Online Encyclopedia

groups, the most eastern of which would have to travel nearly 5000 M. to reach the most western: (I) The East Greenland Eskimo, few in number, every See also:

YEAR

year advancing farther south, and coming into contact with the next See also:

section. (2) The West Greenlanders, civilized, living under the Danish See also:

CROWN

crown, and extending from Cape Farewell to 74° N. lat. (3) The See also:

NORTHERN

Northern-most Greenlanders—the Arctic Highlanders of See also:

Sir See also:

John Ross—confined to See also:

Smith, See also:

WHALE

Whale, See also:

MURCHISON, SIR RODERICK IMPEY (1792-1871)

Murchison and Wolstenholme Sounds, north of the See also:

Melville Bay glaciers.

These—the most isolated and uncivilized of all the Eskimo—had no boats or bows and arrows until about 1868. (4) The Labrador Eskimo, mostly civilized. (5) The Eskimo of the See also:

MIDDLE

middle regions, occupying the coasts from Hudson Bay to See also:

BARTER (from Fr. barater, to truck, to exchange)

Barter See also:

ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island, beyond See also:

Mackenzie See also:

RIVER

river, inhabiting a stretch of See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country 2000 M. in length and Boo in breadth. (6) The Western Eskimo, from Barter Island to the western limits in America. (7) The Asiatic Eskimo. The Eskimo are not a tall See also:

RACE

race, their height varying from 5 ft. 4 in. to 5 ft. See also:

LOIN (through O. Fr. loigne or logne, mod. lunge, from Lat. Iambus)

loin., but men of 6 ft. are met. Both men and See also:

WOMEN

women are See also:

MUSCULAR

muscular and active, the former often inclining to See also:

FAT (O.E. fdett; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vet, Ger. Fett, &c., and may be ultimately related to Greek Irian, and =apos, and Sanskrit pivan)

fat. The faces of both have a pleasing, See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good-humoured expression, and not infrequently are even handsome, The typical See also:

FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face is broadly See also:

OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval, See also:

FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat, with fat cheeks; forehead not high, and rather retreating; See also:

TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth good, though, owing to the See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the See also:

food, worn down to the gums in old See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age; See also:

NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose very flat;769 eyes rather obliquely set, small, See also:

black and See also:

bright; See also:

head largish, and covered with coarse black See also:

HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair, which the women fasten up into a See also:

knot on the See also:

TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top, and the men clip in front and allow to hang loose and unkempt behind. Their skulls are of the See also:

MESOCEPHALIC

mesocephalic type, the height being greater than the breadth; according to Davis, 75 is the See also:

INDEX

index of the latter and 77 of the former. Some of the tribes slightly compress the skulls of their new-See also:

BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born See also:

CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children laterally (See also:

Hall), but this practice is a very See also:

LOCAL

local one. The men have usually a slight See also:

MOUSTACHE, or MUSTACHIO

moustache, but no whiskers, and rarely any See also:

beard.

The skin has generally- a " bacony" feel, and when cleaned of the See also:

SMOKE (from O. Eng. smeocan, to smoke, reek, cf. Dutch meek, Ger. Schmauch, probably allied to Gr. vol9caiv)

smoke, grease and other dirt—the See also:

ACCUMULATION (from Lat. accumulare, to heap up)

accumulation of which varies according to the age of the individual—is only so slightly See also:

brown that red shows in the cheeks of the children and See also:

young women. The hands and feet are small and well formed. The Eskimo See also:

DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress entirely in skins of the See also:

seal, See also:

REINDEER

reindeer, See also:

bear, See also:

dog, or even See also:

fox, the first two being, however, the most See also:

COMMON

common. The men's and women's dress is much the same, a jacket suit, the See also:

TROUSERS

trousers tucked into seal-skin boots. The jacket has a See also:

hood, which in See also:

COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold See also:

WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather is used to See also:

COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the head, leaving only the face exposed. The women's jacket has a large hood for carrying a See also:

child and an absurd-looking tail behind, which is, however, usually tucked up. The women's trousers are usually ornamented with See also:

eider-See also:

DUCK

duck See also:

NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck feathers or See also:

EMBROIDERY (M.E. embrouderie, from O. Fr. embroder, Mod. Fr. broder)

embroidery of native dyed See also:

leather; their hoots, which are of See also:

white leather, or (in Greenland) dyed of various See also:

COLOURS, MILITARY

colours, reach over the knees, and in some tribes are very wide at the top, thus giving them an awkward See also:

APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance and a clumsy waddling walk. In winter two suits are worn, one with the hair inside, the other with it outside. They also sometimes See also:

WEAR

wear shirts of See also:

BIRD

bird-skins, and stockings of dog or young reindeer skins. Their clothes are very neatly made, See also:

fit beautifully, and are sewn with " See also:

SINEW (O. Eng. sinu, sionu, cf. Dutch zenuw, Ger. Sehne, possibly allied to Skt. snava, tendon, cf. Ger. Schnur, string)

sinew-See also:

THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread," with a See also:

bone See also:

NEEDLE (O. Eng. ncedl; the word appears in various forms in Teutonic languages, Ger. Nadel, Dutch naal, the root being ne-, to sew, cf. Ger. nahen, and probably Lat. nere, to spin, Gr. vi)ats, spinning)

needle if a See also:

STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel one cannot be had. In See also:

PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person the Eskimo are usually filthy, and never See also:

WASH, THE

wash. Infants are, however, sometimes cleaned by being licked by their See also:

MOTHER

mother before being put into the bag of feathers which serves as their See also:

bed, See also:

CRADLE (of uncertain etymology, possibly connected with " crate " and " creel," i.e. basket; the derivation from a Celtic word, with a sense of rocking, is scouted by the New English Dictionary)

cradle and blankets.

In summer the Eskimo live in conical skin tents, and in winter usually in See also:

HALF

half-underground huts of See also:

stone, See also:

TURF

turf, See also:

earth and bones, entered by a See also:

long See also:

TUNNEL (Fr. tonne!, later tonneau, a diminutive from Low Lat. tonna, tunna, a tun, cask)

tunnel-like passage, which can only be traversed on all fours. Sometimes, if residing temporarily at a See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, they willerect neat See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round huts of blocks of See also:

SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow with a See also:

SHEET

sheet of ice for a window. In the roof are deposited their spare harpoons, &c.; and from it is suspended the steatite See also:

basin-like See also:

LAMP (from Gr. Xag ras, a torch, Xaµaav, to shine)

lamp, the See also:

FLAME (Lat. flamma; the root flag- appears in flagrare, to burn, blaze, and Gr. d, XEryew)

flame of which, the See also:

WICK

wick being of See also:

MOSS

moss, serves as See also:

FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire and See also:

LIGHT

light. On one side of the hut is the See also:

BENCH (an O.E. and Eng. form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Bank, Dan. baenk and the Eng. doublet " bank ")

bench which is used as See also:

SOFA

sofa, seats and common sleeping place. The See also:

FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor is usually very filthy, a See also:

POOL

pool of See also:

BLOOD

blood or a dead seal being often to be seen there. See also:

VENTILATION (Lat. ventilare, from ventus, wind)

Ventilation is almost non-existent; and after the lamp has blazed for some See also:

time, the See also:

HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat is all but unbearable. In the summer the wolfish-looking See also:

DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs See also:

lie outside on the roof of the huts, in the winter in the tunnel-like passage just outside the See also:

FAMILY

family apartment. The Western Eskimo build their houses chiefly of planks, merely covered on the outside with See also:

green turf. The same Eskimo have, in the more populous places, a public See also:

ROOM

room for meetings. " See also:

COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council See also:

chambers " are also said to exist in Labrador, but are only known in Greenland by tradition. Some-times in south Greenland and in the Western Eskimo country the houses are made to accommodate several families, but as a See also:

RULE

rule each family has a See also:

house to itself. The Eskimo are solely hunters and fishers, and derive most of their food from the See also:

sea.

Their country allows of no cultivation; and beyond a few berries, roots, &c., they use no See also:

VEGETABLE

vegetable food. The seal, the reindeer and the whale See also:

SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply the bulk of their food, as well as their clothing, light, See also:

FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel, and frequently also, when driftwood is scarce or unavailable, the material for various articles of domestic See also:

ECONOMY

economy. Thus the Eskimo See also:

CANOE (from Carib. candoa, the West Indian name found in use by Columbus; the Fr. canot, boat, and Ger. Kahn, are derived from the Lat. canna, reed, vessel)

canoe is made of seal-skin stretched on a wooden or See also:

WHALEBONE

whalebone See also:

FRAME

frame, with a hole in the centre for the paddler. It is driven by a bone-tipped See also:

double-bladed See also:

PADDLE

paddle. A waterproof skin or entrail dress is tightly fastened round the mouth of the hole so that, should the canoe overturn, no See also:

WATER

water can enter. A skilful paddler can turn a See also:

COMPLETE

complete somersault, See also:

BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat and all, through the water. The Eskimo women use a flat-bottomed skin luggage-boat. The Eskimo sledge is made of two runners of See also:

wood or bone—even, in one See also:

case on See also:

RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record, of frozen See also:

salmon (See also:

MACLURE, WILLIAM (1763-1840)

Maclure)—united by See also:

CROSS

cross bars tied to the runners by hide thongs, and See also:

DRAWN

drawn by from 4 to 8 dogs harnessed abreast. Some of their weapons are ingenious—in particular, the See also:

HARPOON (from Fr. harpon, a grappling-iron, O. Fr. harpy, a dog's claw, an iron clamp for fastening stones together; the source of these words is the Lat. harpago, harpa, &c., formed from Gr. apaayit, hook, apsrh c , to snatch, tear away, cf. " harpy ")

harpoon, with its detachable point to which an inflated sealskin is fastened. When the See also:

QUARRY

quarry is struck, the floating skin serves to See also:

TIRE

tire it out, marks its course, and buoys it up when dead. The bird-spears, too, have a See also:

BLADDER (from A.S. blaeddre, connected with bl¢wan, to blow, cf. Ger. blase)

bladder attached, and points at the sides which strike the creature should the See also:

SPEAR (O. Eng. spere, O. H. Ger. sper, mod. Ger. speer, &c., cf. Lat. sparrs; probably related to " spar, " a beam)

spear-head fail to See also:

WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound. An effective See also:

BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow is made out of whale's See also:

RIB (from 0. Eng. ribb; the word appears' in many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Rippe, Swed. reb)

rib.

Altogether, with meagre material the Eskimo show See also:

GREAT

great skill in the manufacture of their weapons. See also:

MEAT

Meat is sometimes boiled, but, when it is frozen, it is often eaten raw. Blood, and the half-digested contents of the reindeer's paunch, are also eaten; and sometimes, but not habitually, blubber. As a rule this latter is too See also:

PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious: it must be kept for winter fuel and light. The Eskimo are enormous eaters; two will easily dispose of a seal at a sitting; and in Greenland, for instance, each individual has for his daily See also:

CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

consumption, on an See also:

AVERAGE

average, 21 lb of flesh with blubber, and 1 lb of fish, besides mussels, berries, sea-See also:

WEED, THURLOW (1797—1882)

weed, &c., to which in the Danish settlements may be added 2 OZ. of imported food. Ten pounds of flesh, in addition to other food, is not uncommonly consumed in a See also:

day in time of plenty. A See also:

man will lie on his back and allow his wife to feed him with tit-bits of blubber and flesh until he is unable to move. The Eskimo cannot be strictly called a wandering race. They are nomadic only in so far that they have to move about from place to place during the fishing and See also:

SHOOTING

shooting See also:

SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season, following the See also:

GAME

game in its migrations. They have, however, no See also:

REGULAR

regular See also:

PROPERTY

property. They possess only the most necessary utensils and See also:

FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture, with a stock of provisions for. less than one year; and these possessions never exceed certain limits fixed upon by tradition or See also:

CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom. Long See also:

HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit and the necessities of their See also:

LIFE

life have also compelled those having food to See also:

SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share with those having none—a custom which, with others, has conduced to the stagnant conditions of Eskimo society and to their utter improvidence.

Their intelligence is considerable, as their implements and folk-tales abundantly prove. They display a See also:

TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste for See also:

MUSIC

music, cartography and See also:

DRAWING

drawing, display no small amount of See also:

HUMOUR (Latin humor)

humour, are See also:

QUICK

quick at picking up See also:

PECULIAR

peculiar traits in strangers, and are painfully acute in detecting the weak points or ludicrous sides of their character. They are excellent mimics and easily learn the dances and songs of the Europeans, as well as their See also:

GAMES, CLASSICAL

games, such as See also:

CHESS

chess and See also:

DRAUGHTS (from AS. dragan, to draw)

draughts. They gamble a little—but in moderation, for the Eskimo, though keen traders, have a deep-rooted antipathy to See also:

SPECULATION

speculation. When they offer anything for sale—say at a Danish See also:

settlement in Greenland—they always leave it to the buyer to See also:

settle the See also:

price. They have also a dislike to bind themselves by See also:

contract. Hence it was long before the Eskimo in Greenland could be induced to enter into European service, though when they do they pass to almost the opposite extreme—they have no will of their own. Public licentiousness or indecency is rare among them. In their private life their morality is, however, not high. The women are especially erring; and in Greenland, at places where strangers visit, their extreme laxity of morals, and their utter want of shame, are not more remarkable than the entire See also:

ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of See also:

JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy or self-respect on the See also:

PART

part of their countrymen and relatives. See also:

THEFT

Theft in Green-See also:

LAND

land is almost unknown; but the See also:

WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild Eskimo make very See also:

FREE

free with strangers' goods—though it must be allowed that the value they attach to the articles stolen is some excuse for the thieves. Among themselves, on the other See also:

hand, they are very honest—a result of their being so much under the See also:

CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of public See also:

OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion.

Lying is said to be as common a trait of the Eskimo as of other savages in their dealings with Europeans. They have naturally not made any figure in literature. Their folk-See also:

lore is, however, extensive, and that collected by Dr Rink shows considerable See also:

IMAGINATION

imagination and no mean See also:

TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

talent on the part of the See also:

story-tellers. In Greenland and Labrador most of the natives have been taughtby the missionaries to read 'and write in their own language, Altogether, the literature published in the Eskimo See also:

TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue is considerable. Most of it has been printed in See also:

Denmark, but some has been " set up " in a small See also:

PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing-See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office in Green-land, from which about 28o sheets have issued, beside many lithographic prints. A See also:

journal (Atuagagldliutit nalinginarmik tusarumindsassumik univkat, i.e. " something for See also:

READING

reading, accounts of all •entertaining subjects ") has been published since 1861. The Eskimo in Greenland and Labrador are, with few exceptions, nominally at least, Christians. The native See also:

religion is a vague See also:

ANIMISM (from animus, or anima, mind or soul)

animism, and consists of a belief in good and evil See also:

SPIRITS

spirits, limited each to its own See also:

SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere; in a See also:

HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

Heaven and See also:

HELL (0. Eng. hel, a Teutonic word from a root meaning " to cover," cf. Ger. Holle, Dutch hel)

Hell; and a childish faith is placed in the native wizards, who are regarded as intermediaries between mankind and the spirit-See also:

POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers. The See also:

WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of the whale-spirit, so important a See also:

FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor in their daily economy, is prevalent. As regards language, the See also:

IDIOM (Gr. t&%wµa, something peculiar and personal; lbws, one's own, personal)

idiom spoken from Greenland to north-eastern See also:

SIBERIA

Siberia is, with a few exceptions, the same; any difference is only that of See also:

DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect. It differs from the whole See also:

GROUP

group of European See also:

LANGUAGES

languages, not merely in the See also:

sound of the words, but more especially, according to Rink, in the construction.

Its most remarkable feature is that a See also:

SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence of a European language is expressed in Eskimo by a single word constructed out of certain elements, each of which corresponds in some degree to one of our words. One specimen commonly given to visitors to Greenland may suffice: Savigiksiniariartokasuaromaryotittogog, which is See also:

EQUIVALENT

equivalent to " He says that you also will go away quickly in like manner and buy a See also:

PRETTY

pretty See also:

KNIFE (0. E. cuff, a word appearing in different forms in many Teutonic languages, cf. Du. knijf, Ger. Kneif, a shoe-maker's knife, Swed. knif; the ultimate origin is unknown; Skeat finds the origin in the root of " nip," formerly " knip "; Fr. canif is a

knife." Here is one word serving in the place of 17. It is made up as follows: Savig a knife, ik pretty, sini buy, ariartok go away, asuar hasten, See also:

OMAR (c. 581-644)

omar wilt, y in like manner, otit See also:

thou, tog also, og he says. The Eskimo have no chiefs or See also:

POLITICAL

political and military rulers. See also:

Fabricius concisely described them in his day: " Sine Deo, domino, reguntur consuetudine." The See also:

government is mainly a family one, though a man distinguished for skill in the See also:

chase, and for strength and shrewdness, often has considerable See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power in the See also:

VILLAGE

village. No political or social tie is recognized between the villages, though See also:

general good-fellowship seems to See also:

mark their relations. They never go to See also:

war with each other; and though revengeful and See also:

apt to injure an enemy secretly, they rarely come to blows, and are morbidly anxious not to give offence. Indeed, in their intercourse with each other, all Eskimo indulge in much hyperbolical compliment. But they are not without courage. On the See also:

COPPERMINE

Coppermine and Mackenzie See also:

rivers, where they sometimes come into collision with their American-Indian kinsmen, they fight fiercely. See also:

POLYGAMY, (Gr. nabs, many, and yayos, marriage)

Polygamy is rare, but the rights of See also:

DIVORCE

divorce and re-See also:

MARRIAGE

marriage are unrestricted. The Eskimo have intricate rules governing the ownership of property and the rights of the See also:

hunter.

As a race they are singularly undemonstrative. When they met each other they used to rub noses together, but this, though a common custom still among the wild Eskimo, is entirely abandoned in Greenland except for the petting of children. There is, in Greenland at least, no See also:

NATIONAL

national mode of salutation, either on See also:

MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting or parting. When a See also:

guest enters a house, commonly not the least sign is made either by him or his See also:

HOST

host. On leaving a place they some-times say " infivdluaritse," i.e. live well, and to a European " aporniakinatit," i.e. do not hurt thy head, viz. against the upper part of the See also:

DOORWAY (corresponding to the Gr. Iran, Lat. porte)

doorway. The Eskimo, excluding the few on the Asiatic coast,, are estimated at about 29,000. Eskimo (1875) ; Danish Greenland; its People and its Products (1877); Eskimo Tribes (1887); J. See also:

Richardson, Polar Regions (1861), pp. 298-331; Sir Clements See also:

Markham, Arctic Papers of the R. G. S. (1875), pp.

163-232; See also:

Simpson, ibid. pp. 233-275; " Hans Hendriks the Eskimo's See also:

MEMOIRS

Memoirs," See also:

GEOGRAPHICAL

Geographical See also:

MAGAZINE

Magazine (Feb. 1878, et seq.) ; Fridtjof See also:

Nansen, Eskimo Life (1894); R. E. See also:

PEARY, ROBERT EDWIN (1856- )

Peary, Northward over the Great Ice, vol. i. appendix ii.; F. Boas, " The Central Eskimo," See also:

SIXTH

Sixth See also:

ANNUAL

Annual See also:

REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

Report of See also:

BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

Bureau of See also:

ETHNOLOGY

Ethnology (1884–1885) ; J. Murdoch, " The Point See also:

Barrow Eskimo," Ninth Annual Report (1887–1888) ; E. W. See also:

Nelson, " The Eskimo about Bering Strait," Eighteenth Annual Report, part I (1896–1897). ESKI-SHEHR, a See also:

TOWN

town of See also:

ASIA

Asia See also:

Minor, in the See also:

KUTAIAH, KUTAYA

Kutaiah sanjak of the See also:

BRUSA, or BROUSSA (anc. Prusa)

Brusa (Khudavendikiar) vilayet. It is a station on the Haidar See also:

PASHA

Pasha-See also:

ANGORA, or ENGURI

Angora railway, 1942 M. from the former and 164 m. from Angora, and the junction for See also:

KONIA

Konia; and is situated on the right See also:

BANK

bank of the Pursak Su (Tembris), a tributary of the Sakaria, at the See also:

FOOT

foot of the hills that border the broad treeless valley. Pop.

20,000 (Moslems 15,000, Christians 5000). Eski-Shehr, i.e. " the old town," lies about a mile from the ruins of the See also:

ancient Phrygian Dorylaeum. The latter is mentioned in connexion with the See also:

WARS

wars of See also:

LYSIMACHUS (c. 355—281 B.C.)

Lysimachus and Antigonus (about 302 B.c.), and frequently figures in See also:

BYZANTINE

Byzantine See also:

HISTORY

history as an imperial See also:

RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence and military See also:

RENDEZVOUS

rendezvous. It was the See also:

SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of the defeat of the See also:

TURKS

Turks under Kilij-Arslan by the crusaders in 1097, and See also:

fell finally to the Turks of Konia in 1176. The town is divided by a small stream into a commercial See also:

QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter on See also:

low ground, in which are the bazaars, khans and the hot See also:

SULPHUR

sulphur springs (122° F.) which are mentioned as See also:

early as the 3rd See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century by See also:

ATHENAEUS

Athenaeus; and a residential quarter on the higher ground. The town is noted for its good See also:

CLIMATE

climate, the Pursak Su for the abundance of its fish,-and the See also:

PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain for its fertility. About 18 m. to the E. are extensive deposits of See also:

MEERSCHAUM

meerschaum. The See also:

clay is partly manufactured into pipes in the town, but the greater proportion finds its way to See also:

EUROPE

Europe and especially to See also:

Germany. The annual output is valued at £272,000. See See also:

Murray's Hdbk. to Asia Minor (1893); V. Cuinet, Turquie d'Asie (See also:

Paris, 1894).

End of Article: ESKIMO, ESKIMOS

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ESMARCH, JOHANNES FRIEDRICH AUGUST VON (1823-1908)