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VIOLLET, PAUL MARIE (184o- )

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Originally appearing in Volume V28, Page 108 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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VIOLLET, See also:PAUL See also:MARIE (184o- ) , See also:French historian, was See also:born at See also:Tours on the 24th of See also:October 184o. After serving his native See also:city as secretary and archivist, he became archivist to the See also:national archives in See also:Paris in 1866, and later librarian to the See also:faculty of See also:law. In 1890 he was appointed See also:professor of See also:civil and See also:canon law at the ecole See also:des chartes. His See also:work mainly concerns the See also:history of law and institutions, and on this subject he published two valuable and scholarly books—See also:Droit public: Histoire des institutions politiques et administratives de la See also:France (189o-98), and Precis de l'histoire du droit frangais (1886). VIOLLET-LE-DUC.. See also:EUGENE See also:EMMANUEL (1814-1879), French architect and writer on See also:archaeology, was born in Paris on the 21st of See also:January 1814. He was a See also:pupil of Achille Leclere, and in 1836-37 spent a See also:year studying See also:Greek and See also:Roman See also:architecture in See also:Sicily and See also:Rome. His See also:chief See also:interest was, however, in the See also:art of the See also:Gothic See also:period, and, like See also:Sir See also:Gilbert See also:Scott in See also:England, he was employed to "restore " some of the chief See also:medieval buildings of France, his earliest See also:works being the See also:abbey See also:church of See also:Vezelay, various churches at See also:Poissy, St See also:Michel at See also:Carcassonne, the church of Semur in Cote-d'Or, and the See also:fine Gothic See also:town halls of See also:Saint-Antonin and See also:Narbonne, all carried out between 184o and 1850. From 1845 to 1856 he was occupied on the restoration of Notre See also:Dame in Paris in See also:conjunction with Lassus,l and also with that of the abbey of St See also:Denis. In 1849 he began the restoration of the fortifications of Carcassonne and of See also:Amiens See also:cathedral; and in later years he restored See also:Laon cathedral, the See also:chateau of See also:Pierrefonds, and many other important buildings. He was an intimate friend of See also:Napoleon III., and during the See also:siege of Paris (1871) gave valuable help as an engineer to the beleaguered See also:army. He held many important offices, both See also:artistic and See also:political, and was for many years inspector-See also:general of the See also:ancient buildings throughout a large See also:part of France.

His last work was the general See also:

scheme ' He published in 1867-69 a fine work showing his not very successful coloured decoration applied to the chapels of Notre Dame. for the Paris See also:exhibition buildings in 1878. He died on the 17th of See also:September 1879 at See also:Lausanne. As a designer Viollet-le-Duc occupied only a secondary See also:place; but as a writer on medieval architecture and the kindred arts he takes the highest See also:rank. His two See also:great dictionaries are the See also:standard works in their class, and are most beautifully illustrated with very skilful drawings by his own See also:hand. Violletle-Duc was a See also:man of the most varied and brilliant abilities, endowed with a See also:power of work which has seldom been equalled. He was at once an artist, a man of See also:science, a learned archaeologist and a See also:scholar. The See also:map in his Le See also:Massif du Mont See also:Blanc, showing the See also:rock contours and the glaciers of Mont Blanc, is a See also:model of its See also:kind, which combines great artistic beauty with the accuracy of the most skilful engineer. His strong poetical See also:fancy enabled him to reconstruct the See also:life and buildings of the See also:middle ages in the most vivid way. His See also:principal See also:literary works were the Dictionnaire de l'architecture francaise du XI. au X VI. siPcle (1854-68) ; Dictionnaire du mobilier See also:francais (1858-75); L'Architecture militaire au moyen ige (1854); Entretiens See also:sus l'architecture (1863-72) ; Cites et ruins americaines (1863) ; Memoire sur la defense de Paris (I871); Habitations moderns (1874- 77) ; Histoire dune maison (1873) ; Histoire d'une forteresse (1874) ; Histoire de 1'habitation humaine (1875) ; Le Massif du Mont Blanc (1876) ; L'Art russe (1877) ; Histoire d'un hotel-de-ville et d'une cathedrale (1878) ; La Decoration appliquee aux edifices (1879); as well as many See also:minor works dealing with See also:separate buildings.

End of Article: VIOLLET, PAUL MARIE (184o- )

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