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NARBONNE

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Originally appearing in Volume V19, Page 237 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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NARBONNE , a See also:

city of See also:France, See also:capital of an See also:arrondissement in the See also:department of See also:Aude, situated in a See also:vine-growing See also:plain 5 M. from the Mediterranean, on the railway from See also:Toulouse to See also:Cette, 37 M. E. of See also:Carcassonne. Pop. (1906) 23,289. The Robine See also:canal, a See also:branch of the Canal du Midi, divides Narbonne into two distinct portions, the bourg and the cite. The latter is one of the See also:oldest and most interesting of See also:French towns. The former See also:cathedral (St Just), which consists only of a See also:choir 130 ft. high and See also:transept, was begun in 1272, and the transept was still unfinished at the end of the 15th See also:century. The towers (194 ft. high) at each extremity of the transept were built about 1480. Some additions towards the See also:west were made See also:early in the 18th century. An unusual effect is produced by a See also:double See also:row of, crenellation taking the See also:place of balustrades on the roof of the choir chapels and connecting the pillars of the flying buttresses. Among the sepulchral monuments, which are the See also:chief feature of the interior, may be noticed the See also:alabaster See also:tomb of See also:Cardinal See also:Guillaume Briconnet, See also:minister of See also:state under See also:Charles VIII. The See also:chapter-See also:house, of the 15th century, has a vaulted roof supported on four See also:free pillars.

The See also:

treasury preserves many interesting See also:relics. The See also:apse of the cathedral was formerly joined to the fortifications of the archiepiscopal See also:palace, and the two buildings are still connected by a mutilated See also:cloister of the ,4th and 15th centuries. On the front of the palace are three square towers of unequal height. Between the Tour See also:des Telegraphes (1318), crenellated and turreted at the corners, and that of St See also:Martial (1374), machicolated and pierced by See also:Gothic openings, a new See also:facade was erected in the See also:style of the 13th century after the plans of See also:Viollet-le-Duc. This portion of the See also:building now serves as hotel de ville, and its upper stories are occupied by the Narbonne museum of See also:art and See also:archaeology, which includes a See also:fine collection of pottery. The palace See also:garden also contains many fragments of See also:Roman See also:work once built into the now dismantled fortifications; and the Musee Lapidaire in the Lamourguier buildings (formerly the See also:church of a See also:Benedictine See also:convent) has a collection of Roman remains derived from the same source. The church of St See also:Paul, though partly Romanesque, is in the See also:main striking, and for the See also:south of France a rare example of a building of the first See also:half of the 13th century in the Gothic style of the See also:north. It possesses some See also:ancient See also:Christian sarcophagi and fine See also:Renaissance See also:wood See also:carving. Narbonne has a sub-prefecture, tribunals of first instance and of See also:commerce, a See also:board of See also:trade See also:arbitration, a chamber of commerce, a communal See also:college for boys and a school of commerce and See also:industry. It has a See also:good trade in See also:wine andspirituous liquors, and is famous for its See also:honey. The See also:industries include See also:cooperage, See also:sulphur-refining, See also:brandy-distilling and the manufacture of bricks and tiles and See also:verdigris. See also:Long before the Roman invasion of See also:Gaul Narbonne was a flourishing city, being capital of the See also:Volcae Tectosages.

It was there that the See also:

Romans in 118 a.c. founded their first See also:colony in Gaul, which See also:bore the name of Narbo See also:Martius; they constructed See also:great See also:works to protect the city from inundation and to improve its See also:port, situated on a See also:lake now filled up but at that See also:time communicating with the See also:sea. Capital of Gallia Narbonensis, the seat of a proconsul and a station for the Roman See also:fleet, Narbo Martius became the See also:rival of Massilia. But in A.D. 150 it suffered greatly from a conflagration, and the See also:division of Gallia Narbonensis into two provinces lessened its importance as a capital. Alans, Suevi, See also:Vandals, each held the city for a brief space, and at last, in 413, it was occupied by the Visigoths, whose capital it afterwards became. In 719, after a See also:siege of two years, it was captured by the See also:Saracens, and by them its fortifications were restored and extended. Charles Martel, after the See also:battle of See also:Poitiers, and See also:Pippin the See also:Short, in 752, were both repulsed from its walls; but on a new See also:attempt, after an investment of seven years, and by aid of a traitor, the See also:Franks managed again to force their way into Narbonne. See also:Charlemagne made the city the capital of the duchy of Gothia, and divided it into three lordships—one for the See also:bishop, another for a Frankish See also:lord, and the third for the See also:Jews, who, occupying their own See also:quarter, possessed See also:schools, synagogues and a university famous in the See also:middle ages. The viscounts who succeeded the Frankish lord sometimes acknowledged the authority of the See also:counts of Toulouse, sometimes that of the counts of See also:Barcelona. In the 13th century the crusade against the Albigenses spared the city, but the archbishopric,was seized by the See also:pope's See also:legate, See also:Arnaud Amaury, who took the See also:title of See also:viscount of Narbonne. See also:Simon de See also:Montfort, however, deprived him of this dignity, receiving from See also:Philip See also:Augustus the duchy of Narbonne along with the See also:county of Toulouse. By his See also:expulsion of the Jews Philip the See also:Fair hastened the decay of the city; and about the same See also:period the Aude, which had formerly been diverted by the Romans, ceased to flow towards Narbonne and the See also:harbour was silted up, to the further disadvantage of the place.

In 1642 See also:

Henri See also:Marquis de Cinq-See also:Mars was arrested at Narbonne for conspiring against See also:Richelieu. See also:United to the French See also:crown in 1507, Narbonne was enclosed by a new See also:line of walls under See also:Francis I., but having ceased to be a See also:garrison See also:town it had the last portions of its ramparts demolished in 1870. The archbishopric was founded about the middle of the 3rd century, its first holder being See also:Sergius See also:Paulus; it was suppressed in 1790. NARBONNE-See also:LARA, See also:LOUIS See also:MARIE JACQUES See also:AMALRIC, See also:COMTE DE (1755-1813), French soldier and diplomatist, wal,See also:born at Colorno, in the duchy of See also:Parma, on the 24th of See also:August 1755. He was the son of one of the ladies-in-waiting of See also:Elizabeth, duchess of Parma, and his See also:father was either a See also:Spanish nobleman or—as has been alleged—Louis XV. himself. .He was brought up at See also:Versailles with the princesses of France, and was made See also:colonel at the See also:age of twenty-five. He became marechal-decamp in 1791, and, through the See also:influence of Madame de See also:Stael, was appointed minister of See also:war. But he showed incapacity in this See also:post, gave in his resignation, and joined the See also:Army of the North. Incurring suspicion as a Feuillant and also by his policy at the war See also:office, he emigrated after the loth of August 1792, visited See also:England, See also:Switzerland and See also:Germany, and returned to France in 1801. In 1809 he re-entered the army as See also:general of division, and was subsequently minister plenipotentiary at See also:Munich and aide de See also:camp to See also:Napoleon. In 1813 he was appointed French See also:ambassador at See also:Vienna, where he was engaged in an unequal See also:diplomatic See also:duel with Metternich (q.v.) during the fateful months that witnessed the defection of See also:Austria from the cause of Napoleon to that of the See also:Allies. He died at See also:Torgau, in See also:Saxony, on the 17th of See also:November 1813.

See A. F. See also:

Villemain, Souvenirs contemporains (See also:Paris, 1854).

End of Article: NARBONNE

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