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See also:PALEY, See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
WILLIAM (1743-1805) , See also:English divine and philosopher, was See also:born at See also:Peterborough. He was educated at Giggles-See also:wick school, of which his See also:father was See also:head See also:master, and at See also:Christ's See also:College, See also:Cambridge. He graduated in 1763 as See also:senior wrangler, became See also:fellow in 1766, and in 1768 See also:tutor of his college. He lectured on See also:- CLARKE, ADAM (1762?—1832)
- CLARKE, CHARLES COWDEN (1787-1877)
- CLARKE, EDWARD DANIEL (1769–1822)
- CLARKE, JAMES FREEMAN (1810–1888)
- CLARKE, JOHN SLEEPER (1833–1899)
- CLARKE, MARCUS ANDREW HISLOP (1846–1881)
- CLARKE, MARY ANNE (c.1776–1852)
- CLARKE, SAMUEL (1675–1729)
- CLARKE, SIR ANDREW (1824-1902)
- CLARKE, SIR EDWARD GEORGE (1841– )
- CLARKE, THOMAS SHIELDS (1866- )
- CLARKE, WILLIAM BRANWHITE (1798-1878)
Clarke, See also:- BUTLER
- BUTLER (or BOTELER), SAMUEL (1612–168o)
- BUTLER (through the O. Fr. bouteillier, from the Late Lat. buticularius, buticula, a bottle)
- BUTLER, ALBAN (1710-1773)
- BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1818-1893)
- BUTLER, CHARLES (1750–1832)
- BUTLER, GEORGE (1774-1853)
- BUTLER, JOSEPH (1692-1752)
- BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY (1862– )
- BUTLER, SAMUEL (1774-1839)
- BUTLER, SAMUEL (1835-1902)
- BUTLER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS (1838– )
- BUTLER, WILLIAM ARCHER (1814-1848)
Butler and See also:Locke, and also delivered a systematic course on moral See also:philosophy, which subsequently formed the basis of his well-known See also:treatise. The subscription
controversy was then agitating the university, and Paley published an See also:anonymous See also:Defence of a pamphlet in which See also:Bishop See also:Law had advocated the See also:retrenchment and simplification of the See also:Thirty-nine Articles; he did not, however, sign the See also:petition ,called the " Feathers " petition from being See also:drawn up at a See also:- MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)
meeting at the Feathers See also:tavern) for a relaxation of the terms of subscription. In 1776 Paley was presented to the rectory of See also:Musgrave in See also:Westmorland, supplemented at the end of the See also:year by the vicarage of Dalston, and presently exchanged for that of See also:Appleby. In 1782 he became See also:archdeacon of See also:Carlisle. At the See also:suggestion of his friend See also:John Law (son of See also:Edward Law, bishop of Carlisle and formerly his colleague at See also:Cam-See also:bridge), Paley published (1785) his lectures, revised and enlarged, under the See also:title of The Principles of Moral and See also:Political Philosophy. The See also:book at once became the ethical See also:text-book of the University of Cambridge, and passed through fifteen See also:editions in the author's lifetime. He strenuously supported the abolition of the slave See also:trade, and in 1789 wrote a See also:paper on the subject. The Prtnciples was followed in 1790 by his first See also:essay in the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field of See also:Christian See also:apologetics, Horae Paulinae, or the Truth of the Scripture See also:History of St See also:Paul evinced by a Comparison of the Epistles which See also:bear his Name with the Acts of the Apostles and with one another, probably the most See also:original of its author's See also:works. It was followed in 1794 by the celebrated View of the Evidences of See also:Christianity. Paley's latitudinarian views are said to have debarred him from the highest positions in the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church. But for his services in defence of the faith the bishop of See also:London gave him a See also:- STALL (0. Eng. steall, stael, cf. Du. stal, Ger. and Swed. Stall, a common Teutonic word for a place, station, place for standing in; the root is the Indo-European std–, to stand, seen also in Latin stabulum, Greek vraO bs, and in stallion, an entire hors
stall in St Paul's; the bishop of See also:Lincoln made him subdean of that See also:cathedral, and the bishop of See also:Durham conferred upon him the rectory of Bishopwearmouth. During the See also:remainder of his See also:life his See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time was divided between Bishopwearmouth and Lincoln. In 1802 he published Natural See also:Theology, or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity collected from the Appearances of Nature, his last, and, in some respects, his most remarkable book. In this he endeavoured, as he says in the See also:dedication to the bishop of Durham, to repair in the study his deficiencies in the church. He died on the 25th of May 1805.
In the dedication just referred to, Paley claims a systematic unity for his works. It is true that " they have been written in an See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order the very See also:reverse of that in which they ought to be read "; nevertheless the Natural Theology forms " the completion of a See also:regular and comprehensive See also:design." The truth of this will be apparent if it is considered that the Moral and Political Philosophy admittedly embodies two presuppositions: (1) that " See also:God Almighty See also:wills and wishes the happiness of His creatures," and (2) that adequate motives must be supplied to virtue by a See also:system of future rewards and punishments. Now the second presupposition depends, according to Paley, on the credibility of the Christian See also:religion (which he treats almost exclusively as the See also:revelation of these ' new sanctions " of morality). The Evidences and the Horae Paulinae were intended as a demonstration of this credibility. The See also:argument of these books, however, depends in turn upon the See also:assumption of a benevolent Creator desirous of communicating with His creatures for their See also:good; and the Natural Theology, by applying the argument from design to prove the existence of such a Deity, becomes the See also:foundation of the argumentative edifice.
In his Natural Theology Paley has adapted with consummate skill the argument which See also:Ray (1691) and See also:Derham (1711) and Nieuwentyt" (1730) had already made See also:familiar to Englishmen. " For my See also:part," he says, " I take my stand in human See also:anatomy "; and what he everywhere insists upon is " the See also:necessity, in each particular See also:case, of an intelligent designing mind for the contriving and determining of the forms which organized bodies bear." This is the whole argument, and the book consists of a See also:mass of well-
1 See also:Bernard Nieuwentyt (1654–1718) was a Dutch See also:disciple of See also:Descartes, whose See also:work, Regt gebruik der Werelt Beschouwingen, published in 1716, was translated into English in 1730 by J. See also:Chamberlayne under the title of The Religious Philosopher. A See also:charge of wholesale See also:plagiarism from this book was brought against Paley in the See also:Athenaeum for 1848. Paley refers several times to Nieuwentyt, who uses the famous See also:illustration of the See also:watch. But the illustration is not See also:peculiar to Nieuwentyt, and had been appropriated by many others before Paley. The germ of the See also:idea is to be found in See also:Cicero, De nature deorum, ii. 34 (see See also:Hallam, Literature of See also:Europe, ii. 385, See also:note.) In the case of a writer whose See also:chief merit is the way in which he has worked up existing material, a See also:general charge of plagiarism is almost irrelevant.chosen instances marshalled in support of it. But by placing Paley's facts in a new See also:light, the theory of See also:evolution has deprived his argument of its force, so far as it applies the idea of See also:special contrivance to individual See also:organs or to See also:species.
The Evidences of Christianity is mainly a condensation of Bishop See also:Douglas's Criterion and See also:Lardner's Credibility of the See also:Gospel History. But the task is so judiciously performed that it would probably be difficult to get a more effective statement of the See also:external evidences of Christianity than Paley has here presented. His idea of revelation depends upon the same See also:mechanical conception of the relation of God to the See also:world which dominates his Natural Theology; and he seeks to prove the divine origin of Christianity by isolating it from the general history of mankind, whereas later writers find their chief argument in the continuity of the See also:process of revelation.
The See also:face of the world has changed so greatly since Paley's See also:day that we are See also:apt to do less than See also:justice to his undoubted merits. He is nowhere original, and nowhere profound, but his strong reasoning See also:power, his See also:faculty of clear arrangement and forcible statement, See also:place him in the first See also:rank of expositors and See also:advocates. He masses his arguments, it has been said, with a general's See also:eye. His See also:style is perfectly perspicuous, and its " strong See also:home-See also:touch " compensates for what is lacking in See also:elasticity and See also:- GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
- GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )
grace. Paley displays little or no spirituality of feeling; but this is a See also:matter in which one See also:age is apt to misjudge another, and Paley was at least practically benevolent and conscientiously attentive to his See also:parish duties. The active part he took in advocating the abolition of the slave-trade is See also:evidence of a wider power of sympathy. His unconquerable cheerfulness becomes itself almost religious in the last chapters of the Natural Theology, considering that they were written during the intervals of See also:relief from the painful complaint which finally proved fatal to him.
For his life, see Public Characters(18o2) ;See also:Aikin's General See also:Biography, vii. (1808); Lives, by G. W. Meadley (1809) and his son See also:Edmund Paley, prefixed to the 1825 edition of his works; See also:Leslie See also:Stephen in See also:Dictionary of See also:National Biography; Quarterly See also:Review, ii. (Aug. 1809), ix. (See also:July 1813). On Paley as a theologian and philosopher, see Leslie Stephen, English Thought in the Eighteenth See also:Century, i. 405 seq., ii. 121 seq. ; R. Buddensieg, in See also:Herzog-Hauck's Realencyklopadie fiir protestantische Theologie, xiv. (1904). See also See also:ETHICS.
End of Article: PALEY, WILLIAM (1743-1805)
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