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HUGUENOTS
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HUGUENOTS , the name given from about the See also:middle of the 16th See also:century to the Protestants of See also:France. It was formerly explained as coming from the See also:German Eidgenossen, the See also:design"ae tion of the See also:people of See also:Geneva at the See also:time when they were admitted to the Swiss See also:confederation. This explanation is now abandoned. The words Huguenot, Huguenote are old See also:French words, See also:common in 14th and 15th-century charters. As the Protestants called the Catholics papistes, so the Catholics called the Protestants huguenots. See also:Henri See also:Estienne, one of the See also:great savants of his time, in the introduction to his Apelogie d'Herodote (1566) gives a very clear explanation of the See also:term huguenots. The Protestants at See also:Tours, he says, used to assemble by See also:night near the See also:gate of See also: ... cum commentaries, which enunciates the See also:cardinal See also:doctrine of reform, See also:justification by faith, and that in 1523 appeared his French See also:translation of the New Testament. The first Protestants were those who set the teachings of the See also:Gospel against the doctrines of the See also:Roman See also: They realized the See also:necessity of uniting in See also:defence of their rights and their See also:liberty, and in 1558 at See also:Poitiers it was decided that all the Protestant churches in France should formulate by common See also:accord a See also:confession of faith and an ecclesiastical discipline. The church at Paris was commissioned to summon the first See also:synod, which in spite of the danger of persecution met on the 25th of May 1J59. The Synod of Paris derived its See also:inspiration from the constitution introduced by Calvin at Geneva, which has since become the See also:model for all the presbyterian churches. Ecclesiastical authority resides ultimately in the people, for the faithful select the elders who are charged with the general supervision of the church and the choice of pastors. The churches are See also:independent See also:units, and there can be no question of superiority among them; at the same time they have common interests and their unity must be maintained by an authority which is capable of protecting them. The association of several neighbouring churches forms a See also:local See also:council tcolloquc). Over these stands the provincial synod, on which each church is equally represented by See also:lay delegates and pastors. Supreme authority resides in the See also:National Synod composed of representatives, lay and ecclesiastic, elected by the provincial synods. The democratic See also:character of this constitution of elders and synods is particularly remarkable in view of the early date at which it began to flourish. The striking individuality of the Huguenot character cannot be fully realized without a clear understanding of this powerful organization which contrived to reconcile individual liberty with a central authority. The synod of 155o was the beginning of a remarkable increase x111. 28in the Reform movement; at that synod fifteen churches were represented, two years later, in 1561, the number increased to 2150. The parlements were powerless before this increase; thousands See also:left the Catholic Church, and when it was seen that See also:execution and popular See also:massacre provided no See also:solution of the difficulty the struggle was carried into the See also:arena of national politics. On the See also:side of the reformers were ranged some among the noblest Frenchmen of the See also:age, See also:Coligny, La None, Duplessis See also:Mornay, Jean See also:Cousin, See also:Ramus, See also:Marot, Ambroise See also:Pare, See also:Olivier de See also:Serres, See also:Bernard See also:Palissy, the Estiennes, See also:Hotman, Jean de Serres, with the princess Renee of France, Jeanne d'See also:Albret, See also:Louise de Coligny. The policy which refused liberty of See also:conscience to the reformers and thus plunged the See also:country into the horrors of See also:civil See also:war came near to causing a national See also:catastrophe. For more than fifty years the history of the Huguenots is that of France (156o-1629). Francis II., who succeeded See also: The See also:attempt failed, but by the edict of January 1562, religious liberty was assured to the Huguenots. This, however, was merely the prelude to civil war, the See also:signal for which was given by the Guises, who slaughtered a number of Huguenots assembled for See also:worship in a See also:barn at Vassy (March 1, 1562). The See also:duke of Guise, entering Paris in See also:triumph, transferred the court to See also:Fontainebleau by a daring coup d'etat in See also:defiance of the queen regent. It was then that Conde declared " qu'on ne pouvait plus rien esperer que de Dieu et ses armes," and with the Huguenot leaders signed at See also: See also:Pope See also:Pius V. did not cease to demand the extermination of the heretics, and the queen See also:mother finally issued the edict of the 28th of See also:September 1568, which put the Huguenots outside the See also:protection of the See also:law. The Huguenots once more took up arms, but were defeated at See also:Jarnac (March 13, 1569), and Conde was taken prisoner and assassinated by Montesquiou. But Jeanne d'Albret renewed the courage of the vanquished by presenting to them her son Henri de See also:Bourbon, the future Henry IV. Coligny, whose heroic courage See also:rose with adversity, collected the II remnants of the Protestant See also:army and by a march as able as it was audacious moved on Paris, and the Peace of St Germain was signed on the 8th of See also:August 1570. For a moment it seemed reasonable to See also:hope that the war was at an end. Coligny had said that he would prefer to be dragged through the streets of Paris than to recommence the fighting; Charles IX. had realized the See also:nobility and the patriotism of the See also:man who wished to drive the Spaniards from See also:Flanders; Henri de Bourbon was to marry See also:Marguerite of France. Peace seemed to be assured when on the night of the 24th of August, 1572, after a council at which Catherine de' Medici, Charles IX., the duke of See also:Anjou and other leaders of the League assisted, there occurred the treacherous Massacre of St See also:Bartholomew (q.v.) in which Coligny and all the leading Huguenots were slain. This date marks a disastrous See also:epoch in the history of France, the long See also:period of triumph of the Catholic reaction, during which the Huguenots had to fight for their very existence. The Paris massacre was repeated throughout France; few were those who were See also:noble enough to decline to become the executioners of their See also:friends, and the Protestants were slain in thousands. The survivors resclved upon a desperate resistance. It was at this time that the Huguenots were driven to See also:form a See also:political party; otherwise they must, like the Protestants of Spain, have been exterminated. This party was formed at Milhau in 1573, definitely constituted at La Rochelle in 1588, and lasted until the peace of See also:Alais in 1629. The delegates selected by the churches See also:bound themselves to offer a See also:united opposition to the violence of the enemies of See also:God, the king and the See also:state. It is a profound See also:mistake to attribute to them, as their enemies have done, the intention of overthrowing the See also:monarchy and substituting a See also:republic. They were royalists to the core, as is shown by the sacrifices they made for the See also:sake of setting Henry IV. on the See also:throne. It is true, however, that among themselves they formed a See also:kind of republic which, according to the historian J. A. de See also:Thou, had its own See also:laws dealing with civil government, See also:justice, war, See also:commerce, See also:finance. They had a See also:president called the See also:Protector of the Churches, an See also:office held first by Conde and afterwards by the king of See also:Navarre up to the See also:day on which he became king of France as Henry IV. (1589). The See also:fourth religious war, which had broken out immediately after the Massacre of St Bartholomew, was brought to an end by the pacification of See also:Boulogne (See also:July 16, 1573), which granted a general See also:amnesty, but the obstinate intolerance of the League resulted in the creation of a Catholic party called " See also:les Politiques " which refused to submit to their domination and offered aid to the Huguenots against the Guises. The recollections of the horrors of St Bartholomew's night had hastened the death of Charles IX., the last of the See also:Valois; he had been succeeded by the most debauched and effeminate of monarchs, Henry III. Once more war See also:broke out. Henry of Guise, " le Balafre," See also:nephew of the cardinal of See also:Lorraine, became See also:chief of the League, while the duke of Anjou, the king's See also:brother, made common cause with the Huguenots. The peace of See also:Monsieur, signed on the 5th of May I576, marked a new victory of liberty of conscience, but its effect was ephemeral; hostilities soon recommenced and lasted for many years, and only became fiercer when the duke of Anjou died on the loth of See also:June 1584. The fact that on the death of Henry III. the crown would pass to Henry of Navarre, the Protector of the'Churches, induced the Guise party to declare that they would never accept a heretical monarchs and, at the instigation of Henry of Guise, Cardinal de Bourbon was nominated by them to succeed. Henry of Navarre since 1575 leader of the Huguenots, had See also:year by year seen his See also:influence increase, and now, faced by the machinations of the Guises, who had made overtures to Spain, declared that his only object was to See also:free the feeble Henry III. from their influence. On the loth of See also:October 1587 he won the battle of Contras, but on the 28th the See also:foreign Protestants who were coming to his aid were routed by Guise at See also:Montargis. The new See also:body, known as " the Sixteen of Paris," thereupon compelled Henry III. to sign the " Edict of See also:Union " by which the cardinal of Bourbon was declared See also:heir presumptive. Theking could not, however, endure the humiliation of See also:hearing Henry of Guise described as " king of Paris " and on the 23rd of See also:December 1588 had him murdered together with the cardinal of Lorraine at the See also:chateau of See also:Blois. The League, now led by the duke of See also:Mayenne, Guise's brother, declared war to the See also:knife upon him and caused him to be excommunicated. In his See also:isolation Henry III. threw himself into the arms of Henry of Navarre, who saved the royalist party by defeating Mayenne and escorted the king with his victorious army to St. See also:Cloud, whence he proposed to enter Paris and destroy the League. But Henry III., on the 1st of August 1589, was assassinated by the monk Jacques See also:Clement, on his deathbed appointing Henry of Navarre as his successor.
This only spurred the League to redoubled See also:energy, and Mayenne proclaimed the cardinal of Bourbon king with the See also:title of Charles X. But Henry IV., who had already promised to maintain the Roman Church, gained new adherents every day, defeated the Leaguers at Arques in 1589, utterly routed Mayenne at Ivry on the 14th of March 1590, and laid See also:siege to Paris. Cardinal de Bourbon having died in the same year and France being in a state of anarchy, See also: Mayenne, unable to continue the struggle without See also:Spanish help, promised to assist him, but Henry neutralized this danger by declaring himself a Roman Catholic at St Denis (July 25, 1593), saying, " Paris after all is See also:worth a mass, in spite of the See also:advice and the prayers of my faithful Huguenots." " It is with anguish and grief," writes Beza, " that I think of the fall of this prince in whom so many hopes were placed." On the 22nd of March 1594 Henry entered Paris. The League was utterly defeated. Thus the Huguenots after See also:forty years of strife obtained by their constancy the promulgation of the Edict of See also:Nantes (April 13, 1598), the See also:charter of religion and political freedom (see NANTES, EDICT OF). The Protestants might reasonably hope that Henry IV., in spite of his See also:abjuration of their faith, would remember the devoted support which they had given him, and that his authority would See also:guarantee the observance of the provisions of the Edict. Unhappily twelve years afterwards, on the 14th of May 161o, Henry was assassinated by See also:Ravaillac, leaving the great See also:work incomplete. Once more France was to undergo the misery of civil war. During the minority of Louis XIII. See also:power resided in the hands of counsellors who had not inherited the See also:wisdom of Henry IV. and were only too ready to favour the Catholic party. The Huguenots, realizing that their existence was at stake, once more took up arms in defence of their liberty under the leadership of Henri de See also:Rohan (q.v.). Their watchword had always been that, so long as the state was opposed to liberty of conscience, so long there could be no end to religious and civil strife, that misfortune and disaster must attend an See also:empire of which the See also:sovereign identified himself with a single See also:section of his people. See also:Richelieu had entered the king's council on the 4th of May 1624; the destruction of the Huguenots was his policy and he pursued it to a triumphant conclusion. On the 28th of October 1628, La Rochelle, the last stronghold of the Huguenots, was obliged to surrender after a siege rendered famous for all time by the heroism of its defenders and of its See also:mayor. The peace of Alais, which was signed on the 28th of June 1629, marks the end of the civil See also:wars. The Huguenots had ceased to exist as a political party and, in the assurance that liberty of conscience would be accorded to them, showed themselves loyal subjects. On the death of Louis XIII., the See also:declaration of the 8th of July 1643 had guaranteed to the Protestants "free and unrestricted exercise of their religion," thus confirming the Edict of Nantes. The synods of Charenton (1644) and See also:Loudun (1659) asserted their See also:absolute loyalty to Louis XIV., a loyalty of which the Huguenots had given See also:proof not only by their entire abstention front the troubles of the See also:Fronde, but also by their public adherence to the king. The Roman Catholic See also:clergy had never accepted the Edict of Nantes, and all their efforts were directed to obtaining its revocation. As long as See also:Mazarin was alive the complaints of the clergy were in vain, but when Louis XIV. attained his See also:majority there commenced a legal persecution which was bound in time to bring about the ruin of the reformed churches. The Edict of Nantes, which was part of the law of the See also:land, might seem to defy all attacks, but the clergy found means to evade the law by demanding that it should be observed with literal accuracy, disregarding the changes which had been produced in France during more than See also:half a century. The clergy in 1661 successfully demanded that commissioners should be sent to the provinces to See also:report infractions of the Edict, and thus began a judicial war which was to last for more than twenty years. All the churches which had been built since the Edict of Nantes were condemned to be demolished. All the privileges which were not explicitly stated-in the actual See also:text of the Edict were suppressed. More than four See also:hundred proclamations, edicts or declarations attacking the Huguenots in their households and their civil freedom, their See also:property and their liberty of conscience were promulgated during the years which preceded the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. In spite of all sufferings which this rigorous legislation inflicted upon them they did not cease to resist, and in See also:order to crush this resistance and to compel them to accept the " king's religion," there were organized the terrible dragonnades (1683–1686) which effected the forcible See also:conversion of thousands of Protestants who gave way under the tortures which were inflicted upon them. It was then that Louis XIV. declared that " the best of the larger part of our subjects, who formerly held the so-called reformed religion, have embraced the Catholic religion, and therefore the Edict of Nantes has become unnecessary "; on the 18th of October 1685 he pronounced its revocation. Thus under the influence of the clergy was committed one of the most flagrant political and religious blunders in the history of France, which in the course of a few years lost more than 400,000 of its inhabitants, men who, having to choose between their conscience and their country, endowed the nations which received them with their heroism, their courage and their ability. There is perhaps no example in history of so cruel a persecution as this, which destroyed a church of which Protestant See also:Europe was justly proud. At no period in its career had it numbered among its adherents so many men of See also:eminence, See also:Abbadie, See also:Claude, See also:Bayle, Du See also:Bosc, See also:Jurieu, See also:Elie Benoist, La Placette, See also:Basnage, Daille, Mestrezat, Du Quesne, See also:Schomberg, See also:Ruvigny. There were no Huguenots left in France; those who, conquered by persecution, remained there were described as "New Catholics." All the pastors who refused to abjure their faith were compelled to leave the country within fifteen days. The work was See also:complete. Protestantism; with its churches and its See also:schools, was destroyed. As Bayle wrote, "France was Catholic to a man under the reign of Louis the Great." Persecution had succeeded in silencing, but it could not convert the people. The Huguenots, before the ruins of their churches, remembered the early Christians and held their services in See also:secret. Their pastors, making See also:light of death, returned from the lands of their See also:exile and visited their own churches to restore their courage. If any one denied the Catholic faith on his death-See also:bed his body was thrown into the common sewers. The galleys were full of brave Huguenots condemned for remaining See also:constant to the Protestant faith. For fifteen years the exiles continuously besought Louis XIV. to give them back their religious liberty. For a moment they hoped that the Treaty of See also:Ryswick (1697) would realise their hopes, but Louis XIV. steadily declined to See also: Year by year the churches became more numerous. In 1756 there were already 40 pastors; several years later, in 1763, the date of the last synod of the Desert, their number had increased to 65. The question of Protestant marriages roused public See also:opinion which could not tolerate the See also:idea that Frenchmen, whose See also:sole See also:crime was their religious belief, should be condemned to civil death. The See also:torture of Jean See also:Calas, who was condemned on a false See also:charge of having killed his son because he desired to become a Catholic, caused general indignation, of which See also:Voltaire became the eloquent See also:mouthpiece. Ideas of tolerance, of which Bayle had been the earliest See also:advocate, became victorious, and owing to the devotion of Rabaut See also:Saint-See also:Etienne, son of Paul Rabaut, and the zeal of See also:Lafayette, the edict of See also:November 1787, in spite of the fierce opposition of the clergy, renewed the civil rights of the Huguenots by recognizing the validity of their marriages. Victories even greater were in See also:store; two years later liberty of conscience was won. On the 22nd of August 1789 the pastor Rabaut Saint-Etienne,' See also:deputy for the senechaussee of See also:Nimes to the States General, cried out, " It is not tolerance which I demand, it is liberty, that my country should accord it equally without distinction of See also:rank, of See also:birth or of religion." The Declaration of the Rights of Man affirmed the liberty of religion; the Huguenots had not suffered in vain, for the cause for which their ancestors and themselves had suffered so much was triumphant, and it was the nation itself which proclaimed the victory. But religious passions were always active, and at See also:Montauban as at Nimes (1700) Catholics and Protestants came to blows. The Huguenots, having endured the persecutions of successive monarchs, had to endure those of the Terror; their churches were shut, their pastors dispersed and some died upon the See also:scaffold. On the 3rd of Ventose, year II. (See also:February 21, 1795), the church was divorced from the state and the Protestants devoted themselves to reorganization. Some years later See also:Bonaparte, having signed the See also:Concordat of the 15th of July 1801, promulgated the law of the 18th of Germinal, year X., which recognized the legal See also:standing of the Protestant church, but took from it the character of free church which it had always claimed. So great was the contrast between a past which recalled to Protestants nothing but persecution, and a See also:present in which they enjoyed liberty of conscience, that they accepted with a profound gratitude a regime of which the ecclesiastical standpoint was so See also:alien to their traditions. With See also:enthusiasm they repeated the words with which See also:Napoleon had received the, pastors at the Tuileries on the 16th of Frimaire, year XII.: " The empire of the law ends where the undefined empire of conscience begins; law and prince are powerless against this liberty."
The Protestants, on the day on which liberty of conscience was restored, could measure the full extent of the misery which they had endured. Of this people, which in the 16th century formed more than one-tenth of the See also:population of France, there survived only a few hundred thousands; See also:migration and persecution had more than decimated them. In 1626 there were 8og
pastors in the service of 751 churches; in 1802 there were only charitable work, which See also:bear See also:witness to a church risen from its 121 pastors and 171 churches; in Paris there was only a single
church with a single pastor. The church had no See also:faculty of See also:theology, no schools, no See also:Bible See also:societies, no asylums, no See also:orphan-ages, no religious literature. Everything had to be created afresh, and this work was pursued during the 19th century with the energy and the See also:earnest faith which is characteristic of the Huguenot character.
At the fall of the Empire (1815) the reaction of the See also: Later on German theology and the See also:works of See also:Kant, See also:Neander and See also:Schleiermacher produced a far-reaching effect. This was due to the period of persecution which had checked that development of religious thought which had been so remarkable a feature of French Protestantism of the 16th and 17th centuries. Slowly Protestantism once more took its See also:place in the national life. The greatest names in its history are those of See also:Guizot and See also:Cuvier; Adolf See also:Monod, with Athanase See also:Coquerel, stand in the front rank of See also:pulpit orators. The Protestants associated them-selves with all the great philanthropic works—Baron Jules See also:Delessert founded savings See also:banks, Baron de See also:Stael condemned See also:slavery, and all France united to See also:honour the pastor, Jean See also:Frederic See also:Oberlin. But the reformers, if they had no longer to fear persecution, had still to fight in order to win respect for religious liberty, which was unceasingly threatened by their adversaries. Numerous were the cases tried at this epoch in order to obtain justice. On the other See also:hand the old union of the reformed churches had ceased to exist since the revolution of July. Ecclesiastical strife broke out and has never entirely ceased. A See also:schism occurred first in 1848, owing to the refusal of the synod to draw up a profession of faith, the See also:comte de Gasparin and the pastor Frederic Monod seceding and See also:founding the Union des Eglises Evangeliques de France, separated from the state, of which later on E. de See also:Pressense was to become the most famous pastor. Under the Second Empire (1852-1870) the divisions between the orthodox and the liberal thinkers were accentuated; they resulted in a separation which followed on the reassembly of the national synod. authorized in 1872 by the government of the Third Republic. The old Huguenot church was thus separated into two parts, having no other See also:link than that of the Concordat of 1802 and each possessing its own See also:peculiar organization. The descendants of the Huguenots, however, remained faithful to the traditions of their ancestors, and extolled the great past of the French reform movement. Moreover, in 1859 were held the magnificent religious festivals to celebrate the third See also:centenary of the See also:convocation of their first national synod; and when on the 18th of October 1885 they recalled the tooth anniversary of the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, they were able to assert that the Huguenots had been the first defenders of religious liberties in France. In the early days of the 20th century the work of restoring French Protestantism, which had been pursued with steady perseverance for more than one hundred years, showed great results. This church, which in 18oz had scarcely See also:loo pastors has seen this number increased. to 1000; it possesses more than 900 churches or chapels and 18o presbyteries. In contrast with the poverty of religious life under the First Empire it presented a striking See also:array of Bible societies, missionary societies, and others for evangelical, educational, See also:pastoral and ruins. French Protestantism in the course of the 19th century reckoned among its members such eminent theologians as Timothee Colani (1824-1888), who together with Edmond See also:Scherer founded the celebrated Revue de theologie de Strasbourg (185o) ; Edmond de Pressense, editor of the Revue chretienne, Charles Bois and See also:Michel See also:Nicolas, professors of theology at 1\iontauban, Auguste See also:Sabatier, See also:professor of theology at the university of Paris, See also:Albert See also:Reville, professor at the See also:College de France, See also:Felix Pecaut, &c.; well-known preachers such as See also:Eugene Bersier, Ernest Dhombres, Ariste Vigure, Numa Recolin, Auguste de Coppet, and missionaries, for example Eugene Casalis and Coillard; Jean Bost, who founded the hospitals at Laforce; historians like Napoleon Peyrat, the See also:brothers Haag, who wrote La France protestante, See also:Francois Puaux, Charles Coquerel, Onesime Douen, Henri Bordier, Edouard Sayous, de Felice, See also:Theophile Rollez; Jean Pedezert, See also:Leon Pilatte and others, who were journalists; such statesmen as Guizot, Leon Say, See also:Waddington; such scholars as Cuvier, See also:Broca, See also:Wurtz, See also:Friedel de Quatrefages; such illustrious soldiers and sailors as Rapp, Admirals Baudin, See also:Jaureguiberry, See also:Colonel Denfert-Rochereau. But the population of Protestant France does not exceed 750,000 souls, without counting the Lutherans, who are attached to the Confession of See also:Augsburg, numbering about 75,000. Their chief centres are in the departments of See also:Gard, See also:Ardeche, See also:Drome, See also:Lozere, the Deux Sevres and the See also:Seine. The law of the 9th of December 1905, which separated the church from the state, has been accepted by the great majority of Protestants as a legitimate consequence of the reform principles. Nor has its application given rise to any difficulty with the state. They used their influence only in the direction of rendering the law more liberal and immediately devoted themselves to the organization of their churches under the new regime. If the two great parties, orthodox and liberal, have each their particular constitution, nevertheless a third party has been formed with the object of effecting a reconciliation of all the Protestant churches and of thus reconstituting the old Huguenot church. General Authorities. Bulletin de la societe de l'histoire du protestantisme See also:francais (54 vols.), a most valuable collection, indispensable as a work of reference; Haag, La France protestante, lives of French Protestants (ro vols., 1846; 2nd ed., Henri Bordier, 6 vols., 1887) ; F. Puaux, Histoire de la See also:Reformation francaise (7 vols., 1858) and articles " Calvin " and " France protestante " in Encyclopedia des sciences religieuses of Lichtenberger; See also:Smedley, History of the Reformed Religion in France (3 vols., See also:London, 1832) ; See also:Browning, History of the Huguenots (1 vol., 184o) ; G. A. de Felice, Histoire des Protestants de France (1874). Special Periods. The 16th Century H. M. See also:Baird, The Huguenots and Henry of Navarre (2 vols., New See also:York, 1886), and History of the Rise of the Huguenots of France (New York, 1879) ; A. W. See also:Whitehead, Gaspard de Coligny (London, 1904) ; J. W. See also:Thompson, The Wars of Religion in France, 1554-1576 (1909) ; Th. Beza, Histoire ecclesiastique des eglises reformees an royaume de France (3 vols., See also:Antwerp, 1580; new edition by G. Baum at See also:Cunitz, 1883) ; Crespin, Histoire des martyrs persecutes et mis a mort pour la verite de l'evangile (2 vols. in fol., Geneva, 1619; abridged translation by Rev. A. Maddock, London, 178o) ; See also:Pierre de la Place, Commentaires sur l'etat de la religion et de la republique (1565) ; Florimond de Raemond, L'His-See also:Loire de la naissance, progres et decadence de l'heresie du siecle (161o); Dc Thou, Histoire universelle (16 vols.); Th. See also:Agrippa D'Aubignc, Histoire universelle (3 vols., Geneva, 1626) ; Hermingard, Correspondance des reformateurs clans les pays de la longue francaise (8 vols., 1866), a scholarly work and the most trustworthy source for the history of the origin of French reform. " Calvin'. See also:opera in the Corpus reformatorum, edited by See also:Reuss, Baum and Cunitz, particularly the See also:correspondence, vols. x. to xxii.; Doumergue, Jean Calvin, les hommes et les choses de son temps (3 vols., 1899) G. von Polenz, Geschichte des franzosischen Calvinismus (5 vols., 1857) ; Etienne A. See also:Laval, Compendious history of the reformation in France and of the reformed Church in that See also:Kingdom from the first beginning of the Reformation to the Repealing of the Edict of Nantes (7 vols., London, 17J7-1741); Soldan, Geschichte des Protestanlismus in Frankreich bis zum Tode Karts IX. (2 vols., 1855); Merle D'See also:Aubigne, Histoire de la reformation en Europe au temps de Calvin (5 vols., 1863). 17th Century.—Elie See also:Benoit, Histoire de l'Edit de Nantes (5 vols., See also:Delft, 1693), a work of the first rank; Aymon, Tous les synodes nationaux des eglises reformees de France (2 vols.); J. See also:Quick, Synodicon (2 vols., London, 1692), important for the ecclesiastical history of French Protestantism; D'Huisseau, La Discipline des eglises reformees de France (See also:Amsterdam, 1710) ; H. de Rohan, Memoires . jusqu'en 1629 (Amsterdam, 1644); Jean Claude, Les Plaintes des Protestans de France (See also:Cologne, 1686, new edition with notes by See also:Frank Puaux, Paris, 1885); Pierre Jurieu, Leilres pastorales (3 vols., See also:Rotterdam, 1688) ; Brousson, Etat des Reformes de France (3 vols., The See also:Hague, 1685) ; Anquez, Histoire des assemblees politiques des refornaes de France (1 vol., Paris, 1859); Pilatte, Edits et arrets concernant la religion pretendue reformee, 1662—1711 (1889) ; Douen, Les Premiers pasteurs du Desert (2 vols., 1879) ; Ii. M. Baird, The Huguenots and The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (2 vols., New York). 18th Century.—Peyrat, Histoire des pasteurs du Desert (2 vols., 1842) ; Ch. Coquerel, Histoire des eglises du Desert (2 vols., 1841) ; E. See also:Hugues, Antoine Court, Histoire de la restauralion du protestantisme en France (2 vols., 1872); Les Synodes du Desert (3 vols., 1875); A. Coquerel, Jean See also:atlas (1869); Court de Gebelin, Les Toulousaines (1763). 19th Century.—Die protestantische Kirche Frankreichs (2 vols., 1848) ; Annuaire de Rabaut 1807, de Soulier 1827, de De Prat 1862, (1878); Agenda protestant de Frank Puaux (1880—1894); Agenda annuaire protestant de See also:Gambier (1895—1907); Bersier, Histoire du Synode de 1872 (2 vols.) ; Frank Puaux, Les CEuvres du protestantisme t'rancais au XIX' siecle. See also CAMISARDS, CALVIN, EDICT OF NANTES. (F. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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