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See also:SHAW, See also:RICHARD See also:NORMAN (1831– ) , See also:British architect, was See also:born in See also:Edinburgh on the 7th of May 1831. At the See also:age ofsixteen he went to See also:London and became a See also:- PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)
pupil of See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William See also:Burn. In Burn's See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office he formed that friendship with William See also:Eden See also:Nesfield which so profoundly influenced the careers of both, and was thoroughly grounded in the See also:science of planning and in the classical See also:vernacular of the See also:period. He also attended the architectural See also:schools of the Royal See also:Academy, and devoted careful study both to See also:ancient and to the best contemporary buildings. In 1854, having finished his See also:term of See also:apprenticeship with Burn, he gained the See also:gold See also:medal and travelling studentship of the Royal Academy, and until 1856 travelled on the See also:continent, studying and See also:drawing old See also:work. On his return in 1856 he was requested by the See also:Council of the Royal Academy to publish his drawings. This work, entitled Architectural Sketches from the Continent, was issued in 1858. In the meantime Nesfield was continuing his studies with See also:Anthony Salvin; Mr Shaw also entered his office, and remained there until 1857, when he widened his experience by working for three years under See also:George See also:Edmund See also:Street. In 1863, after sixteen years of severe training, he began to practise. For a See also:short See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time he and Nesfield joined forces, but their lines soon diverged. Mr Shaw's first work of importance was Leyes See also:Wood, in See also:Surrey, a See also:building of much originality, followed shortly afterwards by Cragside, for See also:Lord See also:Armstrong, which was begun in 1869. From that time until he retired from active practice his See also:works followed one another in See also:quick See also:succession. In 1872 Mr Shaw was elected an See also:Associate of the Royal Academy, and a full member in 1877; he joined the " retired " See also:list towards the end of 19o1.
Other characteristic examples of Shaw's work are Preen See also:Manor, See also:Shropshire; New See also:Zealand See also:Chambers, Leadenhall Street; See also:Pierrepont, Wispers, and Merrist Wood, in Surrey; Lowther See also:Lodge, See also:Kensington; Adcote, in Shropshire; his houses at Kensington, See also:Chelsea, and at See also:Hampstead; Flete See also:House, See also:Devonshire; Greenham Lodge, See also:Berkshire; Dawpool, in See also:Cheshire; Bryanstone, in See also:Dorset See also:shire; Chesters, See also:Northumberland; New See also:Scotland Yard, on the See also:Thames See also:Embankment; besides several See also:fine works in See also:Liverpool and. the neighbourhood. He also built and restored several churches, the best known of which are St See also:John's See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church, See also:Leeds; St See also:Margaret's, See also:Ilkley, and All See also:Saints', See also:Leek. His See also:early buildings were most picturesque, and contrasted completely with the current work of the time. The use of " See also:half See also:timber " and See also:hanging tiles, the projectin g gables and massive chimneys, and the cunningly contrived bays an recessed fireplaces, together with the See also:complete freedom from the conventions and trammels of " See also:style," not only appealed to the artist, but gained at once a See also:place in public estimation. Judged in the See also:light of his later work, some of those early buildings appear almost too full of feature and See also:design; they show, however, very clearly that Mr Shaw, in discarding " See also:academic style," was not drifting See also:rudder-less on a See also:sea of See also:fancy. His buildings, although entirely See also:free from archaeological pedantry, were the outcome of much enthusiastic and intelligent study of old examples, and were based directly on old methods and traditions. As his See also:powers See also:developed, his buildings gained in dignity, and had an See also:air of serenity and a quiet homely See also:charm which were less conspicuous in his earlier works; the " half timber " was more sparingly used, and finally disappeared entirely. His work throughout is especially distinguished by treatment of See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme. There Is nothing tentative or hesitating. His planning is invariably fine and full of ingenuity. Adcote (a beautiful drawing of which hangs in the Diploma See also:Gallery at See also:Burlington House) is perhaps the best example of the See also:series of his See also:country houses built between 187o and 1880. The elements are few but perfectly See also:pro-portioned and combined, and the See also:scale throughout is consistent. The See also:Great See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
Hall is the keynote of the See also:plan, and is properly but not unduly emphasized. The grouping of the rooms See also:round the Hall is very ably managed—each See also:room is in its right position, and has its proper aspect. New Zealand Chambers, in Leadenhall Street, another work of about the same period (1870-1880), is a valuable example of Mr Shaw's versatility. Here he employed a completely different method of expression from any of his preceding works, in all of which there is a trace of " See also:Gothic " feeling. This is a See also:facade only of two storeys, divided by piers of See also:brickwork into three equal spaces, filled by shaped bays See also:rich with modelled See also:plaster; above, drawing the whole See also:composition together, is a finely enriched plaster See also:cove. An See also:attic See also:storey, roofed with three gables, completes the building, which is the See also:antithesis of the accepted type of See also:city offices; it is yet perfectly adapted to See also:modern uses. New Scotland Yard is undoubtedly Mr Shaw's finest and most complete work. The See also:plain See also:granite See also:base is not only subtly suggestive of the purposes of the building, but by dividing the height with a strongly marked See also:line gives a greater apparent width to the structure; it suggests also a See also:division of departments. By its See also:mass, too, it prevents the See also:eye from dwelling on the necessary irregularity of the See also:lower windows, which are not only different in See also:character from those of the upper storeys, but more numerous and quite irregularly spaced. The projecting
See also:angle turrets are most happily conceived, and besides giving emphasis to the corners, See also:form the See also:main point of See also:interest in the composition of the rivertfront. The chimneys are not allowed to cut the See also:sky-line in all directions, but have been See also:drawn together into massive blocks, and Contribute much to the See also:general air of dignity and strength for which this building is remarkable.
See also:Simple See also:roofs of ample span complete a composition conspicuous for its breadth and unity.
Mr Shaw's See also:influence on his See also:generation can only be adequately gauged by a comparison of current work with that which was in See also:vogue when he began his career. The works of See also:Pugin, See also:Scott, and others, and the architectural literature of the time, had turned the thoughts both of architects and the public towards a " revived Gothic." Before he entered the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field, this teaching had hardened into a creed. Mr Shaw was not content to hold so limited a view, and with characteristic courage threw over these artificial barriers and struck out a line of his own. The rapidity with which he conceived and created new types, and as it were set a new See also:fashion in' building, compelled admiration for his See also:genius, and swelled the ranks of his adherents. It is largely owing to him that there is now a distinct tendency to approach See also:architecture as the See also:art of Building rather than as the art of Designing, and the study of old work as one of methods and expressions which are for all time, rather than as a means of learning a See also:language of forms proper only to their period.
SHAW-See also:KENNEDY, See also:SIR See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
JAMES (1788-1865), British soldier and military writer, was the son of See also:Captain John Shaw, of See also:Dalton, See also:Kirkcudbrightshire. Joining the 43rd (See also:Monmouthshire) Light See also:Infantry in 1805, he first saw service in the See also:Copenhagen Expedition of 1807 as a See also:lieutenant, and under Sir See also:David See also:Baird took See also:part in the See also:Corunna See also:Campaign of 1808-9. In the See also:retreat Shaw contracted a See also:fever, from the effects of which he never fully recovered. The 43rd was again engaged in the See also:Douro and Talavera See also:Campaigns, and Shaw became See also:adjutant of his now famous See also:regiment at the See also:battle of Talavera. As See also:Robert See also:Craufurd's aide-de-See also:camp he was on the See also:staff of the Light Division at the Coa and the Agueda, and with another officer prepared and edited the " See also:Standing Orders of the Light Division " (printed in See also:Home's Precis of Modern See also:Tactics, pp. 257-277), which serve as a See also:model to this See also:day. He was wounded at See also:Almeida in 181o, but rejoined Craufurd at the end of 1811 and was with his See also:chief at the See also:siege of See also:Ciudad Rodrigo in See also:January 1812. At the great See also:assault of January 19th Shaw carried his general, mortally wounded, from the See also:glacis, and at See also:Badajoz, now once more with the 43rd, he displayed, at the lesser See also:breach, a gallantry which furnished his See also:brother officer William See also:Napier with the theme of one of his most glorious descriptive passages (See also:Peninsular See also:War, bk. xvi. ch. 'v.). At the siege and the battle of See also:Salamanca, in the retreat from See also:Burgos, Shaw, still a subaltern, distinguished himself again and again, but he had to return to See also:England at the end of the See also:year, broken in See also:health. Once more in active service in 1815, as one of See also:Charles, See also:Alten's staff See also:officers, Captain Shaw, by his reconnoitring skill and See also:tactical See also:judgment was of the greatest assistance to Alten and to See also:Wellington, who promoted him See also:brevet-See also:major in See also:July, and brevet lieut.-See also:colonel in 1819. During the occupation of See also:France by the allied See also:army Shaw was commandant of See also:Calais, and on his return to England was employed as a staff officer in the See also:North. In this capacity he was called upon to See also:deal with the See also:Manchester riots of 1819, and his memorandum on the methods to be adopted in dealing with See also:civil disorders embodied principles which have been recognized to the See also:present day. In 1820 he married, and in 1834, on succeeding, in right of his wife, to the See also:estate of Kirkmichael, he took the name of Kennedy. Two years later Colonel Shaw-Kennedy was entrusted with the organization of the Royal Irish Constabulary, which he raised and trained according to his own ideas. He remained inspector-general of the R.I.C. for two years, after which for ten years he led a retired country See also:life. 111 '1848, during the Chartist movements, he was suddenly called upon to command at Liverpool, and soon afterwards was offered successively a command in See also:Ireland and the governorship of See also:Mauritius. See also:Ill-health compelled him to decline these, as also the Scottish command a little later, and for the See also:rest of his life he was-practically an invalid. He became full General in 1862 and was made K.C.B. a year later. In 1859, at the time of the See also:Orsini See also:case, he published a remarkable See also:essay on The See also:Defence of Great See also:Britain and Ireland, and in 1865 appeared his famous
Notes on See also:Waterloo, appended to which is a Plan for the defence of See also:Canada. He died the same year.
See the autobiographical See also:notice in Notes on Waterloo, also the regimental See also:history of the 43rd and Napier, passim.
End of Article: SHAW, RICHARD NORMAN (1831– )
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