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See also:PEARY, See also:ROBERT See also:EDWIN (1856- ) , See also:American See also:Arctic explorer, was See also:born at Cresson, See also:Pennsylvania, on the 6th of May 1856. He graduated at See also:Bowdoin See also:College in 1877, and in 1881 became a See also:civil engineer in the U.S. See also:navy with the See also:rank of See also:lieutenant. In 1884 he was appointed assistant-engineer in connexion with the surveys for the See also:Nicaragua See also:Ship See also:Canal, and in 1887-1888 he was in See also:charge of these surveys. In 1886 he obtained leave of See also:absence for a summer excursion to Disco See also:Bay on the See also:west See also:coast of See also:Greenland. From this point he made a See also:journey of nearly a See also:hundred See also:miles into the interior, and the experience impressed him with the practicability of using this so-called inland See also:ice-cap as a See also:highway for exploration. In 1891 he organized an expedition under the auspices of the See also:Academy of Natural Sciences of See also:Philadelphia. The party of seven included Lieut. Peary's wife, the first See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
white woman to accompany an Arctic expedition. After wintering in See also:Inglefield Gulf on the See also:north-west coast of Greenland, in the following See also:spring Lieut. Peary, with a See also:young See also:Norwegian, Eivind Astrup, crossed the inland ice-cap along its See also:northern limit to the north-See also:east of Greenland and back. The See also:practical See also:geographical result of this journey was to establish the insularity of Greenland. Valuable See also:work was also performed by the expedition in the See also:close study which was made of the isolated tribe of the Cape See also:York or See also:- SMITH
- SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
- SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
- SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
- SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
- SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
- SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
- SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
- SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
- SMITH, G
- SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
- SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
- SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
- SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
- SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
- SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
- SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
- SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
- SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
- SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
- SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
- SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
- SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
- SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
- SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
- SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
- SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
- SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
- SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
- SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
- SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)
Smith See also:Sound Eskimos, the most northerly See also:people in the See also:world.' Lieut. Peary was able to See also:fit out another Arctic expedition in 1893, and was again accompanied by Mrs Peary, who gave See also:birth to a daughter at the See also:winter quarters in Inglefield Gulf. The expedition returned in the See also:season of 1894, leaving Peary with his coloured servant Henson and Mr See also:Hugh G. See also:- LEE
- LEE (or LEGIT) ROWLAND (d. 1543)
- LEE, ANN (1736–1784)
- LEE, ARTHUR (1740–1792)
- LEE, FITZHUGH (1835–1905)
- LEE, GEORGE ALEXANDER (1802-1851)
- LEE, HENRY (1756-1818)
- LEE, JAMES PRINCE (1804-1869)
- LEE, NATHANIEL (c. 1653-16g2)
- LEE, RICHARD HENRY (1732-1794)
- LEE, ROBERT EDWARD (1807–1870)
- LEE, SIDNEY (1859– )
- LEE, SOPHIA (1950-1824)
- LEE, STEPHEN DILL (1833-1908)
Lee to renew the See also:attempt to See also:cross the inland ice in the next See also:year. This they succeeded in doing, but without being able to carry the work of exploration any farther on the opposite See also:side of Greenland. During a summer excursion to See also:Melville Bay in 1894, Peary discovered three large meteorites, which supplied the Eskimos with the material for their See also:iron implements, as reported by See also:Sir See also:John See also:Ross in 1818, and on his return in 1895 he brought the two smaller ones with him. The remaining See also:meteorite was brought to New York in 1897. In 1898 Lieut. Peary published Northward over the See also:Great Ice, a See also:record of all his expeditions up to that See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, and in the same year he started
' A narrative of the expedition written by Mrs Peary, and containing an See also:account of the " Great White Journey across Greenland," by her See also:husband, was published under the See also:title of My Arctic See also:Journal.on another expedition to the Arctic regions. In this and subsequent expeditions he received See also:financial aid from Mr See also:Morris See also:Jesup and the Peary Arctic See also:Club. The greatest forethought was bestowed upon the organization of the expedition, a four-years' See also:programme being laid down at the outset and a See also:system of See also:relief expeditions provided for. A distinctive feature was the utilization of a See also:company of Eskimos. Although unsuccessful as regards the North See also:Pole, the expedition achieved the accurate survey (1900) of the northern limit of the Greenland See also:continent and the demonstration that beyond it See also:lay a Polar ocean. In 1902 Peary with Henson and an See also:Eskimo advanced as far north as See also:lat. 84° 17' 27", the highest point then reached in the western hemisphere. Lieut. Peary had now been promoted to the rank of See also:Commander, and on his return he was elected See also:president of the American Geographical Society. In See also:November 1903 he went to See also:England on a See also:naval See also:commission to inquire into the system of naval See also:barracks in Great See also:Britain, and was presented with the See also:Livingstone See also:Gold See also:Medal of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society. Commander Peary then began preparations for another expedition by' the construction of a See also:special ship, named the " See also:Roosevelt," the first ever built in the See also:United States for the purpose of Arctic exploration. He sailed from New York on the 16th of See also:July 1905, having two years' supplies on See also:board. The " Roosevelt " wintered on the north coast of See also:- GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
- GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
- GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
- GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
- GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
- GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
- GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
- GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
- GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
- GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
- GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
- GRANT, U
- GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)
Grant See also:Land, and on the 21st of See also:February a start was made with sledges. The party experienced serious delay owing to open See also:water between 84° and 85°, and farther north the ice was opened up during a six days' See also:gale, which cut off communications and destroyed the depots which had been established. A steady easterly See also:drift was experienced. But on the 21st of See also:April, 1906, 87°6' was reached—the "farthest north " attained by See also:man—by which time Peary and his companions were suffering severe privations, and had to make the return journey in the See also:face of great difficulties. They reached the north coast of Greenland and subsequently rejoined the ship, from which, after a See also:week's See also:rest, Peary made a sledge journey along the north coast of Grant Land. Returning See also:home, the expedition reached See also:Hebron, Labrador, on the 13th of See also:October, the " Roosevelt " having been nearly wrecked en route. In 1907 the narrative of this journey, Nearest the Pole, was published.
In 1908 Peary started in the " Roosevelt " on the journey which was to bring him his final success. He See also:left See also:Etah on the 18th of See also:August, wintered in Grant Land, and set forward over the ice from Cape See also:Columbia on the 1st of See also:March 1909. A party of six started with him, and moved in sections, one in front of another. They were gradually sent back as supplies diminished. At the end of the See also:month See also:Captain See also:Bartlett was the only white man left with Peary, and he turned back in 87° 48' N., the highest See also:latitude then ever reached. Peary, with his See also:negro servant and four Eskimos, pushed on, and on the 6th of April 1909 reached the North Pole. They remained some See also:thirty See also:hours, took observations, and on See also:sounding, a few miles from the pole, found no bottom at 1500 fathoms. The party, with the exception of one drowned, returned safely to the " Roosevelt," which left her winter quarters on the 18th of July and reached See also:Indian See also:Harbour on the 5th of See also:September. Peary's The North Pole: Its See also:Discovery in 1909 was published in 1910.
Just before the See also:news came of Peary's success another American explorer, Dr F. A. See also:Cook (b. 1865), returning from Greenland to See also:Europe on a Danish ship, claimed that he had reached the North Pole on the 21st of April 1908. He had accompanied an expedition northward in 1907, prepared to attempt to reach the Pole if opportunity offered, and according to his own See also:story had done so, leaving his party and taking only some Eskimos, See also:early in 1908. Nothing had been heard of him since March of that year, and it was supposed that he had perished. Cook's claim to have forestalled Peary was at first credited in various circles, and he was given a rapturous reception at See also:Copenhagen; but scientific See also:opinion in England and See also:America was more reserved, and eventually, after a prolonged dispute, a special See also:committee of the university of Copenhagen, to whom his documents were submitted, declared that they
contained no See also:- PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)
proof that he had reached the Pole. By that time most other people had come to an adverse conclusion and the sensation was over.
End of Article: PEARY, ROBERT EDWIN (1856- )
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