Lat. dare, to give)

dice, at other times illegal, was now permitted .8 All classes exchanged gifts, the commonest being See also:

wax tapers and See also:

clay dolls. These dolls were especially given to children, and the makers of them held a See also:

REGULAR

regular See also:

FAIR

fair at this time. See also:

Varro thought these dolls represented See also:

ORIGINAL

original sacrifices of human beings to'the infernal god. There was, as we have seen, a tradition that human sacrifices were once offered to Saturn, and the Greeks and Romans gave the name of Cronus and Saturn to a cruel Phoenician See also:

BAAL

Baal, to whom, e.g. children were sacrificed at See also:

Carthage. The Cronus to whom human sacrifices are said to have been offered in See also:

Rhodes was probably a Baal, for there are traces of Phoenician worship in Rhodes. It may be conjectured that the Saturnalia was originally a celebration of the See also:

winter See also:

SOLSTICE (Lat. solstitium, from sal, sun, and sistere, to stand still)

solstice. Hence ' He is said to have taught the inhabitants of See also:

LATIUM

Latium agriculture, the See also:

art of See also:

NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation and the use of stamped pieces of See also:

metal for See also:

MONEY

money.

5 During the first centuries of the See also:

Christian era, Saturn was one of the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief popular divinities of northern See also:

Africa, representing the Carthaginian Baal under the See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

DOMINUS (from an Indo-European root dam-, cf. Gr. Sapav, to subdue, and Eng. " tame ")

Dominus Saturnus; see Toutain, De Saturn dei in Africa See also:

ROMANA

Romana cultu (1894). 6 There was also a See also:

SPECIAL

special festival, Opeconsiva, on Aug. 25. ' The See also:

FOURTH

fourth day of the festival was added by some one unknown. 8 It is curious to find a similar rule with a similar exception in See also:

NEPAL, NEPAUL

Nepal. See H. A. See also:

OLDFIELD, ANNE (1683–173o)

Oldfield, Sketches from Nepal, vol.ii. pp. 353 sq. the legend that it was instituted by See also:

ROMULUS

Romulus under the name of the Brumalia ( bruma =winter solstice). The prominence given to candles at the festival points to the custom of making a new See also:

FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire at this time. The custom of solemnly kindling fires at the summer solstice (See also:

Eve of St See also:

John) has prevailed in most parts of See also:

EUROPE

Europe, notably in See also:

Germany, and there are traces (of which the See also:

yule-See also:

LOG (a word of uncertain etymological origin,possibly onomatopoeic; the New English Dictionary rejects the derivation from Norwegian lag, a fallen tree)

log is one) of the observance of a similar custom at the winter solstice.

In ancient See also:

Mexico a new fire was kindled, amid great rejoicings, at the end of every See also:

period of fifty-two years. The designation of the See also:

PLANETS, MINOR

planets by the names of gods is at least as old as the 4th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C. The first certain mention of the See also:

STAR

star of Cronus (Saturn) is in See also:

Aristotle (See also:

Metaphysics, p. 1073 b. 35). The name also occurs in the Epinomis (p. 987 b), a See also:

DIALOGUE

dialogue of uncertain date, wrongly ascribed to See also:

PLATO

Plato. In Latin, See also:

CICERO

Cicero (1st century B.c.) is the first author who speaks of the See also:

PLANET (Gr. ssXavirrns, a wanderer)

planet Saturn. The application of the name Saturn to a day of the See also:

WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week (Saturn dies, Saturday) is first found in See also:

TIBULLUS, ALBIUS (c. 54–19 B.c.)

Tibullus (i. 3, 18). (J. G.

End of Article: SATURN [SATURNUS]

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