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SAINTONGE , one of the old provinces of See also:France, of which See also:Saintes (q.v.) was the See also:capital, was bounded on the N.W. by Aunis, on the N.E. by See also:Poitou, on the E. by See also:Angoumois, on the S. by See also:Guienne, and on the W. by Guienne and the See also:Atlantic. It now forms a small portion of the See also:department of See also:Charente and the greater See also:part of that of Charente Inferieure. In the See also:time of See also:Caesar, Saintonge was occupied by the Santones, whose capital was See also:Mediolanum; afterwards it was part of Aquitania Secunda. The civitas Santonum, which formed the bishopric of Saintes, was divided into two pagi: Sanlonicus (whence Sanctonia, Saintonge) and Alinensis, later Alniensis (Aunis). Halved by the treaty of 1259, it was wholly ceded to the See also: N. of the fortifications of Paris. Pop. (1906) 37,673. A See also:chateau of the See also:early 19th See also:century occupies the site of a chateau of the 17th century bought by Madame de See also:Pompadour in 1745, where in 1814 See also: Besides the greater part of Parliament Hill (267 acres), See also:purchased for the public use in 1886, the borough includes a small part of See also:Regent's See also:Park (mainly in the borough of St Marylebone) and See also:Waterlow Park (29 acres) on the slope of Highgate Hill. It also contains the termini, King's See also:Cross, St Pancras, and Euston, of the See also:Great Northern, Midland, and London and North Western See also:railways, with extensive goods depots of these companies. The See also:parish See also: The See also:parliamentary borough of St Pancras has north, south, See also:east and west divisions, each returning one member. The borough See also:council consists of a See also:mayor, ro aldermen and 6o councillors. See also:Area, 2694.4 acres.
St Pancras is mentioned in Domesday as belonging to the See also:chapter of St See also:Paul's See also:Cathedral, in which See also:body the lordship of the manors of Cantelows (Kentish Town) and Totenhall (Tottenham Court) was also invested. Camden Town takes name from See also:Baron Camden (d. 1794), See also:lord See also:chancellor under See also:George III. King's Cross was so called from a statue of George IV., erected in 1830, greatly ridiculed and removed in 1845, but an earlier name, See also:Battle See also:Bridge, is tradition-ally derived from the stand of Queen See also:Boadicea against the See also:Romans, or from one of See also:Alfred's contests with the Danes. See also:Somers Town, between King's Cross and Camden Town, was formerly inhabited by refugees from the See also:French Revolution, many of whom were buried in St Pancras See also:churchyard. In the locality of Somers Town there were formerly to be traced earthworks of unknown See also:age, which See also: S. of See also:Amsterdam Island, belonging to France. The two islands belong to two See also:separate eruptive areas characterized by quite different products; and the See also:comparative bareness of St Paul contrasts with the dense vegetation of Amsterdam. On the north-east of St Paul, which has an area of 21 sq. m., is a See also:land-locked See also:bay, representing the old See also:crater, with its rim broken down on one See also:side by the See also:sea. The highest See also:ridge of the island is not more than 82o ft. above the sea. On the south-west side the coasts are inaccessible. According to Velain, the island originally See also:rose above the ocean as a See also:mass of rhyolitic See also:trachyte similar to that which still forms the Nine See also:Pin See also:rock to the north of the entrance to the crater. Next followed a See also:period of activity in which basic rocks were produced by submarine eruptions—lavas and scoriae of anorthitic character, palagonitic tuffs, and basaltic ashes; and finally from the crater, which must have been a vast See also:lake of See also:fire like those in the See also:Sandwich Islands, poured forth quiet streams of basaltic lavas which are seen dipping from the centre of the island towards the cliffs at angles of 20° to 30°. The only remaining indications of volcanic activity are the warm springs and emanations of See also:carbon dioxide. See C. Velain, Passage de See also:Venus sur le soleil (g decembre 1874). Expedition francaise aux Iles St Paul et Amsterdam (Paris, 1877) ; Description geologique de la presqu'ile d'See also:Aden ... See also:Reunion . . . St Paul et Amsterdam (Paris, 1878) ; and an See also:article in Annales de geographie, 1893. ST PAUL, the capital of See also:Minnesota, U.S.A., and the county-seat of See also:Ramsey county, situated on the See also:Mississippi See also:river, about 2150 M. above its mouth, at the See also:practical See also:head of See also:navigation, just below the Falls of St See also:Anthony. It is about 36o m. N. W. of See also:Chicago, See also:Illinois, and its W. limits directly See also:touch the limits of Minneapolis. Pop. (1880) 41,473; (1890) 133,156; (1900) 163,632, of whom 46,819 were See also:foreign-See also:born (12,935 Germans, 9852 Swedes, 4892 Irish, 3557 See also:English-Canadians, 2900 Norwegians, 2005 English, 1488 Austrians, 1343 Bohemians, 1206 Danes, and 1015 French-Canadians), 100,599 of foreign parentage (i.e. both parents foreign born), and 2263 negroes; (1910 See also:census) 214,744. Land area (1906) 52.28 sq. m. St Paul is served by the Chicago, See also:Burlington & See also:Quincy, the Chicago Great Western, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, the Northern Pacific, the Minneapolis, St Paul & Sault Ste See also:Marie, the Chicago & North-western, the Chicago, See also:Milwaukee & St Paul, the Great Northern, and the Minneapolis & St Louis railways. Five See also:bridges span the Mississippi, the largest of which, known as High Bridge, is 2770 ft. See also:long and 200 ft. high. Four interurban lines connect with Minneapolis. St Paul is attractively situated 670-88o ft. above sea-level, on a See also:series of lofty See also:limestone terraces or bluffs, formerly heavily wooded. It lies on both sides of the river, but the principal part is on the east bank. In its park See also:system the numerous lakes within and near the See also:city have been utilized. Of the parks, See also:Como Park (425 acres; including Lake Como and a See also:fine See also:Japanese See also:garden and a See also:lily See also:pond), and Phalen Park (600 acres, more than 400 of which are See also:water area), are the largest. There are also 47 smaller squares and " neighbourhood parks " aggregating 56o acres. In Indian Park (135 acres), at the See also:crest of the bluffs (See also:Dayton's Bluffs), in the east central part of the city, are See also:burial-mounds of the See also:Sioux. See also:Summit See also:Avenue See also:Boulevard, 200 ft. wide and extending for 22 M. along the heights, is a fine residential street. Boulevards along the bluffs on either side of the river connect with the Minneapolis park system. Harriet Island, in the Mississippi river opposite the business centre of the city, is attractively parked, and on it are public paths. Adjoining the city .on the south-west, at the junction of the Minnesota and Mississippi See also:rivers, is the Fort Snelling U.S. Government Military See also:Reservation, with a See also:round See also: It was designed by See also:Cass See also: St Paul has an excellent public school system, which include) in 1909 three high See also:schools, a teachers' training school, a manua training high school, See also:forty-eight grade schools, and a parenta school. Among other educational institutions are the Freemai School; St Paul See also:Academy; See also:Barnard School for Boys; St Paul College of See also:Law (rgoo); the College of St See also: Although as a manufacturing city St Paul, not possessing the wonderful water-See also:power of its See also:sister city, does not equal Minneapolis, yet as a commercial and wholesale distributing centre it is in some respects See also:superior, and it is the principal jobbing market of the North-west. Situated at the natural head of navigation on the Mississippi, it has several competing lines of river steamboats in addition to the See also:shipping facilities provided by its railways and the lines of the Minnesota See also:Transfer Co., a See also:belt See also:line with 62 m. of track encircling St Paul and Minneapolis. St Paul is the See also:port of entry for the Minnesota Customs District, and imports from See also:Canada and from the Orient via the Pacific railways constitute an important See also:factor in its commercial See also:life, its imports and exports were valued at $6,I54,289 and $9,909,940 respectively in 1909. See also:Coal and See also:wood, See also:grain, farm produce and See also:dairy products are important exports. St Paul is the principal market in the United States for the furs of the North-west, and there are extensive stock-yards and slaughtering and packing houses in the neighbouring city of South St Paul (pop. in 1910, 4510), St Paul ranks second to Minneapolis among the cities of the state as a manufacturing centre. The See also:total value of its factory products in 1905 was $38,318,704, an increase of 27.5% since 1900. The following were among the largest items: See also:fur goods; See also:printing and See also:publishing—See also:book (especially law-book) and See also:job, newspapers and See also:periodicals; See also:malt liquors; See also:steam-railway See also:car building and repairing; boots and shoes; foundry and machine-See also:shop products; See also:lumber and planing-See also: See also:History.—The earliest recorded visit of a See also:European to the site of St Paul was that of the Jesuit Louis Hennepin in 1680. The traders See also:Pierre Le Sueur and See also:Nicholas See also:Perrot visited the
region between 1690 and 1700, and apparently established a destroyed the building, and rendered what was See also:left unsafe and temporary trading See also:post somewhere in the neighbourhood. The
first See also:man of English descent to See also:record his visit was See also:Jonathan See also:Carver, who, according to his See also:journal, spent some time in the vicinity in 1767-1768. In 1805 Lieut. Zebulon M. See also:Pike concluded a treaty with the Sioux. The first steamboat made its way up the river in 1823. The site of St Paul was opened to settlement by the treaty of See also:Prairie du Chien, negotiated by See also:Governor See also: It was chartered as a city in 18J4, and continued as the capital of the new state after its See also:admission (1858). The first railway connecting St Paul and Minneapolis was completed in 1862, at which time St Paul's population exceeded 10,000 and in 1869 through railway connexion with Chicago was effected. The city of West St Paul was annexed in 1894. The growth of the city had been comparatively slow until 1870, in which See also:year the population was 20,030; but the rapid railway construction and the settlement and clearing of the Western farm lands increased its commercial and industrial importance as it did that of its sister city, Minneapolis. In 1884 the cityllimits were.extended to the Minneapolis line. See F. C. See also:Bliss, St Paul, its Past and See also:Present (St Paul, 1888) ; C. C. See also:Andrews, History of St Paul, Minnesota (See also:Syracuse, N.Y., 1890) ; See also:Warner and See also:Foote, History of Ramsey County and the City of St Paul (Minneapolis, 1881) ; C. D. Elfelt, " Early See also:Trade and Traders in St Paul," and A. L. Larpenteur, " Recollections of the City and People of St Paul," both in the Minnesota Historical Society's Collections, vol. ix. (1901). ST PAUL'S CATHEDRAL, the cathedral church of the See also:diocese of London, England, See also:standing in the See also:heart of the City, at the head of Ludgate Hill. (For See also:plan, &c., see See also:ARCHITECTURE: See also:Renaissance in England.) The name of a See also:bishop of London, Restitutus, is recorded in 314, but his individuality and even his existence are somewhat doubtful, and nothing is known of the existence of a church until See also:Bede's See also:notice that early in the 7th century one was built here by IEthelberht of See also:Kent at the instance of the missionary See also:Mellitus, who became bishop. Tradition placed upon the site a Roman See also:temple of See also:Diana. The church was dedicated to St Paul, and, after passing through many vicissitudes, was removed in 1083, when Bishop See also:Maurice, with the countenance of William the Conqueror, undertook the erection of a new cathedral. The building was not pressed forward with vigour, and in 1135 much of it was damaged by fire. The tower was completed in 1221; an Early English See also:choir followed shortly after, and was enlarged after 1255 when Bishop See also:Fulk brought great See also:energy to See also:bear upon the repair and elaboration of the building. At the See also:close of the century the cathedral was regarded as finished; but a new See also:spire was built early in the 14th century. Much of the See also:Norman See also:work, particularly in the See also:nave, had been left untouched by the Early English builders (who in other parts merely encased it), and the cathedral was a magnificent See also:monument of these styles, and of the early Decorated. Perpendicular additions were not extensive, and the cathedral remained with little alteration until 1561, when See also:lightning struck the spire and fired the church. The spire was never rebuilt. In the time of James I. the fabric had so far decayed that the king was prevailed upon to make a See also:personal examination of it, and Inigo See also: To the north-east of the cathedral stood Paul's Cross, in an open space devoted to public meetings; it included a See also:pulpit, and here religious disputations were held and papal bulls promulgated. In 1643 it was removed, but a new cross, erected under the will of H. C. See also:Richards, K.C., M.P., was unveiled in 1910. The formal See also:provision for the rebuilding of the cathedral was made in 1668, and the See also:foundation stone was laid in 1675. The first service was held in it in 1697, and the last stone was set in See also:place in 1710. The cost is curiously estimated, but was probably about £850,000, the greater part of which was defrayed by a See also:duty on sea-See also:borne coal. The material is See also:Portland stone. Wren had to See also:face many difficulties. He naturally insisted on the See also:style of the Renaissance, and his first See also:design was for a building in the See also:form of a See also:Greek cross, but the general See also:desire was that at least the ground-plan of the old English cathedrals should be followed, and the form of a Latin cross was forced upon him. He offered various further designs, and one was accepted, but Wren set the broadest construction upon the permission granted him to alter its ornamental details, and luckily so. The extreme length of the building is 513 ft., the breadth across the transepts 248 ft., of the nave 122 ft., of the west front 179 ft. The length of the nave is 223 ft., and of the choir 168 ft., leaving 122 ft. beneath the dome at the See also:crossing. The cross at the See also:top of the See also:lantern above the dome is 363 ft. above the ground. The cathedral is approached on the west from an open See also:pavement, on which stands a statue of Queen See also:Anne. There is also an inscription marking the spot on which Queen Victoria returned thanks on the occasion of her See also:Diamond Jubilee (1897). A broad See also:flight of steps leads up to the west front, of two orders, flanked by towers. In the north tower is a See also:chime of bells; in the south the See also:clock, with the old great See also:bell (1716), tolled on the See also:death of certain high personages, and the new great bell, placed in 1882, weighing about 17 tons. The nave is of four bays, with aisles, and chapels of one bay width immediately east of the western towers. The transepts are of two bays, and are entered by north and south porches approached by circular flights of steps. On the See also:pediment of the south See also:porch is sculptured a See also:phoenix with the inscription Resurgam (I shall rise again), in allusion to a famous See also:episode. Wren, planning his site and desiring to See also:mark in the ground the point of the centre of his dome, bade a workman bring a piece of stone for the purpose. He picked up at See also:hazard a fragment of an ancient tombstone bearing this single word, which Wren adopted as a See also:motto. The choir of four bays terminates in an See also:apse, but the See also:rich and lofty modern See also:reredos stands forward, and the apse is thus divided off from the body of the church and forms the Jesus chapel. The choir stalls are a fine example of the work of Grinling See also:Gibbons. The dome is supported by the four vast piers in the angles of the cross, within which are small See also:chambers, and by eight inner piers. The spandrels between the See also:arches which stand upon these piers are ornamented with mosaics, from the designs of G. F. See also:Watts and others, executed by Salviati. Wren had looked forward to a comprehensive scheme of decoration in See also:mosaic. The later See also:extension of this work was entrusted to Sir W. B. See also:Richmond. Above the arches is a circular gallery known as the Whispering Gallery from the fact that a whisper can be easily heard from one side to the other. Above this there are pilasters, with square-headed windows, in three out of every four intervening spaces; and above again, the domed See also:ceiling, ornamented in mono-chrome by Sir James See also:Thornhill immediately after its completion; but the paintings have suffered from the See also:action of the See also:atmosphere and are hardly to be distinguished from below. The inner See also:wall of the dome begins to slope inward from the level of the Whispering Gallery, but this is masked outside by a See also:colonnade, extending up to a point a little above the top of the internal pilasters. From this point upward the dome is of triple construction, consisting of (1) the inner dome of See also:brick, pierced at the top to render the lantern visible from below; (2) a brick See also:cone, the principal member of the structure, bearing the lantern; (3) the dome visible from without, of See also:lead on a wooden See also:frame. The See also:golden gallery at the See also:base of the lantern (top of the See also:outer dome) is about 65 ft. above the top of the inner dome. The monuments in St Paul's are numerous, though not to be compared with those in See also:Westminster See also:Abbey. The most notable is that in the nave to the See also:duke of See also:Wellington (d. 1852) by Alfred See also:Stevens. In the crypt, which extends beneath the entire building, are many tombs and memorials—that of See also:Nelson in the centre beneath the dome, those of many famous artists in the so-called Painters' Corner, and in the south choir See also:aisle that of Wren himself, whose See also:grave is marked only by a See also:plain slab, with the well-known inscription ending Si monumentum requiris, circumspice (" If See also:thou seekest a monument, look about thee "). Above the south-west chapel in the nave is the chapter library, with many interesting printed books, See also:MSS. and drawings See also:relating to the cathedral. For St Paul's School, established by John See also:Colet, See also:dean, and formerly adjacent to the cathedral, see the article on See also:HAMMERSMITH, whither it was subsequently removed. completed by his son Christopher, now published by his See also:Grandson, See also:Stephen Wren (London, 1758); Sir William See also:Dugdale, History of St Paul's (1818) ; Dean See also:Milman, See also:Annals of St Paul's (1868) ; William Longman, The Three Cathedrals dedicated to St Paul (1873); Documents illustrating the History of St Paul's (Camden Society, 188o) ; Rev. W. See also:Sparrow-See also:Simpson, Chapters in the History of Old St Paul's (1881) ; Gleanings from Old St Paul's (1889) ; and St Paul's and Old City Life (1894) ; Rev. A. Dimock, St Paul's (in Bell's " Cathedral " series, 1901); Rev. See also:Canon Benham, Old St Paul's (1902). In this last work and elsewhere are shown the valuable drawings of See also:Wenceslaus See also:Hollar, showing the old cathedral immediately before the great fire. ST PAUL'S ROCKS, a number of islets in the Atlantic, nearly 1° N. of the See also:equator and 540 M. from South See also:America, in 29° 15' W. The whole space occupied does not exceed 1400 ft. in length by about See also:half as much in breadth. Besides sea-See also:fowl the only land creatures are See also:insects and See also:spiders. Fish are abundant, seven See also:species (one, Holocentrum sancti See also:Pauli, See also:peculiar to the locality) being collected by the " Challenger " during a brief stay. See also:Dar-win (On Volcanic Islands) decided that St Paul's Rocks were not of volcanic origin; later investigators maintain that they probably are eruptive. See Reports of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger: Narrative of the Cruise, vol. i. ST See also:PETER, a city and the county-seat of Nicollet county, Minnesota, U.S.A., on the Minnesota river, about 75 M. S.W. of Minneapolis. Pop. (1905, state census) 4514 (875 foreign-born); (1910) 4176. It is served by the Chicago & North-Western railway and by steamboat lines on the Minnesota river, which is navigable for See also:light draft steamboats to this point. The neighbouring lakes with their excellent fishing attract many summer visitors. The city has a See also:Carnegie library, and is the seat of the Minnesota Hospital for the Insane (1866), and of Gustavus See also:Adolphus College (Swedish Evangelical Lutheran; co-educational), which was founded in 1862 and has a college, an Academy and School of Pedagogy, a School of Commerce and a School of See also:Music. St Peter is an important market for lumber and grain; it has stone quarries and various manufactures. Settled about 1852, St Peter was incorporated as a village in 1865, and was chartered as a city in 1891. In 1857 the legislature, a short time before its See also:adjournment for the session, passed a See also:bill to remove the capital of Minnesota to St Peter, but the bill was not presented to the governor for his See also:signature within the prescribed time, and when the legislature re-convened a similar bill could not be passed. ST PETER PORT, the See also:chief town of See also:Guernsey, one of the Channel Islands. Pop. (1901) 18,264. It lies picturesquely on a steep slope above its See also:harbour on the east See also:coast of the island. The harbour is enclosed by breakwaters, the southern of which connects with the See also:shore and continues beyond a rocky islet on which stands See also:Castle See also:Cornet. It See also:dates from the 12th century and retains portions of that period. Along the sea-front of the town there extends a broad sea-wall, which continues north-ward nearly as far as the small port of St See also:Sampson's, connected with St Peter Port by an electric See also:tramway. To the south of the town Fort George, with its See also:barracks, stands high above the sea. On the See also:quay there is a See also:bronze statue of See also:Albert, See also:Prince See also:Consort (1862), copied from that on the south side of the Albert Hall, London. St Peter Port was formerly walled, and the sites of the five See also:gates are marked by stones. St Peter's, or the town church, standing See also:low by the side of the quay, was consecrated in 1312, but includes little of the building of that date. It has, however, fine details of the 14th and 15th centuries, and is, as a whole, the most neteworthy ecclesiastical building in the islands. The other principal buildings are the court house, used for the meetings of the royal court and the states, the See also: ST See also:PETERSBURG, a government of north-western See also:Russia, at the head of the Gulf of See also:Finland, stretching for 130 M. along its south-east shore and the southern shore of Lake See also:Ladoga, and bordering on Finland, with an area of 17,221 sq. m. It is hilly on the Finland border, but See also:flat and marshy elsewhere, with the exception of a small See also:plateau in the south (Duderhof Hills), 300 to 550 ft. high. It has a See also:damp and See also:cold See also:climate, the See also:average temperatures being: at St Petersburg, for the year 390 F., for See also:January 15°, for See also:July 64°; yearly rainfall, 18.7 in.; at Sermaks, at the mouth of the Svir on the E. side of Lake Ladoga (6o° 28' N.), for the year 37°, for January 13°, for July 62°; yearly rainfall, 20.8 in. Numerous parallel ridges of See also:glacier origin intersect the government towards Lake See also:Peipus and north of the See also:Neva. See also:Silurian and Devonian rocks appear in the south, the whole covered by a thick glacial See also:deposit with boulders (bottom See also:moraine) and by thick alluvial deposits in the valley of the Neva. The bays of See also:Kronstadt, Koporya, Luga and See also:Narva afford good anchorage, but the coast is for the most part fringed with reefs and sandbanks. The chief river is the Neva. The feeders of Lake Ladoga—the Volkhov, the Syas, and the Svir, the last two forming part of the system of canals connecting the Neva with the See also:Volga—are important channels of commerce, as also is the Narova. Marshes and forests See also:cover about 45 % of the area (70% at the end of the 18th century). The population, which was 635,780 in 1882, numbered 873,043 in 1897, without the capital and its suburbs; including the latter it was 2,103,965. Of this latter number 466:750 were women and 160,499 lived in towns. The estimated pop. in 1906 was 2,510,100. The average See also:density was 121 per sq. m. The population is chiefly See also:Russian, with a small admixture of Finns and Germans, and according to See also:religion it is distributed as follows: Greek Orthodox, 78%; Nonconformists, 1-6%; See also:Lutherans, 17%; and Roman Catholics, 2.4%. A remarkable feature is the very slow natural increase of the population. During the 25 years 1867 to 1891 the natural increase was only 867. The government is divided into eight districts, the administrative headquarters of which, with their populations in 1897, are: St Petersburg (q.v.), Gdov (2254 inhabitants), Luga (5687), Novaya Ladoga (4144), See also:Peterhof (11,300), Schliisselburg (5285), Tsarskoye Selo (22,353) and Yamburg (4166). Most of the towns are summer resorts for the population of the capital. Till the latter part of the 19th century education stood at a very low level, but progress has since been made, and now three-quarters of all who enter the See also:army from this government are able to read. The zemstvo (provincial council) has organized village libraries and lectures on a wide See also:scale. Many improvements have been made, especially since 1897, in sanitary organization. Generally speaking, agriculture is at a low ebb. The principal crops are cereals (See also:rye, oats and See also:barley), potatoes and See also:green crops, the total area under cultivation being only 13%. These crops, which are often ruined by heavy rains in the See also:late summer, are insufficient for the population. See also:Flax is cultivated to some extent. Nearly 21% of the area consists of meadows and pasture. Dairy-farming is developing. See also:Timber, shipping, stone-See also:quarrying and fishing are important industries; the chief factories are See also:cotton, tobacco, machinery, See also:sugar, See also:rubber and See also:paper See also:mills, chemical See also:works, distilleries, breweries and printing works. ST PETERSBURG, the capital of the Russian See also:empire, situated at the head of the Gulf of Finland, at the mouth of the Neva, in 590 56' N., and 3o° 20' E., 400 M. from See also:Moscow, 696 m. from See also:Warsaw, 1400 M. from See also:Odessa (via Moscow), and 1390 M. from See also:Astrakhan (also via Moscow). The Neva, before entering the Gulf of Finland, forms a See also:peninsula, on which the See also:main part of St Petersburg stands, and itself subdivides into several branches. The islands so formed are only 10 or 11 ft. above the average level of the water. Their areas are rapidly increasing, while the See also:banks which continue them seaward are gradually disappearing. The mainland is not much higher than the islands. As the river level rises several feet during See also:westerly See also:gales, extensive portions of the islands and of the mainland are flooded every See also:winter. In 1777, when the Neva rose 10.7 ft., and in 1824, when it rose 13.8 ft., nearly the whole of the city was inundated, and the lower parts were again under water in 189o, 1897 and 1898, when the floods rose 8 ft. A See also:ship See also:canal, completed in 1875–1888 at a cost of £2,0J7,000, has made the capital a seaport. Be-ginning at Kronstadt, it terminates at Gutuyev Island in a harbour capable of accommodating fifty sea-going See also:ships. It is 23 ft. deep and 171 M. long. The Neva is crossed by three permanent bridges—the Nicholas, the Troitsky or Trinity (1897–1903), and the See also: In autumn a chilly dampness lasts for several weeks, and in spring cold and wet weather alternates with a few warm days. January. July. The Year. Mean temperature, Fahr. . 15°.0 64°.o 38°•6 Rainfall, inches 0.9 2.6 18.8 Prevailing winds . . . . S.W. W. W. Average daily range of See also:tempera- 2°•2 100.2 70.7 See also:ture, Fahr See also:Topography.—The greater part of St Petersburg is situated on the mainland, on the left bank of the Neva, including the best streets, the largest shops, the bazaars and markets, the palaces,cathedrals and theatres, as well as all the railway stations, except that of the Finland railway. From the Liteinyi bridge to that of Nicholas a granite See also:embankment, bordered by palaces and large private houses, lines the left bank of the Neva. About midway, behind a range of fine houses, stands the See also:Admiralty, the very centre of the capital. Formerly a See also:wharf, on which Peter the Great caused his first Baltic ship to be built in 1706, it is now the seat of the See also:ministry of the See also:navy and of the hydrographical department, the new Admiralty building standing farther down the Neva on the same bank. A broad square, partly laid out as a garden (Alexander Garden), surrounds the Admiralty on the west, south and east. To the west, opposite the See also:senate, stands the fine memorial to Peter the Great, erected in 1782, and now backed by the cathedral of St See also:Isaac. A bronze statue, a See also:master-piece by the French sculptor See also:Falconet, represents the founder of the city on horseback, at full gallop, ascending a rock and pointing to the Neva. South of the Admiralty is the ministry of See also:war and to the east the imperial winter palace, the work of Rastrelli (1764), a fine building of mixed style; but its admirable proportions See also:mask its huge dimensions. It communicates by a gallery with the Hermitage Fine Arts Gallery. A broad semi-circular square, adorned by the Alexander I. See also:column (1834), separates the palace from the buildings of the general See also:staff and the foreign ministry. The range of palaces and private houses facing the embankment above the Admiralty is interrupted by the macadamized " See also: Three girdles of canals, roughly speaking concentric, intersect these three streets—the Moika, the See also:Catherine and the Fontanka; to these a number of streets run parallel. The Prospekt Nevskiy is a very broad street, See also:running straight east-south-east for 3200 yds. from the Admiralty to the Moscow railway station, and thence 165o yds. farther, bending a little to the south, until it again reaches the Neva at Kalashnikov Harbour, near the vast complex of the Alexander Nevski monastery (1713), the seat of the metropolitan of St Petersburg. The part of the street first mentioned owes its picturesque aspect to its width, its atrractive shops, and still more its animation. But the buildings which border it are architecturally poor. Neither the cathedral of the Virgin of Kazan (an ugly See also:imitation on a small scale of St Peter's in See also:Rome), nor the still uglier Gostiniy Dvor (a two-storied See also:quadrilateral building divided into second-See also:rate shops), nor the Anichkov Palace (which resembles immense barracks), nor even the Roman Catholic and Dutch churches do anything to embellish it. About midway between the public library and the Anichkov Palace an elegant square hides the old-fashioned Alexandra See also:theatre; nor does a profusely adorned memorial (1873) to Catherine II. beautify it much. The Gorokhovaya is narrow and badly paved, and is shut in between gloomy houses occupied mostly by artizans. The Voznesenskiy Prospekt, on. the contrary, though as narrow as the last, has better houses. On the north, it passes into a series of large squares connected with that in which the monument of Peter the Great stands. One of them is occupied by the cathedral of St Isaac (of See also:Dalmatia), and another by the memorial (1859) to Nicholas I., the gorgeousness and bad See also:taste of which contrast strangely with the simplicity and significance of that of Peter the Great. The general aspect of the cathedral is imposing both without and within; but on the whole this architectural monument, built between 1819 and 1858 according to a plan of Montferrant, under the personal direction of Nicholas I., does not correspond either with its costliness (£2,431,300) or with the efforts put forth for its decoration by the best Russian artists. The eastern extremity of Vasilyevskiy Island is the centre of commercial activity; the stock See also:exchange is situated there as well as the quays and storehouses. The See also:remainder of the island is occupied chiefly by scientific and educational institutions—the academy of See also:science, with a small See also:observatory, the university, the philological institute, the academy of the first See also:corps of cadets, the academy of arts, the marine academy, the See also:mining institute and the central See also:physical observatory, all facing the Neva. Petersburg Island contains the fortress of St Peter and St Paul (1703-1740), opposite the Winter Palace; but the fortress is now a state See also:prison. A cathedral which stands within its walls is the burial-place of the emperors and the imperial See also:family. The See also:mint and an See also:artillery museum are also situated within the fortress. The remainder of the island is meanly built, and is the See also:refuge of the poorer officials (chinovniks) and of the intellectual See also:proletariat. Its northern part, separated from the main island by a narrow channel, bears the name of Apothecaries' Island, and is occupied by a botanical garden of great scientific value and several fine private gardens and parks. Krestovskiy, Elagin and Kamennyi Islands, as also the opposite (right) bank of the Great Nevka (one of the branches of the Neva) are occupied by public gardens, parks and summer residences. The mainland on the right bank of the Neva above its See also:delta is known as the See also:Viborg Side, and is connected with the main city by the Liteinyi bridge, closely adjoining which are the buildings of the military academy of medicine and spacious hospitals. The small streets (many of them unpaved), with numerous wooden houses, are inhabited by students and workmen; farther north are great textile and See also:iron factories. Vast orchards and the yards of the artillery laboratory stretch north-eastwards, while the railway and the high road to Finland, running north, lead to the park of the Forestry Institute. The two villages of Okhta, on the right bank, are suburbs; higher up, on the left bank, are several factories (See also:Alexandrovsk) which formerly belonged to the See also:crown. The true boundary of St Petersburg on the south is the Obvodnyi Canal, running parallel to the three canals already mentioned and forming a sort of base to the Neva peninsula; but numerous orchards, cemeteries and factories, and even unoccupied spaces, are included within the city boundaries in that direction, though they are being rapidly covered with buildings. Except in a few principal streets, which are paved with wood or See also:asphalt, the pavement is usually of granite setts. There are two government See also:dockyards, the most important of which is the new admiralty yard in the centre of the city. At this yard there are three building slips and a large experimental See also:basin, some 400 ft. in length, for trials with models of vessels. The Galerny Island yard is a little lower down the river, and is devoted entirely to construction. There are two building slips for large vessels, besides numerous workshops, storehouses and so forth. The Baltic Yard is near the mouth of the Neva, and was taken over by the ministry of marine in 1894. Since that time the See also:establishment has been enlarged, and a new stone building slip, 520 ft. in length, completely housed in, has been finished. Population.—The population of St Petersburg proper at the censuses specified was as follows: Year. Total. Men. Women. Proportion of Men to every 100 Women. 1869 667,207 377,380 289,827 130 1881 861,303 473,229 388,074 122 1890 954,400 512,718 441,682 116 1897 1,132,677 616,855 515,822 119 A further increase was revealed by the municipal census of 190o, when the population of the city was 1,248,739, having thus increased 30.9% in ten years. In 1905 the total population was estimated to number 1,429,000. The population of the suburbs was 134,710 in 1897, and 190,635 in 1900. Including its suburbs, St Petersburg is the fifth city of See also:Europe in point of See also:size, coming after London, Paris, See also:Berlin and See also:Vienna. The large proportion of men in its population is due to the fact that great See also:numbers come from other parts of Russia to work during the winter in the textile factories, and during the summer at un- loading the boats. Russians numbered 828,354 in 1897, or 73.1 % of the population; Germans 43,798, or 3'9%; Poles 22,307, or 1.9%; Finns, 16,731, or 1.5%; and See also:Jews 10,353, or 0.9%. The various religions are represented by 84.9% Orthodox Greeks, 9.9 Protestants_ and 3.3 Roman Catholics. The See also:pro-portion of illegitimate See also:children is ten times higher than in the See also:rest of Russia, namely 250 to 286 per thousand births. It is thus nearly the same as in Paris, but lower than in Moscow (292 per thousand) and Vienna (349 per thousand). The mortality varies very much in different parts of the city—from 12 per thousand in the best situated, the admiralty See also:quarter, to 16 in other central parts, and 25 and 27 in the outlying quarters. The mortality has, however, notably decreased, as it averaged 36 per thousand in the years 187o to 1874, and only 27 from 1886 to 1895, and 24 in 1897. Infectious diseases, i.e. turberculosis, See also:diphtheria, inflammation of the lungs, typhoid, See also:scarlet See also:fever and See also:measles, are the cause of 37 to 38% of all deaths. The high mortality in certain quarters is largely due to overcrowding and bad water. An interesting feature of the Russian capital is the very high proportion of people living on their own earnings or income (" independent ") as compared with those who live on the earnings or income of some one else (" dependent "). Only a few industrial establishments employ more than twenty workmen, the average being less than ten and the figure seldom falling below five. The large factories are beyond the limits of St Petersburg. Although 36% of the population above six years old are unable to read, the workmen are amongst the most intelligent classes in Russia. Education, Science and Art.—Notwithstanding the hardships and prosecutions to which it is periodically subjected, the university (nearly 4000 students) exercises a pronounced See also:influence en the life of St Petersburg. The medical See also:faculty forms a separate academy, under military See also:jurisdiction, with about 1500 students. There are, moreover, a philological institute, a technological institute, a forestry academy, an engineering academy, two theological See also:academies (Orthodox Greek and Roman Catholic), an academy of arts, five military academies and a high school of law. Higher instruction for women is provided by a medical academy, a free university, four other institutions for higher education, and a school of agriculture. The scientific institutions include an academy of sciences, opened in 1726, which has rendered immense service in the exploration of Russia. The oft-repeated reproach that it keeps its doors shut to Russian savants, while opening them too widely to See also:German ones, is not without foundation. The See also:Pulkovo astronomical observatory, the chief physical (meteorological) observatory (with branches throughout Russia and See also:Siberia), the astronomical observatory at See also:Vilna, the astronomical and magnetical observatory at See also:Peking, and the botanical garden, are all attached to the academy of sciences. The Society of Naturalists and the Physical and Chemical Society have issued most valuable publications. The See also:geological See also:committee is ably pushing forward the geological survey of the See also:country; the Mineralogical Society was founded in 1817. The See also:Geographical Society, with branch See also:societies for West and East Siberia, See also:Caucasus, See also:Orenburg, the north-western and south-western provinces of European Russia, is well 'known for its valuable work, as is also the Entomological Society. There are four medical societies, and an archaeological society (since 1846), an historical society, an economical society, gardening, forestry, technical and navigation societies. The conservatory of music, with a new building (1891-1896), gives superior musical instruction. The Musical Society is worthy of notice. Art, on the other See also:hand, has not freed itself from the old scholastic methods at the academy. Several independent See also:artistic societies seek to remedy this See also:drawback, and are the true See also:cradle of the Russian genre painters. The imperial public library contains valuable collections of books (i,000,000) and MSS. The library of the academy of sciences contains more than 500,000 volumes, 13,000 MSS., rich collections of works on See also:oriental See also:languages, and valuable collections of periodical publications from scientific societies throughout the See also:world. The museums of the Russian capital occupy a prominent place among those of Europe. That of the Academy of Sciences, of the Navy, of Industrial Art (1896), of the Mineralogical Society, of the Academy of Arts, the See also:Asiatic museum, the Suvorov museum (1901), with pictures by See also:Vereshchagin, the Zoological museum and several others are of great scientific value. The Hermitage Art Gallery contains a first-rate collection of the Flemish school, some pictures of the Russian school, good specimens of the See also:Italian, See also:Spanish and old French schools, invaluable treasures of Greek and Scythian antiquities, and a good collection of 200,000 engravings. Old Christian and old Russian arts are well represented in the museums of the Academy of Arts. The New See also:Michael Palace was in 1895--1898 converted into a museum of Russian art—the Russian museum; it is one of the handsomest buildings in the city. In the development of the Russian See also:drama St Petersburg has played a far less important part than Moscow, and the See also:stage there has never reached the same See also:standard of excellence as that of the older capital. On the other hand, St Petersburg is the cradle of Russian opera and Russian music. There are in the city only four theatres of importance—all imperial—two for the opera and See also:ballet, one for the native drama, and one for the French and German drama. Industries and Trade.—St Petersburg is much less of a manufacturing city than Moscow or Berlin. The period 188o to 1890 was very See also:critical in the history of the northern capital. With the development of the railway system the southern and south-western provinces of Russia began to prosper more rapidly than the upper Volga provinces; St Petersburg began to lose its relative importance in favour of the Baltic ports of See also:Riga and See also:Libau, and its rapid growth since the See also:Crimean War seemed in danger of being arrested. The danger, however, passed away, and in the last See also:decade of the 19th century the city continued its advance with renewed vigour. A great influx of functionaries of all sorts, consequent upon the state taking into its hands the See also:administration of the railways, See also:spirits, &c., resulted in the rapid growth of the population, while the introduction of a cheap railway See also:tariff, and the subsidizing and encouraging in other ways of the great industries, attracted to St Petersburg a considerable number of workers, and favoured the growth of its larger industrial establishments. St Petersburg is now one of the foremost industrial provinces in Russia, its yearly returns placing it immediately after Moscow and before See also:Piotrkow, in See also:Poland. The chief factories are cottons and other textiles, metal and machinery works, tobacco, paper, See also:soap and See also:candle factories, breweries, distilleries, sugar refineries, neries, ship-building yards, printing works, See also:potteries, See also:carriage works, pastry and See also:confectionery and chemicals. The export trade of St Petersburg is chiefly in grain (especially rye and oats), See also:flour and See also:bran, oil seeds, oil cakes, See also:naphtha, eggs, flax and timber. It shows very great fluctuations, varying in accordance with the claps, the range being from £8,000,000 to £10,000,000. The exports are almost entirely to western Europe by sea (from L5,500,000 to £6,500,000), and to Finland (£1,5oo,000 to £3,000,000). The imports consist chiefly of coal, metals, building materials, See also:herrings, See also:coffee and See also:tea, better-class timber, raw cotton, wood pulp and See also:cellulose, and manufactured goods, and amount to about £14,000,000 annually. Six railways meet at St Petersburg. Two run westwards along both shores o' the Gulf of Finland to Hangoudd and to Port Baltic respectively; two short lines connect See also:Oranienbaum, opposite Kronstadt and Tsarskoye Selo (with See also:Pavlovsk) with the capital; and three great See also:trunk lines run—south-west to Warsaw (with branches to Riga and See also:Smolensk), south-east to Moscow (with branches to See also:Novgorod and See also:Rybinsk), and east to See also:Vologda, See also:Vyatka and See also:Perm. The Neva is the principal channel for the trade of St Petersburg with the rest of Russia, by means of the Volga and its tributaries. Administration.—The municipal affairs of the city are in the hands of a See also:municipality, elected by three categories of See also:electors, and is practically a department of the chief of the police. The city is under a separate governor-general, whose authority, like that of the chief of police, is unlimited. Environs.—St Petersburg is surrounded by several fine residences, mostly imperial palaces with large and beautiful parks. Tsarskoye Selo, 15 m. to the south-east, and Peterhof, on the Gulf of Finland, are summer residences of the See also:emperor. Pavlovsk, 17 m. S. of the city, has a fine palace and parks, where summer concerts attract thousands of people. There is another imperial palace at See also:Gatchina, 29 m. S. Oranienbaum, 25 M. W. on the south shore of the Gulf of Finland, is a rather neglected place. Pulkovo, on a hill 9 M. S. from St Petersburg, is well known for its observatory; while several villages north of the capital, such as Pargolovo and Murino, are visited in summer by the less wealthy inhabitants. History.—The region between Lake Ladoga and the Gulf of Finland was inhabited in the 9th century by Finns and some Slays. Novgorod and See also:Pskov made efforts to secure and maintain dominion over this region, so important for their trade, and in the 13th and 14th centuries they built the forts of Koporya (in the present district of Peterhof), See also:Yam (now Yamburg), and Oryeshek (now See also:Schlusselburg) at the point where the Neva issues from Lake Ladoga. They found, however, powerful opponents in the Swedes, who erected the fort of See also:Landskrona at the junction of the Okhta and the Neva, and in the Livonians, who had their fortress at Narva. Novgorod and Moscow successively were able by continuous fighting to maintain their supremacy over the region south of the Neva throughout the 16th century; but early in the 17th century Moscow was compelled to cede it to See also:Sweden, which erected a fortress on the Neva at the mouth of the Okhta. In 1700 Peter the Great began his See also:wars with Sweden. Oryeshek was taken in 1702, and in thefollowing year the Swedish fortress on the Neva. Two months later (29th See also:June 1703) Peter laid the See also:foundations of a cathedral to St Peter and St Paul, and of a fort which received his own name (in its Dutch transcription, "Piterburgh" ). Next year the fort of Kronslott was erected on the island of Kotlin, as also the Admiralty on the Neva, opposite the fortress. The emperor took most severe and almost barbarous See also:measures for increasing his newly founded city, which was built on marshy ground, the buildings resting on piles. Thousands of people from all parts of Russia were removed thither and died in erecting the fortress and building the houses. Under Elizabeth fresh compulsory measures raised the population to 150,000, and this figure was nearly doubled during the reign of Catherine II. (1762-1796). The chief embellishments of St Petersburg were effected during the reigns of Alexander I. (1801-1825) and Nicholas I. (1825-1855). From the earliest years of Russian history trade had taken this northern direction. Novgorod owed its See also:wealth to this fact; and as far back as the 12th century the Russians had their forts on Lake Ladoga and the Neva. In the 14th and 15th centuries they exchanged their wares with the See also:Danzig merchants at Nu or Nu—now Vasilyevskiy Island. By founding St Petersburg Peter the Great only restored the trade to its old channels. The system of canals for connecting the upper Volga and the See also:Dnieper with the great lakes of the north completed the work; the commercial mouth- of the Volga was thus transferred to the Gulf of Finland, and St Petersburg became the export harbour for more than half Russia. Foreigners hastened thither to take See also:possession of the growing export trade, and to this the Russian capital is indebted for its See also:cosmopolitan character. The development of the railway system and the colonization of southern Russia now operate, however, adversely to St Petersburg, while the rapid increase of population in the See also:Black Sea region is tending to shift the Russian centre of gravity; new centres of commercial, industrial, and intellectual life are being See also:developed at Odessa and Rostov. The revival of Little Russia is another influence operating in the same direction. Since the abolition of See also:serfdom and in consequence of the impulse given to Russian thought by this reform, the provinces are coming more and more to dispute the right of St Petersburg to See also:guide the See also:political life of the country. It has been often said that St Petersburg is the head of Russia and Moscow its heart. The first part at least of this saying is true. In the development of thought and in naturalizing in Russia the results of west European culture and See also:philosophy St Petersburg has played a prominent part. It has helped greatly to familiarize the public with the teachings of west European science and thinking, and to give to Russian literature its liberality of mind and freedom from the trammels of tradition. St Petersburg has no traditions, no history beyond that of the palace conspiracies, and there is nothing in its past to attract the writer or the thinker. But, as new centres of intellectual life and new currents of thought develop again at Moscow and See also:Kiev, or arise anew at Odessa and in the eastern provinces, these places claim the right to their own See also:share in the further development of intellectual life in Russia. (P. A. K., J. T. BE.) See also:SAINT-PIERRE, CHARLES IRENItE See also:CASTEL, (See also:ABBE DE (1658-1743), French writer, was born at the chateau de Saint-Pierre-l'Eglise near See also:Cherbourg on the 18th of See also:February 1658. His father was bailli of the Cotentin, and Saint-Pierre was educated by the See also:Jesuits. In Paris he frequented the salons of Madame de la Fayette and of the marquise de See also:Lambert. He was presented to the abbacy of Tiron, and was elected to the Academy in 1695. In the same year he gained a footing at court as See also:almoner to Madame. But in 1718, in consequence of the political offence given by his Discours sur la polysynodie, he was expelled from the Academy. He afterwards founded the See also:club of the Entre See also:soli an independent society suppressed in 1731. He died in Paris on the 29th of April 1743.
Saint-Pierre's works are almost entirely occupied with an acute though generally visionary See also:criticism of politics, law and social institutions. They had a great influence on See also: SAINT-PIERRE, JACQUES See also:HENRI BERNARDIN DE (1737-'814), French man of letters, was born at See also:Havre on the 19th of January 1737. He was educated at See also:Caen and at See also:Rouen, and became an engineer. According to his own account he served in the army, taking part in the See also:Hesse See also:campaign of '76o, but was dismissed for insubordination, and, after quarrelling with his family, was in some difficulty. He appears at See also:Malta, St Petersburg, Warsaw, See also:Dresden, Berlin, holding brief commissions as an engineer and rejoicing in romantic adventures. But he came back to Paris in 1765 poorer than he set out. He came into possession of a small sum at his father's death, and in '768 he set out for the Isle of France (See also:Mauritius) with a government commission, and remained there three years, returning home in 1971. These wanderings supplied Bernardin with the whole of his stock-in-trade, for he never again quitted France. On his return from Mauritius he was introduced to D'See also:Alembert and his See also:friends, but he took no great pleasure in the See also:company of any See also:literary man except J. J. Rousseau, of whom in his last years he saw much, and on whom he formed both his character and his style. His Voyage a l'lle de France (2 vols., 1773) gained him a reputation as a See also:champion of innocence and religion, and in consequence, through the exertions of the bishop of See also:Aix, a See also:pension of loon livres a year. It is soberest and therefore the least characteristic of his books. The Etudes de la nature (3 vols., 1784) was an See also:attempt to prove the existence of See also:God from the wonders of nature; he set up a philosophy of sentiment to oppose the materializing tendencies of the Encyclopaedists. His masterpiece, Paul et Virginie, appeared in 1789 in a supplementary See also:volume of the Etudes, and his second great success, much less sentimental and showing not a little See also:humour, the Chaumiere indienne, not till 1790. In 1792 he married a very young girl, Felicite See also:Didot, who brought him a considerable See also:dowry. For a short time in 1792 he was See also:superintendent of the Jardin des Plantes, and on the suppression of the See also:office received a pension of 3000 livres. In 1795 he became a member of the Institute. After his first wife's death he married in r800, when he was sixty-three, another young girl, Desiree Pelleport, and is said to have been very happy with her. On the 21st of January 1814 he died at his house at Eragny, near See also:Pontoise.
Paul et Virginie has been pronounced See also:gaudy in style and unhealthy in See also:tone. Perhaps Bernardin is not fairly to be judged by this famous See also:story, in which the exuberant sensibility of the time finds equally exuberant expression. His merit lies in his breaking away from the arid vocabulary which more than a century of classical See also:writing has brought upon France, in his genuine preference for the beauties of nature, and in his attempt to describe them faithfully. After Rousseau, and even more than Rousseau, Bernardin was in French literature the apostle of the return to nature, though both in him and his immediate follower See also:Chateaubriand there is still much mannerism and unreality.
Aime See also: Paul et Virginie, the Chaumiere indienne, &c. have often been separately reprinted. See also Arvede Barin's Bernardin de Saint Pierre (1891). ST PIERRE and MIQUELON, two islands 'o m. off the south coast of See also:Newfoundland, united area about 91 sq. m. Both are rugged masses of granite, with a few small streams and lakes, a thin covering of See also:soil and scanty vegetation. Miquelon, the larger of the two, consists of Great Miquelon and Little Miquelon, or Langlade; previous to 1783 these were separated by a' navigable channel, but they have since become connected by a dangerous mudbank. St Pierre has a sheltered harbour with about 14 ft. of water, and a good roadstead for large vessels. Their importance is due to their proximity to the great Banks, which makes them the centre of the French Atlantic See also:fisheries. These are kept up by an elaborate system of bounties by the French government, which considers them of great importance as training sailors for the navy. Fishing lasts from May till See also:October, and is carried on by nearly five See also:hundred vessels, of which about two-thirds are fitted out from St Pierre, the remainder coming from St Maio, See also:Cancale and other French coast towns. The See also:resident population, which centres in the town of St Pierre, is about 6500, swelled to overio,000 for a time each year by extra fishing hands from France, but is steadily declining owing to See also:emigration into Canada. Owing to the low rates of duty, vast quantities of goods, especially French wines and liquors, are imported, and smuggled to Newfoundland, the United States and Canada, though of late years this has been checked by a See also:gradual rise in the scale of duties, and by the presence since 1904 of a British See also:consul. St Pierre is connected with See also:Halifax (N.S.) and St Johns (Newfoundland) by a See also:regular packet service, and is a station of the Anglo See also:American See also:Cable Co. and the Compagnie francaise des cables telegraphiques. Excellent facilities for See also:primary and secondary education are given, but the attraction of the fisheries prevents their being fully used. The islands were occupied by the French in 166o, and fortified in 1700. In 1702 they were captured by the British, and held till 1763, when they were given back to France as a fishing station. They are thus the See also:sole remnant of the French colonies in North America. Destroyed by the English in 1778, restored to France in '783, again captured and depopulated by the English in 1793, recovered by France in 1802 and lost in 1803, the islands have remained in undisputed French possession since 1814 (Treaty of Paris). See Henrique, Les Colonies francaises, t. ii. (Paris, 1889) ; See also:Levasseur, La France, t. ii. (Paris, 1893)) ; L'Annee coloniale, yearly since 1899, contains See also:statistics and a complete bibliography; P. T. McGrath In The New England See also:Magazine (May 1903) describes the daily life of the people. (W. L. G.)
ST POL, See also:COUNTS OF. The countship of St Pol-sur-Ternoise in France (department of Pas-de-See also:Calais), belohged in the nth and ' 2th centuries to a family surnamed Candavene. Elizabeth, heiress of this house, carried the countship to her husband, Gaucher de See also:Chatillon, in 1205. By the See also:marriage of Mahaut de Chatillon with See also:Guy VI. of See also:Luxemburg, St Pol passed to the house of Luxemburg. It was in possession of Louis of Luxemburg, See also:constable of France, who was beheaded in 1475. The constable's See also:property was confiscated by Louis XI., but was subsequently restored in 1488 to his granddaughters, Marie and Francoise of Luxemburg. Marie (d. 1542) was countess of St Pol, and married See also:Francois de See also:Bourbon, See also:count of See also:Vendome. Their son, Francois de Bourbon, count of St Pol (1491–1545), was one of the most devoted and courageous generals of See also:Francis I. Marie, daughter of the last-mentioned count, brought the countship of St Pol to the house of See also: P.*) ST POL-DE-See also:LEON, a town of north-western France, in the department of See also:Finistere, about 1 m. from the shore of the English Channel, and '31 m. N. of See also:Morlaix by the railway to See also:Roscoff. Pop. (1906), town, 3353; See also:commune, 814o. St Pol-de-Leon is a See also:quaint town with several old houses. The cathedral is largely in the Norman Gothic style of the 13th and early 14th centuries. The west front has a projecting portico and two towers 18o ft. high with granite See also:spires. Within the church there are beautifully carved stalls of the 16th century and other works of art. On the right of the high See also:altar is a wooden See also:shrine containing the bell of St Pol de Leon, which was said to cure headache and diseases of the See also:ear, and at the side of the main entrance is a huge baptismal See also:font, popularly regarded as the stone See also:coffin of Conan Meriadec, king of the Bretons. Notre Dame de Kreizker, dating mainly from the second half of the 14th century, has a celebrated spire, 252 ft. high, which crowns the central tower. The north porch is a fine specimen of the flamboyant style. In the See also:cemetery, which has a chapel of the 15th century, there are ossuaries of the year 1500.. In the 6th century a Welsh See also: Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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