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TENNYSON, ALFRED TENNYSON
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See also:TENNYSON, See also:ALFRED TENNYSON , 1st See also:BARON (1809-1892), See also:English poet, was See also:born at Somersby, See also:Lincolnshire, on the 6th of See also:August 1809. He was the See also:fourth of the twelve See also:children of the Rev. See also:George See also:Clayton Tennyson (1778-1831) and his wife See also: Tennyson was already See also:writing copiously—" an epic of 6000 lines " at twelve, a See also:drama in See also:blank verse at fourteen, and so on: these exercises have, very properly, not been printed, but the poet said of them at the See also:close of his See also:life, " It seems to me, I wrote them all in perfect See also:metre." The family was in the See also:habit of
I spending the summer holidays at the See also:coast of the See also:county, commonly at Mablethorpe, and here Tennyson gained his impressions of the vastness of the See also:sea. See also:FitzGerald very justly attributed the landscape See also:character of Tennyson's See also:genius to the impress See also:left on his imagination by " old Lincolnshire, where there were not only such See also:good seas, but also such See also:fine See also: See also:Hallam (1811-1833). Charles Tennyson (1808-1879) afterwards took the additional name of See also:Turner. He published four volumes 1900. E. H. See also:Miles. 1901. E. H. Miles. 1902. E. H. Miles. 1903. E. H. Miles. 1904. V. See also:Pennell. 1905. E. H. Miles. 1906. E. H. Miles. 1907. See also:Jay See also:Gould. 1908. Jay Gould. 1909. E. H. Miles. 1910. E. H. Miles. of sonnets which have been highly praised. In See also:June 1829 Alfred Tennyson won the See also:Chancellor's See also:prize See also:medal for his poem called " Timbuctoo." With great imperfections, this study in Miltonic blank verse displays the genius of a poet, in spite of a curious obscurity both of thought and See also:style. Here are already both richness and See also:power, although their expression is not yet clarified by See also:taste. But by this See also:time Tennyson was writing lyrics of still higher promise, and, as See also:Arthur Hallam early perceived, with an extraordinary earnestness in the See also:worship of beauty. The results of this See also:enthusiasm and this labour of the artist appeared in the See also:volume of Poems, chiefly Lyrical, published in 1830. This See also:book would have been astonishing as the See also:production of a youth of twenty-one, even if, since the death of Byron six years before, there had not been a singular dearth of good poetry in See also:England. Here at least, in the slender volume of 1830, was a new writer revealed, and in " See also:Mariana," " The Poet," " Love and Death," and " Oriana," a See also:singer of wonderful though still unchastened See also:melody. Through these, and through less perfect examples, was exhibited an amazing magnificence of See also:fancy, at See also:present insufficiently under See also:control, and a voluptuous pomp of imagery, tending to an over-sweetness. The See also:veteran S. T. See also:Coleridge, praising the genius in the book, blamed the metrical imperfection of it. For this See also:criticism he has himself constantly been reproved, and Tennyson (whose impatience of anything like censure was phenomenal) continued to resent it to the end of his life. Yet Coleridge was perfectly just in his remark; and the metrical anarchy of the " Madelines " and " Adelines " of the 1830 volume showed that Tennyson, with all his delicacy of modulation, had not yet mastered the arts of verse. In the summer of 1830 Tennyson and Hallam volunteered in the See also:army of the See also:Spanish insurgent Torrijos, and marched about a little in the See also:Pyrenees, without See also:meeting with an enemy. He came back to find his father ailing, and in February 1831 he left Cambridge for Somersby, where a few days later Dr George Tennyson died. The new See also:incumbent was willing that the Tennysons should continue to live in the rectory, which they did not leave until six years later. Arthur Hallam was now betrothed to Emily Tennyson (afterwards Mrs See also:Jesse, 1811-1889), and stayed frequently at Somersby. This was a very happy time, and one of great See also:physical development on Alfred's part. He took his See also:share in all kinds of athletic exercises, and it was now that Brookfield said, " It is not See also:fair that you should be See also:Hercules as well as See also:Apollo." This high physical zest in life seems to have declined after 1831, when his eyes began to trouble him, and he became liable to depression. The poetical See also:work of these three years, mainly spent at Somersby, was given to the world in the volume of Poems which (dated 1833) appeared at the end of 1832. This was certainly one of the most astonishing revelations of finished genius ever produced by a young See also:man of less than four-and-twenty. Here were to be read " The See also:Lady of Shalott," " The See also:Dream of Fair See also:Women," " See also:Oenone," " The Lotos-Eaters," " The See also:Palace of See also:Art," and " The See also:Miller's Daughter," with a See also:score of other lyrics, delicious and divine. The advance in craftsmanship and command over the materiel of verse shown since the volume of 1830 is absolutely astounding. If Tennyson had died of the See also:savage See also:article which presently appeared in the Quarterly See also:Review, literature would have sustained terrible losses, but his name would have lived for ever among those of the great English poets. Indeed, it may be doubted whether, in several directions, he ever surpassed the glorious things to be found in this most exquisite and most See also:precious book. It was well that its publication was completed before the See also:blow See also:fell upon Tennyson which took for a while all the See also:light out of him. In August 1833 Arthur Hallam started with his father, the great historian, for See also:Tirol. They went no farther than See also:Vienna, where Mr Hallam, returning to the hotel on the 15th of See also:September 1833, found his son lying dead on a See also:sofa: a See also:blood-See also:vessel had broken in his See also:brain. His See also:body was brought back to England, and buried at See also:Clevedon on the 3rd of See also:January 1834. These events affected Tennyson extremely. He grew less than ever willing to come forward and See also:face theworld; his See also:health became " variable and his See also:spirits indifferent." The earliest effect of Hallam's death upon his friend's art was the See also:composition, in the summer of 1834, of The Two Voices; and to the same See also:period belong the beginnings of the Idylls of the See also: In 1835 he visited the Lakes, and saw much of See also:Hartley Coleridge, but would not " obtrude on the great man at Rydal," although " See also:Wordsworth was hospitably disposed." Careless alike of fame and of See also:influence, Tennyson spent these years mainly at Somersby, in a See also:uniform devotion of his whole soul to the art of poetry. In 1837, to their great See also:distress, the Tennysons were turned out of the Lincolnshire rectory where they had lived so long. They moved to High See also:Beech, in See also:Epping See also:Forest, which was their See also:home until 184o. The poet was already engaged, or " quasi-betrothed," to Emily Sellwood, but ten years more had to pass before they could afford to marry. At See also:Torquay, in 1838, he wrote See also:Audley See also:Court on one of his rare excursions, for he had no See also:money for touring, nor did he wish for See also:change: he wrote at this time, " I require quiet, and myself to myself, more than any man when I write." In 184o the Tennysons moved to Tunbridge See also:Wells, and a See also:year later to Boxley, near See also:Maidstone, to be close to Edmund Lushington, who had now married See also:Cecilia Tennyson. Alfred was from this time more and more frequently a visitor in See also:London.
In 1842 the two-volume edition of his Poems See also:broke the ten years' silence which he had enforced himself to keep. Here, with many pieces already known to all lovers of See also:modern verse, were found rich and copious additions to his work. These he had originally intended to publish alone, and an earlier privately printed Morte d'Arthur, Dora, and other Idylls, of 1842, is the despair of book-collectors. Most of those studies of home-life in England, which formed so highly popular a See also:section of Tennyson's work—such as " The Gardener's Daughter," " Walking to the See also:Mail," and " The Lord of Burleigh "—were now first issued, and, in what we have grown to consider a much higher See also:order, "Locksley See also: Material difficulties now, however, for the first time intruded on his path. He became the victim of a certain " See also:earnest-frothy " speculator, who induced him to sell his little Lincolnshire See also:estate at Grasby, and to invest the proceeds, with all his other money, and part of that of his brothers and sisters, in a "Patent Decorative See also:Carving See also:Company ": in a few months the whole See also:scheme collapsed, and Tennyson was left penniless. He was attacked by so overwhelming a hypochondria that his life was despaired of, and he was placed for some time under the See also:charge of a hydropathic physician at See also:Cheltenham, where See also:absolute See also:rest and See also:isolation gradually brought him See also:round to health again. The See also:state of utter indigence to which Tennyson was reduced, greatly exercised his friends, and in September 1845, at the See also:suggestion of See also: Now a worse thing befell him, for in February 185o, having collected into one " long See also:ledger-like book " all the elegies on Arthur Hallam which he had been composing at intervals since 1833, he left this only MS. in the See also:cupboard of some lodgings in Mornington Place, See also:Hampstead Road. By extraordinary good See also:chance it had been overlooked by the landlady, and Coventry Patmore was able to recover it. In this way In Memoriam was dragged back from the very See also:verge of destruction, and could be published, in its See also:original anonymous form, in May 1850. The public was at first greatly mystified by the nature and See also:object of this poem, which was not Merely a See also:chronicle of Tennyson's emotions under bereavement, nor even a statement of his philosophical and religious beliefs, but, as he long after-wards explained, a sort of Divina Commedia, ending with happiness in the See also:marriage of his youngest See also:sister, Cecilia Lushington. In fact, the great blemishes of In Memoriam, its redundancy and the dislocation of its parts, were largely due to the desultory manner of its composition. The poet wrote the sections as they occurred to him, and did not think of See also:weaving them together into a single poem until it was too See also:late to give them real coherency. The metre, which by a curious naivete Tennyson long believed that he had invented, served by its happy peculiarity to bind the sections together, and even to give an illusion of connected See also:movement to the thought. The See also:sale of Tennyson's poems now made it safe for him to See also:settle, and on the 13th of June 185o he was married at Shiplake to Emily Sarah Sellwood (1813-1896). Of this See also:union no more need be said than was recorded long afterwards by the poet himself, " The See also:peace of See also:God came into my life before the See also:altar when I wedded her." Every See also:species of good See also:fortune was now to descend on the path of the man who had struggled against See also:ill See also:luck so long. Wordsworth died, and on the 19th of See also:November 185o See also:Queen See also:Victoria appointed Tennyson poet See also:laureate. The See also:salary connected with the See also:post was very small, but it had a secondary value in greatly stimulating the sale of his books, which was his See also:main source of income. The young couple took a See also:house at Warninglid, in See also:Sussex, which did not suit them, and then one in See also:Montpelier See also:Row, See also:Twickenham, which did better. In April 1851 their first See also:child was born dead. At this time Tennyson was brooding much upon the See also:ancient world, and See also:reading little but See also:Milton, See also:Homer and See also:Virgil. This See also:condition was elegantly defined by Carlyle as " sitting on a dungheap among innumerable dead See also:dogs." In the summer of 1851 was made the tour in See also:Italy, of which The See also:Daisy is the immortal See also:record. Of 1852 the See also:principal events were the See also:birth of his eldest son Hallam, the second Lord Tennyson, in August, and in November the publication of the See also:Ode on the Death of the See also:Duke of lVellinglon. In the See also:winter of 1853 Tennyson entered into See also:possession of a little house and See also:farm called Farringford, near See also:Freshwater, in the Isle of See also:Wight, which he leased at first, and afterwards bought: this beautiful place, ringed round with ilexes and cedars, entered into his life and coloured it with its delicate enchantment. In 1854 he published The Charge of the Light See also:Brigade, and was busy composing Maud and its accompanying lyrics; and this volume was published in See also:July 185, just after he was made D.C.L. at See also:Oxford: he was received onthis occasion, which may be considered his first public See also:appearance, with a " tremendous See also:ovation." The reception of Maud from the critics, however, was the worst trial to his equanimity which Tennyson had ever had to endure, nor had the future anything like it in See also:store for him. He had risen in Maud far above his See also:ordinary serenity of style, to ecstasies of See also:passion and audacities of expression which were scarcely intelligible to his readers, and certainly not welcome. It is See also:odd that this irregular poem, with its copious and varied See also:music, its splendid sweep of emotion, its unfailing richness of texture—this poem in which Tennyson rises to heights of human sympathy and See also:intuition which he reached nowhere else, should have been received with See also:bitter hostility, have been styled " the dead level of prose run mad," and have been reproved more absurdly still for its " rampant and rabid bloodthirstiness of soul." There came a reaction of taste and sense, but the delicate spirit of Tennyson had been wounded. For some years the world heard nothing from him; he was at Farringford, busying himself with the Arthurian traditions. He had now become an object of boundless See also:personal curiosity, being already difficult to find, and the centre of amusing legends. It was in 1857 that See also:Bayard See also: In the summer of 1859 the first See also:series of Idylls of the King was at length given to the world, and achieved a popular success far beyond anything experienced before by any English poets, See also:save perhaps Byron and See also:Scott. Within a See also:month of publication, 10,000 copies had been sold. The idyls were four in number, " Enid," " Vivien
(no longer called " Nimue "), " Elaine " and " Guinevere." These were fragments of the epic of the fall of King Arthur and the Table Round which Tennyson was so long preparing, and which he can hardly be said to have ever completed, although nearly See also:thirty years later he closed it. The public and the critics alike were entranced with the " sweetness " and the " purity " of the treatment. A few, like See also:Ruskin, were doubtful about " that increased quietness of style "; one or two already suspected that the " sweetness " was obtained at some See also:sacrifice of force, and that the " purity " involved a See also:con-cession to Victorian conventionality. It was not perceived at the time that the four idyls were parts of a great See also:historical or mystical poem, and they were welcomed as four polished studies of typical women: it must be confessed that in this light their even perfection of workmanship appeared to greater See also:advantage than it eventually did in the See also:general texture of the so-called " epic." In 1859 " See also:Boadicea " was written, and " Riflemen, Form ! " published in The Times. Urged by the duke of See also:Argyll, Tennyson now turned his See also:attention to the theme of the See also:Holy See also:Grail, though he progressed with it but fitfully and slowly. In 1861 he travelled in See also:Auvergne and the Pyrenees, with See also:Clough, who was to See also:die a few months later; to this year belong " See also:Helen's See also:Tower " and the " See also:Dedication " of the Idylls to the See also:prince See also:consort, " These to his Memory." The latter led to Tennyson's presentation in April 1862 to the queen, who " stood See also:pale and statue-like before him, in a See also:kind of stately innocence," which greatly moved his admiring See also:homage. From this time forth the poet enjoyed the See also:constant favour of the See also:sovereign, though he could never be moulded into a conventional courtier. He now put the Arthurian legends aside for a time, and devoted himself to the composition, in 1862, of " See also:Enoch See also:Arden," which, however, did not appear until 1864, and then in a volume which also contained "Sea Dreams," " See also:Aylmer's See also: The time slipped by with incidents but few and slight, Tennyson's popularity in Great See also:Britain growing all the time to an extent unparalleled in the whole See also:annals of English poetry. This universality of fame led to considerable See also:practical discomfort; he was besieged by sightseers, and his nervous trepidation led him perhaps to exaggerate the intensity of the infliction. In '867 he determined to make for himself a haven of See also:refuge against the invading See also:Philistine, and bought some See also:land on Blackdown, above See also:Haslemere, then a secluded corner of England; here Mr (afterwards Sir) James See also:Knowles began to build him a house, ultimately named Aldworth. This is the time of two of his rare, privately printed See also:pamphlets, The Window; or, the Loves of the Wrens (1867), and The Victim (1868). The See also:noble poem See also:Lucretius, one of the greatest of Tennyson's versified monographs, appeared in May 1868, and in this year The Holy Grail was at last finished; it was published in 1869, together with three other idyls belonging to the Arthurian epic, and various See also:miscellaneous lyrics, besides Lucretius. The reception of this volume was cordial, but not so universally respectful as that which Tennyson had grown to expect from his adoring public. The fact was that the heightened reputation of Browning, and still more the sudden See also:vogue of See also:Swinburne, See also:Morris and See also:Rossetti (1866-187o), considerably disturbed the minds of Tennyson's most ardent readers, and exposed himself to a severer criticism than he had lately been accustomed to endure. He went on quite calmly, however, sure of his See also:mission and of his music. His next volume (1872), Gareth and Lynette and The Last See also:Tournament, continued, and, as he then supposed, concluded The Idylls of the King, to the great See also:satisfaction of the poet, who had found much difficulty in rounding off the last sections of the poem. Nor, as he was to find, was the poem yet completed, but for the time being he dismissed it from his mind. In 1873 he was offered a baronetcy by See also:Gladstone, and again by Disraeli in 1874; in each See also:case the See also:honour was gracefully declined. Believing that his work with the romantic Arthurian epics was concluded, Tennyson now turned his attention to a See also:department of poetry which had long attracted him, but which he had never seriously attempted—the drama. He put before him a scheme, which he cannot be said to have carried far, that of illustrating " the making of England " by a series of great historical tragedies. His Queen See also:Mary, the first of these chronicle-plays was published in 1875, and played by Sir Henry See also:Irving at the See also:Lyceum in 1876. Although it was full of admirably dramatic writing, it was not theatrically well composed, and it failed on the See also:stage. Extremely pertinacious in this respect, the poet went on attempting to See also:storm the See also:theatre, with See also:assault upon assault, all practically failures until the seventh and last, which was unfortunately See also:posthumous. To have really succeeded on the stage would have given Tennyson more gratification than anything else, but he was not permitted to live long enough to see this blossom also added to the heavy See also:garland of his See also:glory. Meanwhile Harold, a tragedy of See also:doom, was published in 1876; but, though perhaps the finest of its author's dramas, it has never been acted. During these years Tennyson's thoughts were largely occupied with the See also:building of Aldworth. His few lyrics were spirited See also:ballads of See also:adventure, inspired by an exalted patriotism—" The Revenge " (1878), " The See also:Defence of See also:Lucknow " (1879)—but he reprinted and finally published his old suppressed poem, The See also:Lover's See also:Tale, and a little See also:play of his, The See also:Falcon, versified out of See also:Boccaccio, was produced by the Kendals at their theatre in the last days of 1879. Tennyson had reached the limits of the threescore years and ten, and it was tacitly taken for granted that he would now retire into dignified repose. In point of fact, he now started on a new See also:lease of poetical activity. In 188o he published the earliest of six important collections of lyrics, this being entitled Ballads and other Poems, and containing the sombre and magnificent " Rizpah." In 188r The See also:Cup and in 1882 The Promise of May, two little plays, were produced without substantial success in London theatres: the second of these is perhaps the least successful of all the poet's longer writings, but its failure annoyed him unreasonably. This determination to be a working playwright, pushed on in the face of See also:critical hostility and popular indifference, is a very curious trait in the character of Tennyson. In September 1883 Tennyson and Gladstone set .out on a voyage round the See also:north of See also:Scotland, to See also:Orkney, and across the ocean to Norway and See also:Denmark. At See also:Copenhagen they were entertained by the king and queen, and after much feting, returned to See also:Gravesend: this adventure served to cheer the poet, who had been in See also:low spirits since the death of his favourite brother Charles, and who now entered upon a phase of admirable vigour. During the voyage Gladstone had determined to offer Tennyson a See also:peerage. After some demur, the poet consented to accept it, but added, " For my own part, I shall regret my See also:simple name all my life." On the rsth of See also: His latest drama, The Foresters, now received his attention, and in March 1892 it was produced at New See also:York, with See also:Miss Ada See also:Rehan as Maid Marian. During this year Tennyson was steadily engaged on poetical composition, See also:finishing " See also:Akbar's Dream," " Kapiolani " and other contents of the posthumous volume called The Death of Oenone, 1892. In the summer he took a voyage to the Channel Islands and See also:Devonshire; and even this was not his latest excursion from home, for in July 1892 he went up for a visit to London. Soon after entering his eighty-fourth year, however, symptoms of weakness set in, and early in September his condition began to give alarm. He retained his intellectual lucidity and an absolute command of his faculties to the last, reading See also:Shakespeare with obvious appreciation until within a few See also:hours of his death. With the splendour of the full See also:moon falling upon him, his hand clasping his Shakespeare, and looking, as we are told, almost unearthly in the majestic beauty of his old age, Tennyson passed away at Aldworth on the See also:night of the 6th of See also:October 1892. Cymbeline, the play he had been reading on the last afternoon, was laid in his See also:coffin, and on the 12th he was publicly buried with great solemnity in See also:Westminster See also:Abbey. Lady Tennyson survived until August 1896.
The physical appearance of Tennyson was very remarkable. Of his figure at the age of thirty-three Carlyle has left a superb portrait: " One of the finest-looking men in the world. A great See also:shock of rough, dusky, dark hair; See also:bright, laughing, See also:hazel eyes; massive aquiline face, most massive yet most delicate; of sallow See also: But he was, in fact, of a great simplicity in temperament, affectionate, shy, still exquisitely sensitive in extreme old age to the influences of beauty, See also:melancholy and sweetness. Al-though exceedingly near-sighted, Tennyson was a very close observer of nature, and at the age of eighty his dark and glowing eyes, which were still strong, continued to permit him to enjoy the delicate features of See also:country life around him, both at Aldworth and in the Isle of Wight. His Life, written with admirable piety and taste by his son, Hallam, second Lord Tennyson, was published in two volumes in 1897. At the time of his death, and for some time after it, the enthusiastic recognition of the genius of Tennyson was too extravagant to be permanent. A reaction against this extravagance was perhaps inevitable, and criticism has of late been little occupied with the poet. The See also:reason of this is easy to find. For an unusually long period this particular poetry had occupied public and professional See also:opinion, and all the See also:commonplace things about it had been said and re-said to satiety. It lacks for the moment the See also:interest of freshness; it is like a wonderful picture seen so constantly that it fails any longer to concentrate attention. No living poet has ever held England—no poet but See also:Victor See also:Hugo has probably ever held any country—quite so long under his unbroken sway as Tennyson did. As he recedes from us, however, we begin to see that he has a much closer relation to the great Georgian writers than we used to be willing to admit. The distance between the See also:generation of Wordsworth and Coleridge and that of Byron and See also:Shelley is not less—it is even probably greater—than that which divides See also:Keats from Tennyson, and he is more the last of that great school than the first of any new one. The qualities in which he seems to surpass his immediate predecessors are exactly those which should be the See also:gift of one who sums up the labours of a mighty See also:line of artists. He is remarkable among them for the breadth, the richness, the substantial accomplishment of his See also:touch; he has something of all these his elders, and goes farther along the road of technical perfection than any of them. We still look to the earlier masters for supreme excellence in particular directions: to Wordsworth for See also:sublime See also:philosophy, to Coleridge for ethereal magic, to Byron for passion, to Shelley for lyric intensity, to Keats for richness. Tennyson does not excel each of these in his own See also:special field, but he is often nearer to the particular man in his particular mastery than any one else can be said to be, and he has in addition his own field of supremacy. What this is cannot easily be defined; it consists, perhaps, in the beauty of the See also:atmosphere which Tennyson contrives to See also:cast around his work, moulding it in the See also:blue See also:mystery of See also:twilight, in the opaline haze of sunset: this atmosphere, suffused over his poetry with inestimable skill and with a tact very rarely at See also:fault, produces an almost unfailing illusion or See also:mirage of loveliness, so that, even where (as must sometimes be the case with every poet) the thought and the imagery have little value in themselves, the fictive See also:aura of beauty broods over the otherwise undistinguished verse. Hence, among all the English poets, it is Tennyson who presents the least percentage of entirely unattractive poetry. In his luminous subtlety and his broad undulating sweetness, his relationship with Virgil has long been See also:manifest; he was himself aware of it. But he was also conscious that his exquisite devotion to See also:mere lucidity and beauty might be a snare to him, and a happy See also:instinct was always See also:driving him to a study of mankind as well as of inanimate nature. Few English writers have known so adroitly as Tennyson how to See also:bend the study of Shakespeare to the enrichment of their personal style. It should be added that he was a very deep and original student of literature of every description, and that the comparatively few specimens which have been See also:prey served of his conversation contain some of the finest fragments of modern appreciation of the great poets which we possess. This is worthy of See also:consideration in any See also:attempt made to See also:sketch the mind of a man who was above all other masters of See also:recent-See also:TENT literature an artist, and who must be studied in the vast and orbic fullness of his accomplishment in order to be appreciated at all. (E. G.) Alfred, Lord Tennyson: a Memoir (1897), by Hallam, second Baron Tennyson, is the authoritative source for the poet's See also:biography. Mr R. H. Shepherd in his Tennysoniana (1866), supplied a See also:list of criticisms on his work, and a bibliography issued separately in 1896. Among the numerous books on the subject of his life and writings may be mentioned: A Commentary on Tennyson's In Memoriam (1901), by Prof. A. C. See also:Bradley; See also:Canon Rawnsley's Memories of the Tennysons (1900); Alfred Tennyson (1901), by Mr See also:Andrew See also:Lang; an See also:essay on " The Mission of Tennyson " in Mr W. S. See also:Lilly's Studies in See also:Religion and Literature (19o4); and The Life of Lord Tennyson (1904), by Mr A. C. See also:Benson, who gives a more critical estimate of the poet than was possible in the Memoir by his son. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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