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ILLINOIS
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ILLINOIS , a See also:North Central See also:state of the See also:United States of See also:America, situated between 37° and 42° 30' N. See also:lat. and 87° 35' and 91° 4o' W. See also:long. It is bounded N. by See also:Wisconsin, E. by See also:Lake See also:Michigan and See also:Indiana, S.E. and S. by the See also:Ohio See also:river, which separates it from See also:Kentucky, and S.W. and W. by the See also:Mississippi river, which separates it from See also:Missouri and See also:Iowa. The Enabling See also:Act of See also:Congress, which provided for the organization of Illinois Territory into a state, extended its See also:jurisdiction to the See also:middle of Lake Michigan and the Mississippi river; consequently the See also:total See also:area of the state is 58,329 sq. m., of which 2337 sq. m. are See also:water See also:surface, though the See also:official figures of the United States See also:Geological Survey, which does not take into See also:account this See also:extension of jurisdiction, are 56,665 sq. m.
Pltysiography.—Physiographically, the state (except the extreme See also:southern point) lies wholly in the See also:Prairie Plains region. The N.E. corner is by some placed in the " See also:Great Lakes See also:District." The southern point touches the Coastal See also:Plain See also:Belt at its northward extension called the " Mississippi Embayment." The surface of Illinois is an inclined See also:plane, whose See also:general slope is toward the S. and S.W. The See also:average See also:elevation above See also:sea-level is about 600 ft.; the highest elevation is See also: The most important river is the Illinois, which, formed by the junction of the See also:Des Plaines and the See also:Kankakee, in the N.E. part of See also:Grundy county, crosses the N. central and W. portions ofthe state, draining 24,726 sq. m. At some points, notably at Lake See also:Peoria, it broadens into vast expanses resembling lakes. The Kaskaskia, in the S., notable for its See also:variations in See also:volume, and the See also:Kock, in the N., are the other important rivers emptying into the Mississippi; the Embarrass and Little Wabash, the Saline and Cache in the E., are the important tributaries of the Wabash and Ohio rivers. The See also:Chicago river, a See also:short stream i m. long, formed by the See also:union of its N. and S. branches, naturally flowed into Lake Michigan, but by the construction of the Chicago Drainage See also:Canal its waters were turned in 1900 so that they ultimately flow into the Mississippi. The See also:soil of Illinois is remarkable for its fertility. The surface soils are composed of See also:drift deposits, varying from io to 200 ft. in See also:depth; they are often overlaid with a See also:black See also:loam to to 15 in. deep, and in a large portion of the state there is a subsoil of yellow See also:clay. The soil of the prairies is darker and coarser than that of the forests, but all See also:differences disappear with cultivation. The soil of the river valleys is alluvial and especially fertile, the " See also:American Bottom," extending along the Mississippi from See also:Alton to See also:Chester, having been in cultivation for more than 150 years. Along the river bluffs there is a silicious See also:deposit called See also:loess, which is well suited to the cultivation of fruits and vegetables. In general the N. part of the state is especially suited to the cultivation of See also:hay, the N. and central parts to See also:Indian See also:corn, the E. to oats, and the S.W. to See also:wheat. See also:Climate.—The climate of Illinois is notable for its extremes of temperature. The warm winds which sweep up the Mississippi Valley from the Gulf of See also:Mexico are responsible for the extremes of See also:heat, and the See also:Arctic winds of the north, which find no See also:mountain range to break their strength, cause the extremes of See also:cold. The mean See also:annual temperature at Winnebago, near the N. border, is 470 F., and it increases to the southward at the See also:rate of about 2° for every degree of See also:latitude, being 52° F. at See also:Springfield, and 58° F. in See also:Cairo, at the S. extremity. The lowest temperature ever recorded in the state was -32° F., in See also:February 1905, at See also:Ashton in the N.W. and the highest was 115° F., in See also:July 1g01, at See also:Centralia, in the S., making a maximum range of 147° F. The range of extremes is considerably greater in the N. than in the S.; for example, at Winnebago extremes have ranged from -26° F. to 11o° F. or 136° F., but at Cairo they have ranged only from -16° F. to io6° F. or 122° F. The mean annual precipitation is about 39 in. in the S. counties, but this decreases to the northward, being about 36 in. in the central counties and 34 in. along the N. border. The mean annual See also:snow-fall increases from 12 in. at the S. extremity to approximately 40 in. in the N. counties. In the N. the precipitation is 44.8 % greater in See also:spring and summer than it is in autumn and See also:winter, but in the S. only 26.17% greater. At Cairo the prevailing winds are southerly duringall months except February, and as far north as Springfield they are southerly from See also:April to See also:January; but throughout the N. See also:half of the state, except along the See also:shore of Lake Michigan, where they vary from N.E. to S.W., the winds are mostly from the W. or N.W. from See also:October to See also: The yield of the See also:fisheries in 1900 was valued at $388,876. The most important fisheries on the Illinois river and its tributaries were at See also:Havana, See also:Pekin and Peoria, which in 1907–1908 were represented by a total catch of about io,000,000 lb, out of a total for this river See also:system of 17,570,000 lb. The flora is varied. Great See also:numbers of See also:grasses and flowering See also:plants which once beautified the prairie landscape are still found on uncultivated lands, and there are about 8o species of trees, of which the See also:oak, See also:hickory, See also:maple and ash are the most common. The See also:cypress is found only in the S. and the tamarack only in the N. The See also:forest area, estimated• at 10,200 sq. m. in 1900, is almost wholly in the southern counties, and nearly all the trees which the See also:northern half of the state had before the coming of the whites were along the See also:banks of streams. Among wild fruits are the See also:cherry, See also:plum, See also:grape, See also:strawberry, black-See also:berry and See also:raspberry. See also:Industry and See also:Commerce.—The fertility of the soil, the See also:mineral See also:wealth and the transportation facilities have given Illinois a vast economic development. In 'goo more than seven-tenths of the inhabitants in gainful occupations were engaged in See also:agriculture (25.6%), • manufactures and See also:mechanical pursuits (26.7%), and See also:trade and transportation (22%). Historically and comparatively, agriculture is the most important industry. In 1900 about nine-tenths of the total land area was inclosed in farms; the value of See also:farm See also:property ($2,004,316,897) was greater than that of any other state; as regards the total value of farm products in 1899 Illinois was surpassed only by Iowa; in the value of crops Illinois led all the states, and the values of property and of products were respectively 35-6% and 87.1% greater than at the end of the preceding See also:decade. During the last half of the 19th See also:century the number of farms increased rapidly, and the, average See also:size declined from 158 acres in 185o to 127.6 acres in 1870 and 124.2 acres in 1900. The prevailing See also:form of See also:tenure is that of owners, 60.7% of the farms being so operated in 1900; but during the decade 189o-1900 the number of farms cultivated by See also:cash tenants in-creased 30.8%, and the number by See also:share tenants 24'5%, while the increase of cultivation by owners was only 1%. In proportion of farm land improved (84.5 %), Illinois was surpassed only by Iowa among the states. Cereals form the most important agricultural product (600,107,378 bushels in 1899—in value about three-fourths of the total agricultural products of the state). In the See also:production of cereals Illinois surpassed the other states at the See also:close of each decade during the last half of the 19th century except that ending in 189o, when Iowa was the leading state. Indian corn and oats are the most valuable crops. The See also:rank of Illinois in the production of Indian corn was first in 1899 with about one-fifth of the total product of the United States, and first in 1907 I with nearly one-tenth of the total See also:crop of the country (9,521,000 bushels out of 99,931,000). In 1879, in 1899 and in 1905 (when it produced 132,779,762 bushels out of 953,216,197 from the entire country) it was first among the states producing oats, but it was surpassed by Iowa in 1889, 1906 and 1907; in 1907 the Illinois crop was 101,675,000 bushels. From 1850 until 1879 Illinois also led in the production of wheat; the competition of the more western states, however, caused a great decline in both acreage and production of that cereal, the state's rank in the number of bushels produced declining to third in 1889 and to fourteenth in 1899, but the crop and yield per See also:acre in 1902 was larger than any since 1894; in 1905 the state ranked ninth, in 1906 eighth and in 1907 fifth (the crop being 40,104,000 bushels) among the wheat-growing states of the country. The rank of the state in the growing of See also:rye also declined from second in 1879 to eighth in 1899 and to ninth in 1907 (when the crop was 1,106,000 bushels), and the rank in the growing of See also:barley from third in 1869 to sixteenth in 1899. In 1907 the barley crop was 600,000 bushels. Hay and See also:forage are, after cereals, the most important crops; in 1907 2,664,000 acres produced 3,730,000 tons of hay valued at 841,030,000. Potatoes and See also:broom corn are other valuable products. The See also:potato crop in 1907 was 13,398,000 bushels, valued at $9,647,000, and the See also:sugar See also:beet, first introduced during the last decade of the 19th century, gave promise of becoming one of the most important crops. From 1889 to 1899 there was a distinct decline in the production of apples and peaches, but there was a great increase in that of cherries, plums and See also:pears. The large See also:urban See also:population of the state makes the See also:animal products very valuable, Illinois ranking third in 1900 in the number of See also:dairy cows, and in the farm value of dairy products; indeed, all classes of live stock, except See also:sheep, increased in number from 185o to 1900, and at the end of the latter year Illinois was surpassed only by Iowa in the number of horses and See also:swine; in 1909 there were more horses in Illinois than in Iowa. Important influences in the agricultural development of the state have been the formation of Farmers' Institutes, organized in 1895, a Corn Breeders' Association in 1898, and the introduction of fertilizers, the use of which in 1899 was nearly seven times the amount in 1889, and the study of soils, carried on by the State See also:Department of Agriculture and the United States Department of Agriculture. The growth of manufacturing in Illinois during the last half of the 19th century, due largely to the development of her exceptional transportation facilities, was the most rapid and remarkable in the See also:industrial See also:history of the United States. In 185o the state ranked fifteenth, in 1860 eighth, in 187o See also:sixth, in 188o See also:fourth, in 1890 and again in 1900 third, in the value of its manufactures. The average increases of invested See also:capital and products for each decade from 1850-19oo' were, respectively, 189.26% and 152.9%; in 1900 the capital invested ($776,829,598, of which $732,829,771 was in establishments under the factory system "), and the product ($1,259,730,168, of which $1,120,868,308 was from establishments under the " factory system "). showed unusually small percentages of increase over those for 1890 (54.7% and 38.6% respectively); and in 1905 the capital and product of establishments under the " factory system" were respectively $975,844,799 and $1,410,342,129, showing increases of 33.2% and 25.8% over the corresponding figures for 1900. The most important industry was the wholesale slaughtering and packing of meats, which yielded 229% of the total manufactured product of the state in 1900, and 22.5% of the total in i The See also:statistics for years See also:prior to 1900 are taken from reports of the U.S. See also:Census, those for years after 1900 from the Year Books of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. It should be See also:borne in mind that in census years, when comparison can be made, the two sets of statistics often vary considerably.1905. From 187o to 1905 Illinois surpassed the other states in this industry, yielding in 1900 and in 1905 more than one-third of the total product of the United States. The increase in the value of the product in this industry in Illinois between 1900 and 1905 was over 1o%. An interesting phase of the industry is the secondary enterprises that have See also:developed from it, nearly all portions of the slaughtered animal being finally put to use. The See also:blood is converted into clarifying material, the entrails are used for sausage coverings, the hoofs and small bones furnish the raw material for the manufacture of See also:glue, the large bones are carved into See also:knife handles, and the horns into combs, the fats are made to yield butterine, See also:lard and See also:soap, and the hides and See also:hair arc used in the manufacture of See also:mat-tresses and felts. The manufacture of See also:iron and See also:steel products, and of products depending upon iron and steel as raw material, is second in importance. The iron for these See also:industries is secured from the Lake See also:Superior region, the See also:coal and See also:limestone from mines within the state. Indeed, in the manufacture of iron and steel, Illinois was surpassed in 1900 only by See also:Pennsylvania and Ohio, the 1900 product being valued at $60,303,144; but the value of foundry and See also:machine See also:shop products was even greater ($63,878,352)• In 1905 the iron and steel product had increased in value since 1900 44'9%, to $87,352,761; the foundry and machine shop products 25.2%, to $79,961,482; and the See also:wire product showed even greater increase, largely because of a difference of See also:classification in the two censuses, the value in 1905 being $14,099,566, as against $2,879,188 in 1900, showing an increase of nearly 390%. The development of agriculture, by creating a demand for improved farm machinery, has stimulated the inventive See also:genius; in many cases blacksmith shops have been transformed into machinery factories; also well-established companies of the eastern states have been induced to remove to Illinois by the low prices of iron and See also:wood, due to cheap transportation rates on the Great Lakes. Consequently, in 1890, in 1900 and again in 1905, Illinois surpassed any one of the other states in the production of agricultural implements, the product in 1900 being valued at $42,033,796, or 41'5% of the total output of agricultural machinery in the United States; and in 1905 with a value of $38,412,452 it represented 34.3% of the product of the entire country. In the See also:building of railway cars by manufacturing corporations, Illinois also led the states in 1900 and in 1905, the product being valued at $24,845,606 in 1900 and at $30,926,464 (an increase of nearly one-fourth) in 1905; and in construction by railway companies was second in 1900, with a product valued at $16,580,424, which had increased 53.7 % in 1905, when the product was valued at $25,491,209. The greatest increase of products between 1890 and 1900 was in the manufacture of See also:electrical apparatus (2400%), in which the increase in value of product was 37.2% between 1900 and 1905. Another class of manufactures consists of those dependent upon agricultural products for raw material. Of these, the manufacture of distilled liquors was in 1900 and in 1905 the most important, Illinois leading the other states; the value of the 1900 product, which was nearly 12% less than that of 189o, was increased by 41.6%, to $54,101,805, in 1905. Pecria, the centre of the industry, is the largest producer of See also:whisky and high-class wines of the cities in the United States. There were also, in 1900, 35 See also:direct and other indirect products made from Indian corn by See also:glucose plants, which consumed one-fifth of the Indian corn product of the state, and the value of these products was 818,122,814; in 1905 it was only $14,532,180. Of other manufactures dependent upon agriculture, See also:flour and grist See also: In that year the See also:tonnage was 51,317,146, and the value of the total product $54,687,882; in 1908 the value of the state's product of coal was exceeded only by that of Pennsylvania (nearly six times as great). Nearly 30% of all coal mined in the state was mined by machinery in 1907. The output of See also:petroleum in Illinois was long unimportant. The first serious attempts to find oil and See also:gas in the state were in the 'fifties of the 19th century. In 1889 the yield of petroleum was 146o barrels. In 1902 it was only 200 barrels, nearly all of which came from See also:Litchfield, See also:Montgomery county (where oil had been found in commercial quantities in 1886), and See also:Washington, Tazewell county, in the See also:west central part of the state; at this See also:time it was used locally for lubricating purposes. There had been some drilling in See also:Clark county in 1865, and in 1904 this field was again worked at See also:Westfield. In 1905 the total output of the state was 181,084 barrels; in 1906 the amount increased to 4,397,050 barrels, valued at $3,274,818; and in 1907, according to state reports, the output was 24,281,973 barrels, being nearly as great as that of the Appalachian field. The petroleum-producing area of commercial importance is a See also:strip of land about 8o m. long and 2 or 3 to 10 or 12 M. wide in the S.E. part of the state, centring about See also:Crawford county. In April 1906 the first See also:pipe lines for petroleum in Illinois were laid; before that time all shipments had been in tank cars. In connexion with petroleum, natural gas has been found, especially in Clark and Crawford counties; in 1906 the state's product of natural gas was valued at $87,211. Limestone is found in about 30 counties, principally See also:Cook, Will and Kankakee; the value of the product in 1906 was $2,942,331. Clay and clay products of the state were valued in 1906 at $12,765,453. Deposits of See also:lead and See also:zinc have been discovered and worked in Jo Daviess county, near See also:Galena and See also: The American settlers came by way of the Ohio river, and the immigrants from the New See also:England and Eastern states found their way to Illinois over the See also:Erie Canal and the Great Lakes. The first transportation problem was to connect Lake Michigan and the Mississippi river; this was accomplished by building the Illinois & Michigan canal to La Salle, at the See also:head of the See also:navigation on the Illinois river, a See also:work which was begun in 1836 and completed in 1848 under the auspices of the state. In 18go the Sanitary District of Chicago undertook the construction of a canal from Chicago to See also:Joliet, where the new canal joins the Illinois & Michigan canal; this canal is 24 ft. deep and 16o ft. wide. The Federal See also:government completed in October 1907 the construction of a 1 According to the See also:report of the State Geological Survey, the value of the total mineral product in the state for 1907 was $152,122,648, the values of the different minerals being as follows: coal, $54,687,382; See also:pig iron, about $52,228,000; petroleum, $16,432,947; clay and clay products, $13,351,362; zinc, $6,614,608; limestone, $4,333,651; Portland cement, $2,632,576; sand and See also:gravel, $1,367,653; natural slag, $174,282; fluorspar, $141,971; mineral waters, $91,700; lead ore, $45,760; sandstone, $14,996; and pyrite, $5700.new canal, the Illinois & Mississippi, popularly known as the Hennepin, from Hennepin to Rock river (just above the mouth of See also:Green river), 7 ft. deep, 52 ft. wide (at bottom), and 8o ft. wide at the water-line. This canal provides, with the Illinois & Michigan canal and the Illinois river, an improved waterway from Chicago to the Mississippi river, and greatly increases the commercial and industrial importance of the " twin cities " of See also:Sterling and Rock Falls, where the Rock river is dammed by a See also:dam nearly 1500 ft. long, making the See also:main feeder for the canal. This feeder, formally opened in 1907, runs nearly due S. to a point on the canal N.W. of See also:Sheffield and N.E. of Mineral; there are important locks on either See also:side of this junction. At the general See also:election in See also:November 1908 the See also:people of Illinois authorized the issue of bonds to the amount of $20,000,000 to provide for the canalizing of the Desplaines and Illinois rivers as far as the See also:city of See also:Utica, on the latter river, and connecting with the channel of the Chicago Sanitary District at Joliet. The situation of Illinois between the Great Lakes and the Appalachian Mountains has made it a natural gateway for railroads connecting the North See also:Atlantic and the far Western states. The first railway constructed in the West was the Northern-See also:Cross railroad from Meredosia on the Illinois river to Springfield, completed in 1842; during the last See also:thirty years of the 19th century Illinois had a larger railway mileage than any of the American states, her mileage in January 1909 amounting to 12,215.63 m., second only to that of See also:Texas. A Railway and Warehouse See also:Commission has authority to See also:fix See also:freight and passenger rates for each road. It is the See also:oldest commission with such See also:power in the United States, and the litigation with See also:railways which followed its See also:establishment in 1871 fully demonstrated the public See also:character of the railway business and was the precedent for the policy of state See also:control elsewhere.2 Population.—In 1870 and 188o Illinois was fourth among the states of the United States in population; but in 1890, in 1900, and in 191o, its rank was third, the figures for the last three years named being respectively 3,826,351, 4,821,550, and 5,638,591.3 The increase from 188o to 1890 was 24'3%; from 1890 to 1900, 26%. Of the population in 1900, 98.2% was white, 79.9% was native-See also:born, and 51'2% was of See also:foreign parentage (either one or both parents foreign-born). The principal foreign See also:element was See also:German, the See also:Teutonic See also:immigration being especially large in the decade ending in 186o; the immigrants from the United See also:Kingdom were second in importance, those from the Scandinavian countries third, and those from southern See also:Europe fourth. The urban population, on the basis of places having 4000 inhabitants or more, was 51 % of the total; indeed the population of Cook county, in which the city of Chicago is situated, was two-fifths of the total population of the state; during the decade of the See also:Civil See also:War (186o–187o) the population of the state increased only 48'4%, and that of Cook county about 140%, while from 187o to 'goo the increase of all counties, excluding Cook, was about 36%, the increase in Chicago was about 468 %. Of the 930 incorporated cities, towns and villages, 614 had less than r000 inhabitants, 27 more than 5000 and less than ro,000, 14 more than ro,000 and less than 20,000, 4 more than 20,000 and less than 25,000, and 7 more than 25,000. These seven were Chicago (1,698,575), the second city in population in the United States, Peoria (56,roo), See also:Quincy (36,252), Springfield (34,159), See also:Rockford (31,051), See also:East St See also: (94 U.S. 113). See also:Conference, 36,366 of the General See also:Council of the Evangelical for four years; in some counties See also:probate courts have been established, and in counties of more than 500,000 population juvenile courts for the trial and care of delinquent See also:children are provided for. The See also:local government of Illinois includes both county and township systems. The earliest American settlers came from the Southern States and naturally introduced the county system; but the increase of population from the New England and Middle States led to a recognition of township organization in the constitution of 1848, and this form of government, at first prevalent only in the northern counties, is now found in most of the middle and southern counties. Cook county, although it has a See also:town-See also:ship system, is governed, like those counties in which townships are not found, by a See also:Board of Commissioners, elected by the townships and the city of Chicago. A general See also:law of 1872 provides for the organization of municipalities, only cities and villages being recognized, though there are still some " towns" which have failed to reorganize under the new law. City charters are granted only to such municipalities as have a population of at least r000. Requirements for See also:suffrage are See also:age of 21 years or more, See also:citizen-ship in the United States, and See also:residence in the state for one year, in the county ninety days, and the election See also:precinct thirty days preceding the exercise of suffrage. Women are permitted to See also:vote for certain school officials and the trustees of the State University. Disfranchisement is brought about by conviction for See also:bribery, See also:felony or infamous See also:crime, and an See also:attempt to vote after such conviction is a felony. The relation of the state to corporations and industrial problems has been a subject of important legislation. The constitution declares that the state's rights of eminent domain shall never be so abridged as to prevent the legislature from taking the property and franchises of incorporated companies and subjecting them to the public See also:necessity in a way similar to the treatment of individuals. In 1903 the legislature authorized the municipal ownership of public service corporations, and in 19o5 the city of Chicago took steps to acquire ownership of its See also:street railways—a See also:movement which seemed to have spent its force in 1907, when the municipal ownership candidates were defeated in the city's elections—and in 1902 the right of that city to regulate the See also:price of gas was recognized by the United States See also:Circuit See also:Court of Appeals. Railways organized or doing business in the state are required by the constitution to have a public See also:office where books for public inspection are kept, showing the amount of stock, its owners, and the amount of the road's liabilities and See also:assets. No railway See also:company may now issue stock except for See also:money, labour, or property actually received and applied to purposes for which the See also:corporation was organized. In 1907 a law went into effect making two cents a mile a maxi-mum railway fare. An See also:anti-See also:trust law of 1893 exempted from the See also:definition of trust combinations those formed by producers of agricultural products and live stock, but the Un tied States Supreme Court in 1902 declared the See also:statute unconstitutional as class legislation. According to a revised mining law of 1899 (subsequently amended), all mines are required to be in See also:charge of certified mine managers, mine examiners, and hoisting See also:engineers, when the services of the engineers are necessary; and every mine must have an escapement See also:shaft distinct from the hoisting shaft. The number of men permitted to work in any mine not having an escapement shaft cannot, in any circumstances, exceed ten during the time in which the escapement or connexion is being completed. Economic conditions have also led to an increase of administrative boards. A State Civil Service Commission was created by an act of the General See also:Assembly of 1905. A See also:Bureau of Labor Statistics (1879), whose members are styled Commissioners of Labor, makes a study of economic and See also:financial problems and publishes biennial reports; a Mining Board (1883) and an inspector of factories and workshops (since 1893) have for their See also:duty the enforcement of labour legislation. There are also a State Food Commission (1899) and a Live Stock Commission (1885). A Board of See also:Arbitration (18o5) has authority to make and publish investigations of all facts See also:relating to strikes and Lutheran Church, 14,768 of the General See also:Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, and 14,005 of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Iowa and other states), 152,870 were See also:Baptists (118,884 of the Northern See also:Convention, 16,o8x of the See also:National (Colored) Baptist Convention, 7755 Free Baptists, 6671 General Baptists, and 5163 See also:Primitive Baptists), 115,602 were Presbyterian (86,251 of the Northern Church, 17,208 of the See also:Cumberland Church (now a part of the Northern Church), and 9555 of the United Presbyterian Church), ro1,516 were Disciples of See also:Christ, 59,973 were members of the German Evangelical Synod of North America, 54,875 were Congregationalists, and 36,364 were Protestant Episcopalians. Govern,vent.—Illinois has been governed under four constitutions, a Territorial constitution of 1812, and three State constitutions of 1818, 1848 and 187o (subsequently amended). Amendments may be made by a Constitutional Convention or a two-thirds vote of all the mernbers elected to the legislature, ratification by the people being required in either instance. To See also:call a Constitutional Convention it is necessary that a See also:majority popular vote concur in the demand therefor of two-thirds of the members of each See also:house of the General Assembly. The executive officials hold office for four years, with the exception of the treasurer, whose See also:term of service is two years. The See also:governor must be at least thirty years of age, and he must also have been a citizen of the United States and of Illinois for the five years preceding his election. His See also:veto may be over-ridden by a two-thirds vote of all the members elected to the legislature. Members of the legislature, which meets biennially, are chosen by districts, three representatives and one senator from each of the 51 districts, 18 of which are in Cook county. The term of senators is four years, that of representatives two years; and in the election of representatives since 1870 there has been a See also:provision for " minority " See also:representation, under which by cumulative voting each voter may See also:cast as many votes for one See also:candidate as there are representatives to be chosen, or he may distribute his votes (giving three votes to one candidate, or ri votes each to two candidates, or one vote each to three candidates), the candidate or candidates receiving the highest number of votes being elected. A similar system of cumulative voting for aldermen may be provided for by See also:ordinance of See also:councils in cities organized under the general state law of 1872. Requisites for membership in the General Assembly are citizen-ship in the United States; residence in Illinois for five years, two of which must have been just preceding the candidate's election; and an age of 25 years for senators, and of 21 years for representatives. Conviction for bribery, See also:perjury or other infamous crime, or failure (in the case of a See also:collector or holder of public moneys) to account for and pay over all moneys due from hint are disqualifications; and before entering upon the duties of his office each member of the legislature must take a prescribed See also:oath that he has neither given nor promised any-thing to influence voters at the election, and that he will not accept, directly or indirectly, " money or other valuable thing from any corporation, company or See also:person " for his vote or influence upon proposed legislation. See also:Special legislation is prohibited when general See also:laws are applicable, and special and local legislation is forbidden in any of twenty-three enumerated cases, among which are See also:divorce, changing of an individual's name or the name of a See also:place, and the See also: In See also:June 1907 the Supreme Court of Illinois declared the See also:sale of liquor not a common right and " sale without license a criminal offence," thus forcing clubs to close their bars or take out licences. The charitable institutions of the state are under the management of local trustees appointed by the governor. They are under the supervision of the Board of State Commissioners of Public Charities (five non-salaried members appointed by the governor) ; in 1908 there were 18 institutions under its jurisdiction. Of these, seven were hospitals for the insane—six for specific parts of the state, viz. northern at See also:Elgin, eastern at Kankakee, central at See also:Jacksonville, southern at See also:Anna, western at See also:Watertown, and general at See also:South Bartonville, and one at Chester for insane criminals. The others were the State Psychopathic See also:Institute at Kankakee (established in 1907 as part of the insane service) for systematic study of See also:mental and See also:nervous diseases; one at See also:Lincoln having charge of feeble-minded children; two institutions for the See also:blind—a school at Jacksonville and an industrial See also:home at See also:Marshall See also:Boulevard and 19th Street, Chicago; a home for soldiers and sailors (Quincy), one for soldiers' orphans (Normal), and one for soldiers' widows (See also:Wilmington); a school for the See also:deaf (Jacksonville), and an See also:eye and See also:ear infirmary (Chicago). The Board of Charities also had super-See also:vision of the State Training School for (delinquent) Girls (1893) at See also:Geneva, and of the St Charles School for (delinquent) Boys (1901) at St Charles. The trustees of each penal institution are appointed by the governor, and the commissioners of the two penitentiaries and the managers of the state reformatory compose a Board of See also:Prison Industries. There were in 1908 two penitentiaries, one at Joliet and one at Chester, and, in addition to the two reformatory institutions for See also:young offenders under the supervision of the Board of Charities, there is a State Reformatory for boys at See also:Pontiac. The indeterminate See also:sentence and See also:parole systems are important features of the treatment of criminals. All but two of the counties have almshouses. In 1908, in some counties, the care of paupers was still let by contract to the lowest See also:bidder or the See also:superintendent was paid between S1•oo and $1.8o—seldom more than $1.50—a week for each_ patient, and he paid a small (or no) See also:rent on the county farm. omplete state control of the insane and the introduction of modern See also:hospital and curative treatment in the state asylums (or hospitals) are gradually taking the place of county care for the insane and of antiquated custodial treatment in and See also:political control of the state asylums—changes largely due to the See also:action of Governor Deneen, who appointed in 1906 a Board of Charities pledged to reform. By a law of 19os all employed in such institutions were put on a civil service basis. In 1907-1908, $1,500,000 was spent in rehabilitating old buildings and in buying new land and erecting buildings. See also:Education.—Public education in Illinois had its See also:genesis in the land of the North-West Territory reserved for educational purposes by the Ordinance of 1787. The first state school law, which provided for state See also:taxation for public See also:schools, was enacted in 1825. The See also:section providing for taxation, however, wasrepealed, but free schools supported by the sale of land reserved for education and by local taxation were established as early as 1834. In 1855 a second school law providing for a state school tax was enacted, and this is the See also:foundation of the existing public school system; the constitution of 1870 also requires the legislature to provide a thorough and efficient system of public schools. In 1907–1908 the total school See also:revenue, nine-tenths of which was derived from local taxation and the remainder chiefly from a state See also:appropriation (for the year in question, $1,057,000) including the proceeds derived from permanent school funds secured by the See also:gift and sale of public lands on the part of the United States Government, was $39,989,510'22. The attendance in some school of all children from 7 to 16 years of age is compulsory, and of the population of school age (r,5oo,o66) 988,078 were enrolled in public schools. The average length of the school term in 1908 was 7.8 months, and the average monthly See also:salary of teachers was $82.12 for men and $60.76 for women. The state provides for higher education in the University of Illinois, situated in the cities of See also:Champaign and See also:Urbana. It was founded in 1867, through the United States land grant of 1862, as the Illinois Industrial University, and received its See also:present name in 1885; since 187o it has been co-educational. Associated with the University are the State Laboratory of Natural History, the State Water Survey, the State Geological Survey, the State Entomologist's Office, and Agricultural and See also:Engineering Experiment Stations. The University confers degrees in arts, See also:science, engineering, agriculture, law, See also:medicine, See also:pharmacy, See also:dentistry, See also:music, and library science; besides the usual subjects, it has a course in See also:ceramics. The University publishes Bulletins of the Agricultural and Engineering Experiment Stations; Reports of the State Water Survey, of the State Natural History Survey, of the State Geological Survey, and of the State Entomologist's Office; University Studies; and The See also:Journal of See also:English and Germanic See also:Philology. The schools of medicine, pharmacy and dentistry are in Chicago. The See also:faculty in 1907 numbered 408, and the total enrolment of students in 1907–1908 was 4743 (of whom 991 were women), distributed (with 13 duplicates in the classification) as follows: See also:Graduate School, 203; Undergraduate Colleges, 2812; Summer Session, 367; See also:College of Law, 186; College of Medicine, 476; College of Dentistry, 76; School of Pharmacy, 259; See also:Academy, 377. In 1908 the University had a library of 103,000 volumes. The trustees of the institution, who have legislative power only, are the governor, the See also:President of the Board of Agriculture, the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, and nine others elected by the people. There were in 1907 more than See also:forty other See also:universities and colleges in the state, the most important being the University of Chicago, North-western University at See also:Evanston, Illinois Wesleyan University at See also:Bloomington, See also:Knox College, See also:Galesburg, and Illinois College at Jacksonville. There were also six normal colleges, five of them public: the Southern Illinois State Normal College at See also:Carbondale, the Eastern Illinois State Normal School at See also:Charleston, the Western Illinois State Normal School at See also:Macomb, the Chicago Normal School at Chicago, the Northern Illinois State Normal School at DeKalb, and the Illinois State Normal University at Normal. See also:Finance.—The total receipts for the biennial period ending the 30th of See also:September 1908 were $19,588.842.06, and the disbursements were $21,278,805.27; and on the 1st of October 1908 there was a See also:balance in the See also:treasury of $3,859,263.44. The bonded debt on the same date was $17,500; these bonds ceased to bear interest in 1882, but although called in by the governor they have never been presented for See also:payment. The system of revenue is based upon the general property tax; the local See also:assessment of all real and personal property is required, with the aim of recording all kinds of property upon the assessment rolls. Boards of Revision and Boards of Supervision then equalize the assessments in the counties and townships, while a State Board of Equalization seeks to equalize the total valuation of the various counties. The tendency is for property valuations to decline, the estimated valuation from 1873 to 1893 decreasing 27% in Cook county and 39% in the other counties, while the assessments from 1888 to 1898 were in inverse ratio to the increase of wealth. There has also been great inequality in valuations, the increase of valuation in Cook county made in compliance with the revenue law of 1898 being $200,000,000, while that for the See also:rest of the state was only $4,000,000. Among other sources of revenue are an See also:inheritance tax, which yields approximately $c,000,000 a year, and 7%° of the annual See also:gross earnings of the Illinois Central railway, given in return for the state aid in the construction of the road. The constitution prohibits the state from lending its See also:credit or making appropriations in aid of any corporation, association or individual, and from constructing See also:internal improvements, and the counties, townships, and other political See also:units cannot incur indebtedness in excess of 5%o of their assessed property valuation. The legislature may not contract a debt of more than £250,000 except to suppress See also:treason, war or invasion, and no legislative appropriation may extend longer than the succeeding legislature. General banking laws must be submitted to the people for ratification. History.—Illinois is the French form of Iliniwek, the name of a confederacy of Algonquian tribes. The first exploration by Europeans was that of the French. In 1659 See also:Pierre Radisson and Medard Chouart des Groseilliers seem to have reached the upper Mississippi. It is certain that in 1673 part of the region known as the Illinois country was explored to some extent by two Frenchmen, Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette, a Jesuit See also:father. Marquette, under orders to begin a See also:mission to the See also:Indians, who were known to the French by their visits to the French settlements in the Lake Superior region, and Joliet, who acted under orders of See also:Jean Talon, See also:Intendant of See also:Canada, ascended the See also:Fox river, crossed the See also:portage between it and the Wisconsin river, and followed that stream to the Mississippi, which they descended to a point below the mouth of the See also:Arkansas. On their return See also:journey they ascended the Illinois river as far as Lake Peoria; they then crossed the portage to Lake Michigan, and in 1675 Marquette founded a mission at the Indian town of Kaskaskia, near the present Utica, Ill. In 1679 the explorer La Salle, desiring to find the mouth of the Mississippi and to extend the domain of See also:France in America, ascended the St See also:Joseph river, crossed the portage separating it from the Kankakee, which he descended to the Illinois, and built in the neighbourhood of Lake Peoria a fort which he called Fort Creveceeur. The vicissitudes of the expedition, the necessity for him to return to Canada for tools to construct a large river-See also:boat, and opposition in Canada to his plans, prevented him from reaching the mouth of the Illinois until the 6th of February 1682. After such preliminary explorations, the French made permanent settlements, which had their origin in the See also:missions of the See also:Jesuits and the bartering posts of the French traders. See also:Chief of these were Kaskaskia, established near the mouth of the Kaskaskia river, about 1720; See also:Cahokia, a little below the mouth of the Missouri river, founded at about the same time; and Fort See also:Chartres, on the Mississippi between Cahokia and Kaskaskia, founded in 1720 to be a See also:link in a chain of fortifications intended to extend from the St See also:Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico. A See also:monument of the labours of the missionaries is a See also:manuscript See also:dictionary (c. 1720) of the See also:language of the Illinois, with See also:catechism and prayers, probably the work of Father Le See also:Boulanger.
In 1712 the Illinois river was made the N. boundary of the French See also:province of See also:Louisiana, which was granted to See also:Antoine See also:Crozat (1655-1738), and in 1721 the seventh civil and military district of that province was named Illinois, which included more than one-half of the present state, the country between the Arkansas river and the line 430 N. lat., as well as the country between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi; but in 1723 the region around the Wabash river was formed into a See also:separate district. The trade of the Illinois country was now diverted to the settlements in the See also:lower Mississippi river, but the French, although they were successful in gaining the confidence and friendship of the Indians, failed to develop the resources of the country. By the treaty of See also:Paris, 1763, France ceded to Great See also:Britain her claims to the country between the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, but on account of the resistance of Pontiac, a chief of the Ottawas who See also:drew into See also:conspiracy most of the tribes between the Ottawa river and the lower Mississippi, the English were not able to take See also:possession of the country until 1765, when the French See also:flag was finally lowered at Fort Chartres.
The policy of the See also:British government was not favourable to the economic development of the newly-acquired country, since it was feared that its prosperity might react against the trade and industry of .Great Britain. But in 1769 and the succeeding years of English control, this policy was relaxed, and immigration from the seaboard colonies, especially from Virginia, began. In 1771 the people of the Illinois country, through a See also:meeting at Kaskaskia, demanded a form of self-government similar to that of See also:Connecticut. The See also:petition was rejected by General See also: This, how-ever, was never operative, for in 1774, by the famous See also:Quebec Act, the Illinois country was annexed to the province of Quebec, and at the same time the jurisdiction of the French civil law was recognized. These facts explain the considerable sympathy in Illinois for the colonial cause in the War of See also:Independence. Most of the inhabitants, however, were French, and these were See also:Loyalists. Consequently, the British government withdrew their troops from the Illinois country. The English authorities instigated the Indians to make attacks upon the frontiers of the American colonies, and this led to one of the most important events in the history of the Illinois country, the See also:capture of the British posts of Cahokia and Kaskaskia in 1778, and in the following year of See also:Vincennes (Indiana), by See also:George See also:Rogers Clark (q.v.), who acted under orders of See also:Patrick See also: The See also:reason given for this See also:change was that if the Mississippi and Ohio rivers were the only outlets of Illinois trade, the interests of the state would become identified with those of the southern states; but if an outlet by Lake Michigan were provided, closer relations would be established with the northern and middle states, and so " additional See also:security for the See also:perpetuity of the Union " would be. afforded. Among the first problems of the new state were those relating to lands and Indians. Throughout the Territorial period there was conflict between French and English land claims. In 1804, Congress established land offices at Kaskaskia and Vincennes to examine existing claims and to eliminate conflict with future grants; in 1812 new offices were established at Shawneetown and See also:Edwardsville for the sale of public lands; Illinois, and at least one half the votes against the proposed See also:amendment of the constitution were cast by men of Southern See also:birth. The opposition to See also:slavery, however, was at first economic, not philanthropic. In 1837 there was only one abolition society in the state, but chiefly through the agitation of See also:Elijah P. Lovejoy (see ALTON), the abolition sentiment See also:grew. In 1842 the moral issue had become political, and the See also:Liberty Party was organized, which in 1848 united with the Free Soil Party; but as the Whig Party approved the policy of non-extension of slavery, these parties did not succeed so well united as under separate existence. In 1854, however, the Liberty and Free Soil parties, the Democrats opposed to the See also:Kansas-See also:Nebraska See also:Bill, and some Whigs united, secured a majority in the legislature, and elected Lyman See also:Trumbull United States senator. Two years later these elements formally organized as the Republican Party, though that name had been used locally in 1854, and elected their candidates for state offices. This was the first time that the Democratic Party had been defeated, its organization having been in control since the See also:admission of Illinois to the Union. An important influence in this political revolution was a change in the character of the population. Until 1848 the Southern element predominated in the population, but after that year the immigration from the Northern states was greater than that from the South, and the foreign element also increased.l The opposition to slavery continued to be political and economic rather than philanthropic. The constitution of 1848, which abolished slavery, also forbade the immigration of slaves into the state .2 In 1858 occurred the famous contest for the office of United States senator between See also:Stephen A. See also:Douglas (Democrat) and See also:Abraham Lincoln (Republican). Douglas was elected, but the vote showed that Illinois was becoming more Northern in sympathy, and two years later Lincoln, then candidate for the See also:presidency, carried the state.
The policy of Illinois in the early period of See also:secession was one of marked See also:loyalty to the Union; even in the S. part of the state, where there was a strong feeling against national interference with slavery, the majority of the people had no sympathy with the pro-slavery men in their efforts to dissolve the Union. The legislature of 1861 provided for a war fund of $2,000,000; and Capt. See also: It declared that the law which called it into being was no longer binding, and that it was supreme in all matters incident to amending the constitution. Among its acts was the See also:assumption of the right of ratifying a proposed amendment to the constitution of the United States which prohibited Congress from interfering with the institution of slavery within a state, although the right of ratification belonged to the legislature. The convention also inserted clauses preventing negroes and mulattoes from immigrating into the state and from voting and holding office; and although the constitution as a whole was rejected by the people, these clauses were ratified. In 1863 more pronounced opposition to the policy of the National Government developed. A See also:mass meeting, which met at Springfield in July, at the instance of- t The influence of immigration and sectionalism upon Illinois politics is well illustrated by the fact that the first six See also:governors (1818-1838) were born in the Southern states, six of the eight United States senators of that period were also Southern born, and all of the representatives, with one exception, also came to Illinois from the Southern states. After 1838 the Eastern states began to be represented among the governors, but until 1901 no governor was elected who was a native of Illinois. See E. B. See also:Greene, Sectional Forces in the History of Illinois (Publications of the See also:Historical Library of Illinois, No. 8, 1903). 2 In the slavery issue of 1848 the sentiment for abolition centred in the northern counties, the opposition in the southern. and in 1816 more than 5oo,000 acres were sold. In 1818, how-ever, many citizens were in debt for their lands, and " squatters " invaded the rights of settlers. Congress 'therefore reduced the price of lard from $2 to $1.25 per acre, and adopted the policy of pre-em tion, preference being given to the claims of existing settlers. The Indians, however, resisted See also:measures looking toward the extinguishment of their claims to the country. Their dissatisfaction with the See also:treaties signed in 1795 and 1804 caused them to espouse the British cause in the War of 1812, and in 1812 they overpowered a body of soldiers and settlers who had abandoned Fort Dearborn (See CHICAGO). For a number of years after the end of the conflict, the Indians were comparatively peaceful; but in 1831 the delay of the Sauk and Foxes in with-See also:drawing from the lands in northern Illinois, caused Governor John See also:Reynolds (1788-1865) to call out the See also:militia. The following year Black See also:Hawk, a Sauk See also:leader, opened an unsuccessful war in northern Illinois and Wisconsin (the Black Hawk War); and by 1833 all Indians in Illinois had been removed from the state. The financial and industrial policy of the state was unfortunate. Money being scarce, the legislature in 1819 chartered a state See also:bank which was authorized to do business on the credit of the state. In a few years the bank failed, and the state in 1831 borrowed money to redeem the depreciated notes issued by the bank. A second state bank was chartered in 1835; two years later it suspended payment, and in 1843 the legislature provided for its See also:liquidation. The state also undertook to establish a system of internal improvements, granting a See also:loan for the construction of the Illinois and Michigan canal in 1836, and in 1837 appropriating $1o,000,000 for the building of railroads and other improvements. The experiment proved unsuccessful; the state's credit declined and a heavy debt was incurred, and in 184o the policy of aiding public improvements was abandoned. Through the efforts of Governor Thomas See also:Ford (1800-185o) a movement to repudiate the state debt was defeated, and a plan was adopted by which the entire debt could be reduced without excessive taxation, and by 18.8o practically the entire debt was extinguished.
A notable incident in the history of the state was the immigration of the See also:Mormons from Missouri, about 184o. Their principal settlements were in See also:Hancock county. They succeeded in securing favours from the legislature, and their city of See also:Nauvoo had courts and a military organization that was See also:independent of state control. Political intrigue, claims of independence from the state, as well as charges of See also:polygamy and lawless conduct, aroused such intense opposition to the See also:sect that in 1844 a civil war See also:broke out in Hancock county which resulted in the See also:murder of Joseph See also: Henry Hines, of the Confederate See also:army, was appointed by See also:Jefferson See also:Davis to co-operate with these societies. For a time his headquarters were in Chicago, and an elaborate attempt to liberate Confederate prisoners in Chicago (known as the See also:Camp Douglas Conspiracy) was thwarted by a See also:discovery of the plans. In the elections of 1864 the Republicans and Union Democrats united, and after an exciting See also:campaign they were successful. The new legislature was the first among the legislatures of the states to ratify (on the 1st of February 1865) the Thirteenth Amendment. From the close of the Civil War until the end of the loth century the Republican Party was generally dominant, but the trend of political development was not without interest. In 1872 many prominent men of the state joined the Liberal Republican Party, among them Governor John M. See also:Palmer, Senator Lyman Trumbull and Gustavus Koerner (1809-1896), one of the most prominent representatives of the German element in Illinois. The organization united locally, as in national politics, with the Democratic Party, with equally ineffective results. Economic depression gave the See also:Granger Movement considerable popularity, and an outgrowth of the Granger organization was the Independent Reform Party, of 1874, which advocated See also:retrenchment of expenses, the state regulation of railways and a See also:tariff for revenue only. A Democratic See also:Libel al Party was organized in the same year, one of its leaders being Governor Palmer; consequently no party had a majority in the legislature elected in 1874. In 1876 the Greenback Party, the successor in Illinois of the Independent Reform Party, secured a strong following; although its candidate for governor was endorsed by the Democrats, the Republicans regained control of the state administration. The relations between capital and labour have resulted in serious conditions, the number of strikes from 1880-1901 having been 2640, and the number of lock-outs 95. In 1885 the governor found it necessary to use the state militia to suppress riots in Will and Cook counties occasioned by the strikes of See also:quarry-men, and the following year the militia was again called out to suppress riots in St Clair and Cook counties caused by the wide-spread strike of railway employees. The most noted instance of military interference was in 1894, when President Grover See also:Cleveland sent United States troops to Chicago to prevent strikers and rioters from interfering with the transmission of the United States mails. Municipal problems have also reacted Upon state politics. From 1897 to 1903 the efforts of the Street Railway Companies of Chicago to extend their franchise, and of the city of Chicago to secure municipal control of its street railway system, resulted in the statute of 1903, which provided for municipal ownership. But the proposed issue under this law of bonds with which Chicago was to purchase or construct railways would have increased the city's bonded indebtedness beyond its constitutional limit, and was therefore declared unconstitutional in April 1907 by the supreme court of the state. A law of 1901 provided for a system of initiative whereby any question of public policy might be submitted to popular vote upon the See also:signature of a written petition therefor by one-tenth of the registered voters of the state; such a petition must be filed at least 6o days before the election See also:day when it is to be voted upon, and not more than three questions by initiative may be voted on at the same election; to become operative a measure must receive a majority of all votes cast in the election. to 76,975) for the See also:adoption of measures requisite to securing the election of United States senators by popular and direct vote, and in 1903 the legislature of the state (which in 1891 had asked Congress to submit such an amendment) adopted a See also:joint resolution asking Congress to call a convention to propose such an amendment to the Federal Constitution; in 1904 there was a majority of all the votes cast in the election for an amendment to the See also:primary laws providing that voters may vote at state primaries under the Australian See also:ballot. The direct primary law, however, which was passed immediately afterwards by the legislature, was declared unconstitutional by the supreme court of the state, as were a second law of the same sort passed soon afterwards and a third law of 1908, which provided for direct nominations of all See also:officers and an " advisory " nomination of United States senators. oBIBLIOGRAPHY.—There is no See also:complete bibliography of the varied and extensive literature relating to Illinois; but See also:Richard Bowker's State Publications, part' ii. (New See also:York, 1902), and the chapters of E. B. Greene's The Government of Illinois (New York, 1904) contain useful lists of documents, monographs and books. Physiography is well described in The Illinois Glacial See also:Lobe (U.S. Geological Survey, Monograph, xxxviii.) and The Water Resources of Illinois (U.S. Geological Survey, Annual Report, xviii.). The Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, connected with the State University, has published S. A. See also:Forbes and R. E. See also:Richardson's Fishes of Illinois (Urbana, 1909). See also:Information concerning economic conditions may be derived from the volumes of the Twelfth Census of the United States, which treat of Agriculture, Manufactures and Mines and Quarries: a See also:summary of agricultural conditions may be found in Census Bulletin No. 213. Constitutional and administrative problems are discussed in See also:Elliott See also:Anthony's Constitutional History f Illinois; Greene's The Government of Illinois, and H. P. See also:Judson's he Government of Illinois (New York, 1900). Among the reports of the state officials, those of the Railroad and See also:Ware House Commission, of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and of the Commissioners of Charity are especially valuable. There is an historical study of the problem of taxation, entitled, " History of the Struggle in Illinois to realize Equality in Taxation,” by H. B. See also:Hurd, in the Publications of the Michigan Political Science Association (190I). Local government is described by See also:Albert See also:Shaw, Local Government in Illinois (Johns See also:Hopkins University Studies, vol. i. No. Io). The See also:Blue Book of the State of Illinois (Springfield, 1903) ; H. B. Hurd's Revised Statutes of Illinois (Chicago, 1903), and Starr and See also:Curtis, Annotated Statutes of the State of Illinois (Chicago, 1896), are also, of value. The See also:standard histories of the state are J. See also:Moses, Illinois, Historical and Statistical (2 vols., Chicago, 1889) ; and H. See also:Davidson and B. Stuvr, Complete History of Illinois (Springfield, 1874). Edward G. See also:Mason's Chapters from Illinois History (Chicago, 19oi) is of interest Mr French's service of seven years is due to the fact that the Constitutional Convention of 1848 ordered a new election of state officials. French was re-elected Governor, beginning his new term in 1849. Shadrach See also:Bond Edward Coles . See also:Ninian See also:Edwards John Reynolds 'm. L. D. See also:Ewing (acting) . Joseph See also:Duncan homas Carlin Thomas Ford See also:Augustus C. French .
See also:Joel A. Matteson . See also: See also:Shelby M. Cullom
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