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See also:POISSY, COLLOQUY OF , a See also:conference held in 156r with the See also:object of effecting a reconciliation between the Catholics and Protestants of See also:France. It was initiated by See also:Queen See also:Catherine de' See also:Medici, See also:regent during the minority of her son See also:Charles IX. In the policy of which it was the outcome she enjoyed the support of the See also:Chancellor See also:Michel de l.'HSpital and the See also:lieutenant-See also:general of the See also:kingdom, See also:Anthony of See also:Navarre; while on the other See also:hand the heads of the See also:Catholic party had attempted to frustrate any See also:form of negotiation. See also:Theodore See also:Beza from See also:Geneva and See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter See also:Martyr See also:Vermigli from See also:Zurich appeared at the colloquy; the See also:German theologians to whom invitations had been despatched only arrived in See also:Paris after the discussion was broken off. The conference was opened on the 9th of See also:September in the See also:refectory of the See also:convent of Poissy, the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king himself being See also:present. The spokesman of the Reformed See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church was Beza, who, in the first session, gave a lengthy exposition of its tenets, but excited such repugnance by his pronouncements on the Communion that he was interrupted by See also:Cardinal See also:Tournon. In the second session (See also:Sept. 16) he was answered by the cardinal of See also:Lorraine, who discharged his task with skill and moderation. On the See also:motion, however, of Ippolito d'See also:Este, the papal See also:legate, exception was taken to the further conduct of the negotiations in full See also:conclave; and a See also:committee of twenty-four representatives, twelve from each party, was appointed—ostensibly to facilitate a satisfactory decision. On the Catholic See also:side, as was speedily demonstrated, there existed no sort of tendency to conciliation. On the contrary, the cardinal of Lorraine, by his question whether the Calvinists were prepared to sign the See also:Confession of See also:Augsburg, attempted to sow dissension between them and the Lutheran Protestants of See also:Germany, on whose continued support they calculated. The Catholic delegates, moreover, discovered a powerful See also:auxiliary when Lainez, the general of the Jesuit See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order, which had been admitted into France a See also:short See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time previously, entered the debate; and the acrimony with which he opposed the Protestants was of material service in clarifying the situation. Still a further reduction was made in the number of members, and a small residuum consisting of five Catholics and five Protestants undertook the task of devising a See also:formula on which the two churches might unite with regard to the question of the Communion. Their difficult labours even seemed on the point of success when the assemblage of prelates refused assent, and the conference See also:broke up on the 9th of See also:October—a result which barred the way to a pacific understanding with the See also:Huguenots.
See H. Kiipffel, Le Colloque de Poissy (Paris, 1868) ; E. Lacheinmann in See also:Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopedie f. protest. Theologie (3rd ed., 1904), XV. 497. (C. M.)
modified by the erection of a " See also:lantern ") was solemnly consecrated by See also:Urban II. in log6. Mutilated about 1640 and during the Revolution, the See also:building was partly restored between 185o and r86o. The See also:tower of St Porchaire, a See also:precious remnant of r r th-See also:century See also:architecture, was restored in the 9th century under the auspices of the well-known Societe See also:des antiquaires de l'ouest.
Among the See also:secular buildings the first See also:place belongs to the See also:law courts, formerly the See also:palace of the See also:dukes of See also:Aquitaine and See also:counts of See also:Poitiers, and rebuilt between the 1 zth and the 15th century. The Salle des Pas Perdus forms a See also:fine See also:nave 16o ft. See also:long by 56 ft. wide, with a vaulted wooden roof. The See also:southern See also:wall is the See also:work of See also:duke See also:Jean de See also:Berry (d. 1416), See also:brother of Charles V.; above its three vast fireplaces are mullioned windows filled with stained See also:glass. The Maubergeon tower attached to the palace by the same duke represented the feudal centre of all the lordships of the countship of Poitiers. The See also:house known as the prevtt@ or See also:provost's See also:mansion, built about 1500, has a fine See also:facade flanked by turrets, and there are other houses of the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries. In the Hotel de Ville, erected between 1869 and 1876, are museums of natural See also:history and See also:painting. The museum of the Antiquaires de l'ouest occupies the See also:chapel and the See also:great See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
hall of the old university, adjoining the old Hotel de Ville; it is a valuable collection comprising See also:Roman antiquities, Merovingian sculptures, medals, a fine See also:Renaissance fireplace, &c. The building devoted to the faculties also contains the library. The municipal records are very See also:rich in charters of Eleanor of See also:Guienne, See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip See also:Augustus, See also:Alphonse of Poitiers, &c.
Poitiers is the seat of a See also:bishop, a See also:prefect, a See also:court of See also:appeal and a court of assizes, and centre of an educational See also:division (academie), and has tribunals of first instance and of See also:commerce, a See also:board of See also:trade See also:arbitration, a chamber of commerce and a See also:branch of the See also:Bank of France. Its educational institutions comprise a university with faculties of law, See also:science and letters, and a preparatory school of See also:medicine and See also:pharmacy, a school of See also:theology, training colleges for both sexes, a lycee for boys and a school of fine See also:art. Trade is in See also:farm produce, See also:wine, See also:cattle, See also:wool, See also:honey, See also:goose-quills and See also:leather. The See also:industries include the preparation of goose-skins, See also:printing, tanning, and the manufacture of brushes, paint and candles.
Poitiers, called Limonum at the time of the Roman See also:Conquest, afterwards took the name of its Gallic founders, the Pictones or Pictavi. See also:Christianity was introduced in the 3rd century, and the first bishop of Poitiers, from 350 to 367, was St See also:Hilarius. Fifty years later the See also:city had fallen into the hands of the Arian Visigoths, and became one of the See also:principal residences of their See also:kings. See also:Alaric II., one of their number, was defeated by See also:Clovis at Vouille, not far from Poitiers, in 507, and the See also:town became a See also:part of the Frankish dominion. This was the first occasion on which the peoples of See also:northern and southern See also:Gaul met in conflict in the neighbourhood of the town which was destined to see them so frequently join See also:battle. By his victory in 732 over the Mahommedans at Moussais-la-Bataille in this region, Charles Martel proved the saviour of Christendom. Eleanor of Guienne frequently resided in the city, which she embellished and fortified, and in 1199 entrusted with communal rights. Alphonse of Poitiers, at a plenary court held in 1241 in the great hall of the Palais de See also:Justice, received the See also:homage of his numerous vassals. After the battle of Poitiers in 1356 (see below), See also:Poitou was recognized as an See also:English See also:possession by the treaty of Bretigny (136o); but by 1373 it was recovered by See also:Bertrand Du Guesclin. It was at Poitiers that Charles VII. was proclaimed king (1432); and he removed thither the See also:parlement and university of Paris, which remained in See also:- EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)
exile till the English withdrew from the See also:capital in 1436. During this See also:interval (1429) See also:Joan of Arc was subjected to a formal See also:inquest in the town.
The university was founded in 1432. See also:Calvin had numerous converts at Poitiers. Of the violent proceedings which attended the See also:Wars of See also:Religion the city had its See also:share. In 1569 it was defended by Gui de Daillon, See also:comte du Lude, against Gaspard de See also:Coligny, who after an unsuccessful See also:bombardment retired from the See also:siege at the end of seven See also:weeks.
Counts of Poitiers.—In the time of See also:Charlemagne the countship of Poitiers, which was then a part of the kingdom of Aquitaine, was represented by a certain Abbon. Renoul (Ranulph), who was created See also:count of Poitiers by the See also:emperor See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis the Pious in 839, was the ancestor of a See also:family which was distinguished in the 9th and Toth centuries for its See also:attachment to the Carolingian See also:dynasty. One of his successors, Ebles the See also:Bastard (d. 935), took the See also:title of duke of Aquitaine; and his descendants, who See also:bore the hereditary name of See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William, retained the same title. William IV., Fierebrace, joined See also:Hugh See also:Capet, his brother-in-law, in 987. William V. the Great (993–1030) was a See also:patron of letters, and received from the See also:Italian lords the offer of the imperial See also:crown after the See also:death of the emperor See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry II. in 1024. William IX. (1086–1127) went on crusade in I Too, and had violent quarrels with the Papacy. His son William X. (1127–1137) sided with the See also:anti-See also:pope Anacletus against See also:Innocent II. In accordance with the dying wishes of William X. his daughter Eleanor was married in 1137 to Louis, the son of Louis VI. of France. See also:Sole heiress of her See also:father, she brought her See also:husband a large See also:dowry, comprising Poitou, See also:Saintonge, Aunis, a part of See also:Touraine and Berry, See also:Marche, See also:Angoumois, See also:Perigord, See also:Auvergne, See also:Limousin, Bordelais, Agenois and See also:Gascony. After the dissensions between Louis VII. and Eleanor had resulted in a See also:divorce in 1152, Eleanor married the count of See also:Anjou, Henry See also:Plantagenet, who became king of See also:England as Henry II. The See also:west of France thus passed into the hands of England, a See also:transfer which gave rise to long wars between the two kingdoms. Philip Augustus reconquered Poitou in 1204, and the See also:province became in See also:succession an apanage of Alphonse, son of Louis VIII., in 1241; of Philip the Tall, son of Philip the See also:Fair, in 1311; of See also:John, son of Philip of See also:Valois, in 1344; and of John, duc de Berry, son of John the See also:Good, in 1356; and passed to the dauphins John (1416) and Charles (1417), sons of Charles VI. When Charles VII. ascended the See also:throne he finally See also:united the countship of Poitiers to the Crown.
See P. See also:Guerin, Recueil des documents concernant le Poitou (Paris, 188o-1906) ; and A. See also:Richards, Histoire des comtes de Poitou (Paris, 1903).
Battle of Poitiers.—This .battle, fought on the 19th of September 1356 between the armies of King John of France and See also:Edward the " See also:Black See also:Prince," was the second of the three great English victories of the See also:Hundred Years' See also:War. From See also:Bordeaux the prince had led an See also:army of his father's Guienne vassals, with which there was a force of English archers and men-at-arms, into central France and had amassed an enormous See also:booty. King John, hitherto engaged against the army of John of Gaunt duke of See also:Lancaster, in See also:Normandy, hurried See also:south to intercept the raiding army and to See also:bar its homeward road. The Black Prince, by forced marching, was able to slip past the See also:French, but reaching See also:Maupertuis, 7 M. south-See also:east of Poitiers, with the king's army in See also:chase, he found himself compelled to choose between fighting and abandoning his spoil. He See also:chose the former course, in spite of the enemy's great superiority in See also:numbers (16,000 to 65oo), and in order to give his trains time to draw off took up a defensive position on the 18th of September, with a slight hollow in front and a See also:wood behind, between the Poitiers-Bordeaux See also:main road and the See also:River Maussion.l John, instead of manoeuvring to envelop the English, allowed the Cardinal Talleyrand de Perigord to See also:attempt to negotiate a See also:peace. This proving vain, the French army attacked without any attempt at manoeuvre or See also:reconnaissance, and on a front so narrow that the See also:advantage of See also:superior numbers was forfeited. Moreover, King John ordered all but the leading See also:line to dismount and to attack on See also:foot (See also:tactics suggested by the success on the defensive of the dismounted English men-at-arms at See also:Crecy and the Scots at See also:Bannockburn), and thus condemned the best part of his army to a fatiguing advance on.foot across difficult See also:country in full See also:armour.
The French arbla.sters, who might have crushed the relatively
1 The view adopted is that of See also:Professor See also:Oman, Art of War See also:Middle Ages, p. 631.
few English archers present, were mingled with the 300 picked mounted men in first line, but, as the latter charged, their advance masked the See also:fire of the arblasters in the first few seconds, besides leaving the other, dismounted, lines far in See also:rear. Thus the first attack on the Black Prince's line, which was greatly strengthened by trees and hedges in front of it, was promptly brought to a standstill by the arrows of the archers lining a hedge which overlooked the hollow in front; and the See also:earl of See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford hastily See also:drawing out a See also:body of archers beyond the defenders' See also:left, into the See also:low-lying ground of the Maussion valley, completed their rout by firing up the hollow into their flank. But it was not so easy to See also:deal with the second line of dismounted men-at-arms, led by the dauphin, which was the next to arrive on the French side. The hedge indeed was held, and the assailants, unable to advance beyond the hollow, gave way, but to achieve this the prince had to use all but 400 of his men. Had the third body of the French advanced with equal spirit the battle would probably have ended there and then, but the duke of See also:- ORLEANS
- ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
- ORLEANS, DUKES OF
- ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
- ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
- ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
- ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
- ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
- ORLEANS, PHILIP I
- ORLEANS, PHILIP II
Orleans, who commanded it, was so demoralized by the retirement of the dauphin's division that he led his whole force off the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field without striking a See also:blow. Thereupon the king himself advanced furiously with the See also:fourth and last line, and as it came on the situation of the English seemed so desperate that the prince was advised to See also:retreat. But his determined courage was unshaken; seeing that this was the last attack he put his reserve into line, and rallying around this See also:nucleus all men who could still fight, he prepared not only to repulse but to See also:counter-attack the French. He despatched a small force under the See also:Captal de See also:Buch to ride See also:round the flank of the enemy and to appear in their rear at the crisis of the fight. Though a See also:medieval See also:knight, he knew as well as See also:Napoleon at See also:Arcola that when the moral force of both sides has passed its culminating point even a materially insignificant See also:threat serves to turn the See also:balance. And so it See also:fell out. When both lines were fighting hand-to-hand, the fifty horsemen of the Captal de Buch appeared in rear of the French. The front ranks fought on, but the rear of the French melted away rapidly, and at last only a See also:group of the bravest, with King John and his son Philip, a boy of fourteen, in their midst, were left. This See also:band continued their hopeless resistance for a time, but in the end they were killed or captured to a See also:man. The See also:rest of the French army, totally dispersed, was pursued by the victors until nightfall. Two thousand five hundred of the French, 2000 of them knights and men-at-arms, were killed, including the See also:- CONSTABLE (0. Fr. connestable, Fr. connetable, Med. Lat. comestabilis, conestabilis, constabularius, from the Lat. comes stabuli, count of the stable)
- CONSTABLE, ARCHIBALD (1774-1827)
- CONSTABLE, HENRY (1562-1613)
- CONSTABLE, JOHN (1776-1837)
- CONSTABLE, SIR MARMADUKE (c. 1455-1518)
constable, one of the marshals, the See also:standard-See also:bearer and six other great lords. The prisoners included the king and his son Philip, the other See also:marshal and 25 great lords, and 1933 knights and men-at-arms as well as 500 others.
End of Article: POISSY, COLLOQUY OF
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