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early church at Tours with its choir aisle and chapels have been traced under the existing church, In Edward the Confessor's church (logo) there were probably only three chapels and a processional aisle; in the next example at See also:

Gloucester (1089) were also three chapels, two of which, on the See also:

north and See also:

south sides of the aisle, still remain; the same is found in See also:

Canterbury (1096—1107) and See also:

Norwich (1089-1119), the eastern See also:

CHAPEL

chapel in all three cases having been taken down to make way for the See also:

LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady-chapel in Gloucester and Norwich, and for the Trinity chapel in Canterbury cathedral (fig. 1). The semicircular aisle is said to have existed in the Anglo-See also:

Norman cathedral of See also:

Winchester, but the eastern end being square, two chapels were arranged filling the north and south ends, and an apsidal chapel projecting beyond the See also:

east See also:

wall. This semi-circular processional aisle with chevet chapels was the favourite type of See also:

plan in the Anglo-Norman cathedrals, and was followed up to about the middle of the 12th century, when the English builders in some cases returned to the square east end instead of the semicircular apsidal termination. The earliest example of this exists in See also:

ROMSEY

Romsey See also:

Abbey (c. 1130), where the processional path crosses behind the See also:

PRESBYTERY

presbytery, there being eastern apsidal chapels in the See also:

AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis of the presbytery aisle and a central rectangular chapel beyond. A similar arrangement is found in See also:

HEREFORD

Hereford cathedral, and exists in Winchester, See also:

Salisbury (fig. 2), See also:

Durham, St Albans, See also:

Exeter, See also:

Ely, See also:

Wells and See also:

PETERBOROUGH

Peterborough, except that in all those cases (except Wells) the eastern chapels are square ended; in Wells cathedral the most eastern chapel (the Lady-chapel) has a polygonal termination; in Durham (fig. 3), the eastern chapels are all in one See also:

LINE

line, constituting the chapel of the nine altars, which was probably borrowed from the eastern end of Fountains Abbey.

It should be noted that in some of the above the See also:

ORIGINAL

original See also:

DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design has been transformed in rebuilding; thus in St Albans, Durham, See also:

York and Exeter cathedrals, there was no eastern See also:

AMBULATORY (Med. Lat. ainbulatorium, a place for walking, from ambulare, to walk)

ambulatory but three parallel apses, in some cases rectangular externally. In See also:

Southwell, See also:

Rochester, Ely and See also:

Chester, there was no processional path or ambulatory round the east end; in See also:

Carlisle no eastern chapels; and in See also:

Oxford only one central apse. In Ely cathedral (fig. 4) the See also:

GREAT

great central See also:

TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower built by the first Norman See also:

abbot (1082-1094) See also:

fell down in 1321, carrying with it portions of the adjoining bays of the See also:

NAVE

nave, See also:

TRANSEPT (from Lat. trans, across, and septum, enclosure; synonymous terms in other languages are Fr. croisee, nef transversee; Ital. crociata; Ger. Querbau, Quersch&)

transept and choir; instead of attempting to rebuild, the tower. Alan of See also:

Walsingham conceived the See also:

IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of obtaining a much larger See also:

AREA

area in the centre of the cathedral, and instead of rebuilding the piers of the tower he took as the See also:

BASE

base of his design a central octagonal space, the width of which was equal to that of nave and aisles, with wide See also:

ARCHES, COURT OF

arches to nave, transepts and choir, and smaller arches across the octagonal sides; from shafts in the eight See also:

PIER (older forms per or Pere, from Med. Lat. pera; the word for piers out of water. For river piers, where a firm, watertight is of obscure origin, and the connexion with Fr. Pierre, Lat. stratum is found at a moderate depth below the river-bed, the pctr

pier angles, ribs in See also:

wood project forward and carry a smaller octagon on which the See also:

LANTERN (an adaptation of the Fr. lanterne from Lat. lanterna or laterna, supposed to be from Gr. Aa urritp, a torch or lamp, Aaµaew, to shine, cf. " lamp "; the 16th- and 17th-century form " lanthorn " is due to a mistaken derivation from " horn," as a m

lantern rests. Internally the effect of this central octagon is of great beauty and originality, and it is the only instance of such a feature in English See also:

GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture. (See ARCHITECTURE, See also:

PLATE

Plate VIII., fig. 82.) The earliest example of the chevet is probably to be found in the church of St Martin at Tours; this was followed by others From See also:

RICKMAN, THOMAS (1776-1841)

Rickman's Styles of Architecture. at See also:

TOURNUS

Tournus, Clermont-See also:

FERRAND, ANTOINE FRANCOIS CLAUDE, COMTE

Ferrand, See also:

AUXERRE

Auxerre, See also:

CHARTRES

Chartres, Le Mans and other churches built during the great church-See also:

BUILDING

building See also:

period of the Ilth century. In the still greater See also:

MOVEMENT

movement in the 12th century, when the See also:

EPISCOPACY (from Late Lat. episcopatus, the office of a bishop, episcopas)

episcopacy, supported by the emancipated communes, undertook the erection of cathedrals of greater dimensions and the reconstruction of others, in some cases they utilized the old foundations, as in Chartres (fig. 5), See also:

Coutances and -Auxerre cathedrals, while in others (as at Le Mans) they extended the eastern termination, much in the same way as in many of the early examples in England, with this important difference, that when the apsidal east end was given up (about the middle of the 12th century) in favour of the square east end in England, the French, on the other See also:

hand, See also:

DEVELOPED

developed it by doubling the choir aisles and adding to the number of extra chapels; thus in Canterbury, Norwich and Gloucester, there were only three apsidal chapels in the chevet, whereas in See also:

NOYON

Noyon (1150), See also:

SOISSONS

Soissons (lino), See also:

Reims (1212), Tours, Seez, See also:

BAYEUX

Bayeux (1230), Clermont (1275), Senlis, See also:

LIMOGES

Limoges, See also:

ALBI

Albi and See also:

NARBONNE

Narbonne cathedrals there were five; in See also:

AMIENS

Amiens, Le Mans and See also:

BEAUVAIS

Beauvais, there were seven apsidal chapels, and in Chartres cathedral nine. See also:

Double aisles round the choir, of which there are no examples in England, are found in the cathedrals of See also:

Paris, See also:

BOURGES

Bourges and Le Mans; the cathedral of See also:

SENS

Sens (fig.

6) (1144–1168) possesses one feature which is almost unique, viz. the coupled columns of the alternate bays of nave and choir and of the apse; and these were introduced into the chapel of the Trinity in Canter-See also:

bury cathedral, probably from the designs of See also:

William of Sens, by his suc- dFM cessor William the t" " Englishman. The square east end found no favour in France—See also:

LAON

Laon, Poiters and See also:

Dol being the only cathedral examples; and of the triapsal arrangement, viz. with apses in the axes of the choir aisle and a central apse, the only ex-ample is that of the cathedral of See also:

AUTUN

Autun. The immense development given to the eastern See also:

LIMB

limb of the French cathedrals was some-times obtained at the expense of the nave, so that, notwithstanding the much greater dimensions compared with English examples, in the latter the naves are much longer and consist of more bays than those in France. In one of the French cathedrals, Bourges, there is no transept; on the other hand there are many examples in which this See also:

PART

part of the church is emphasized by having aisles on each See also:

side, as at Laon, Soissons, Chartres, Reims, Amiens, See also:

ROUEN

Rouen and Clermont cathedrals. Transept aisles in England are found in Ely, York, Wells and Winchester cathedrals, in the last being carried round the south and north ends of the transept; aisles on the east side of the transept only, in some cases probably for 5.—Plan of Chartres Cathedral. .—Plan of Ely Cathedral. additional altars, exist in Durham, Salisbury, See also:

LICHFIELD

Lichfield, See also:

Peter-See also:

borough and See also:

Ripon cathedrals; and on the north side only in Hereford cathedral. In Rouen cathedral, east of the transept aisles, there are apsidal chapels, which with the three chapels in the chevet make up the usual number. The cathedral of See also:

POITIERS

Poitiers has been referred to as an example of a square east end, but a sort of See also:

COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise has been made by the See also:

PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision of three segmental apses, and there are no windows in the east front; the most remarkable divergence from the usual design is found here in the See also:

ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of any See also:

TRIFORIUM

triforium or See also:

CLERESTORY, or CLEARSTORY (Ital. chiaro piano, Fr. clairevoie, claire etage, Ger. Lichtgaden)

clerestory, owing to the fact that the vault of the aisles is nearly as high as that of the nave, so that it constitutes an example of what in Germany (where there are many) are called Hallen Kirchen; the See also:

LIGHT

light being obtained through the aisle windows only gives a gloomy effect to the nave. Another departure from the usual plan is that found in Albi cathedral (1350), in which there are no aisles, their place being taken by chapels between the buttresses which were required to resist the thrust of the nave vault, the widest in France. The cathedral is built in See also:

BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick and externally has the See also:

APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of a fortress. In the cathedrals of the south-See also:

west of France, where the naves are covered with a See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of domes—as at See also:

CAHORS

Cahors, See also:

Angouleme and St Front de Perigueux the immense piers required to carry them made it necessary to dispense with aisles.

The cathedral of Angouleme (fig. 7) consists of a nave covered with three domes, a transept of great length with lofty towers over the north and south ends, and an apsidal choir with four chevet chapels. In St Front de Perigueux (I 15o), based on St See also:

Mark's at See also:

Venice, the plan consists of nave, transept and choir, all of equal dimensions, each of them, as well as the See also:

CROSSING

crossing, vaulted over with a See also:

DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome, while griginally there was a See also:

SIMPLE

simple apsidal choir. Returning now to the great cathedrals in the north of France, we give an See also:

ILLUSTRATION

illustration (fig. 8) of Amiens cathedral (from See also:

VIOLLET, PAUL MARIE (184o- )

Viollet le Duc's Diclionnaire raisonne) which shows the disposition of a cathedral, with its nave-arches, triforium, clerestory windows and vault, the flying buttresses which were required to carry the thrust of the vault to the See also:

OUTER

outer buttresses which flanked the aisle walls, and the lofty pinnacles which surmounted them. In this See also:

case there was no triforium See also:

GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery, owing to the greater height given to the aisles. In Notre See also:

Dame at Paris the triforium was nearly as high as the aisles; in large towns this feature gave increased See also:

ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation for the See also:

CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

congregation, especially on the occasion of great fetes, and it is found in Noyon, Laon, Senlis and Soissons cathedrals, built in the latter part of the See also:

LATH (0. Eng. laett, Mid. Eng. lappe, a form possibly due to the Welsh llath; the word appears in many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch lat, Ger. Latte, and has passed into Romanic, cf. Ital. latta, Fr. latte)

lath century; later it was omitted, and a narrow passage in the thickness of the wall only represented the triforium; at a still later period the aisles were covered with a stonepavement of slight fall so as to allow of loftier clerestory windows. The cathedrals in Spain follow on the same lines as those in France. The cathedral of See also:

SANTIAGO, or SANTIAGO DE CHILE

Santiago de Compostela is virtually a copy of St Sernin at See also:

Toulouse, See also:

con- sisCng of nave \fi and aisles, tran- septs and aisles, and a choir with chevet of five chapels; at See also:

Leon there is a chevet with five apsidal chapels, and at See also:

Toledo an east end with double aisles round the apse with originally seven small apsidal chapels, two of them rebuilt at a very See also:

LATE

late period. At Leon, See also:

BARCELONA

Barcelona and Toledo the processional passage round the apse with apsidal chapels recalls the French disposition, there being a double aisle around the latter, but in Leon and Toledo cathedrals the east end is masked externally by other buildings, FIG. 8.-See also:

PERSPECTIVE (Lat. peespicere, to see through)

Perspective of Amiens Cathedral. so that the beauty of the chevet is entirely lost. At See also:

Avila and See also:

Salamanca (old cathedral) the triapsal arrangement is adopted, and the same is found in the See also:

German cathedrals, with one important exception, the cathedral of See also:

COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne, which was based on that of Amiens, the See also:

COMPARATIVE

comparative height of the former, however, being so exaggerated that See also:

scale has been lost, and externally it has the appearance of an overgrown See also:

monster.

Under the headings VAULT, FLYING See also:

BUTTRESS (from the O. Fr. bouteret, that which bears a thrust, from bouter, to push, cf. Eng. " butt " and " abutment ")

BUTTRESS, See also:

PINNACLE (from Lat. pinnaculum, a little feather, pinna; the Gr. rrspirylov, diminutive of irsipuE, wing, is also used in this sense)

PINNACLE, CLERESTORY and TRIFORIUM, See also:

DEFINITIONS

definitions are given of these See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief components of a cathedral or church; but as their design varies materially in almost every example, without a very large number of drawings it would be impossible to treat them more in detail. The perspective view, taken from Viollet le Duc's See also:

DICTIONARY

dictionary, of the interior of the nave of Amiens cathedral illustrates the See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal features, viz. the vault (in this case quadripartite, with flying buttresses and pinnacle), the triforium (in this case limited to a narrow passage in the thickness of the wall), and the nave-arches, with the side aisles, beneath the windows of which is the decorative See also:

ARCADE

arcade. (R. P.

End of Article: TURE

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