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MAURITIUS
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MAURITIUS , an See also:island and See also:British See also:colony in the See also:Indian Ocean (known whilst a See also:French See also:possession as the fle de See also:France). It lies between 570 18' and 570 49' E., and 19° 58' and 20 32' S., 550 M. E. of See also:Madagascar, 2300 M. from the Cape of See also:Good See also:Hope, and 9500 M. from See also:England via See also:Suez. The island is irregularly elliptical—somewhat triangular—in shape, and is 36 m. See also:long from N.N.E. to S.S.W., and about 23 M. broad. It is 130 M. in circumference, and its See also:total See also:area is about 710 sq. m. (For See also:map see MADAGASCAR.) The island is surrounded by See also:coral reefs, so that the ports are difficult of See also:access.
From its mountainous See also:character Mauritius is a most picturesque island, and its scenery is very varied and beautiful. It has been admirably described by Bernardin de St See also:Pierre, who lived in the island towards the See also:close of the 18th See also:century, in See also:Paul et Virginie. The most level portions of the See also:coast districts are the See also:north and north-See also:east, all the See also:rest being broken by hills, which vary from 500 to 2700 ft. in height. The See also:principal See also:mountain masses are the north-western or Pouce range, in the See also:district of See also:Port See also: In the interior are extensive fertile plains, some 1200 ft. in height, forming the districts of Moka, Vacois, and Plaines Wilhelms; and from nearly the centre of the island an abrupt peak, the Piton du Milieu de See also:file rises to a height of 1932 ft. Other prominent summits are the Trois Mamelles, the Montagne du See also:Corps de Garde, the See also:Signal Mountain, near Port Louis, and the Morne See also:Brabant, at the south-See also:west corner of the island.
The See also:rivers are small, and none is navigable beyond a few See also:hundred yards from the sea. In the dry See also:season little more than See also:brooks, they become raging torrents in the wet season. The principal stream is the Grande Riviere, with a course of about 10 m. There is a remarkable and very deep See also:lake, called
Spicilegium
Veterae analecta Musaeum italicum Co!iectio nova patrum
graecorum
See also:Thesaurus novus anecdotorurn
Veterum scriptorum collectio
De antiquis ritibus
Martene and See also:Durand
Martene and Durand
ecclesiae- Martene
(Final See also:form)
d'Achery See also:Mabillon Mabillon See also:Montfaucon
1655-1677 13 In 4t°
1675-1685 4 in 8°O
1687-1689 2 in 4to
1706 2
1717 5
1724-1733 9
1690-1706
1736-1738 4
1668-1701 9
1703-1739 6
1729-1733 5
Grand Bassin, in the south of the island, it is probably the See also:extinct See also:crater of an See also:ancient See also:volcano; similar lakes are the See also:Mare aux Vacois and the Mare aux See also: The greater See also:part of the See also:surface is composed of a volcanic See also:breccia, with here and there See also:lava-streams exposed in ravines, and sometimes on the surface. The commonest lavas are dolerites. In at least two places sedimentary rocks are found at considerable elevations. In the See also:Black See also:River Mountains, at a height of about 1200 ft., there is a See also:clay-See also:slate; and near Midlands, in the Grand Port group of mountains, a chloritic schist occurs about 1700 ft. above the sea, .forming the See also: The Royal See also:Alfred See also:Observatory is situated at Pamplemousses, on the north-west or dry See also:side of the island. From See also:January to the See also:middle of April, Mauritius, in See also:common with the neighbouring islands and the surrounding ocean from 8° to 30° of See also:southern See also:latitude is subject to severe cyclones, accompanied by torrents of See also:rain, which often cause See also:great destruction to houses and plantations. These hurricanes generally last about eight See also:hours, but they appear to be less frequent and violent than in former times, owing, it is thought, to the destruction of the ancient forests and the consequent drier See also:condition of the See also:atmosphere. See also:Fauna and See also:Flora.—Mauritius being an oceanic island of small See also:size, its See also:present fauna is very limited in extent. When first seen by Europeans it contained no mammals except a large See also:fruit-eating See also:bat (Pteropus vulgaris), which is plentiful in the See also:woods; but several mammals have been introduced, and are now numerous in the uncultivated region. Among these are two monkeys of the genera Macacus and Cercopithecus, a See also:stag (Cervus hippelaphus), a small See also:hare, a See also:shrew-See also:mouse, and the ubiquitous See also:rat. A See also:lemur and one of the curious See also:hedgehog-like Insectivora of Madagascar (Centetes ecaudatus) have probably both been brought from the larger island. The avifauna resembles that of Madagascar; there are See also:species of a See also:peculiar genus of See also:caterpillar shrikes (Campephagidae), as well as of the genera Pm/insole, See also:Fly psipetes, Phedina, Tchitrea, See also:Zosterops, Foudia, Colloculia and Coracopsis, and peculiar forms of doves and parakeets. The living See also:reptiles are small and few in number. The surrounding seas contain great See also:numbers of See also:fish; the coral reefs abound with a great variety of molluscs; and there are numerous See also:land-shells. The extinct fauna of Mauritius has considerable See also:interest. In common with the other Mascarene islands, it was the See also:home of the See also:dodo (Didus inept us); there were also Aphanapteryx, a species of See also:rail, and a See also:short-winged See also:heron (See also:Ardea .megacephala), which probably seldom flew. The defenceless condition of these birds led to their extinction after the island was colonized. Considerable quantities of the bones of the dodo and other extinct birds—a rail (Aphanapteryx), and a short-winged heron—have been discovered in the beds of some of the ancient lakes (see Dono). Several species of large fossil tortoises have also been discovered; they are quite different from the living ones of See also:Aldabra, in the same zoological region. Owing to the destruction of the primeval forests for the formation of See also:sugar plantations, the indigenous flora is only seen in parts of the interior plains, in the river valleys and on the hills; and it is not now easy to distinguish between what is native and what has come from abroad. The principal See also:timber See also:tree is the See also:ebony (Diospyros ebeneum), which grows to a considerable size. Besides this there are bois de cannelle, See also:olive-tree, See also:benzoin (Croton Benzoe), colophane (Colophonia), and iron-See also:wood, all of which are useful in See also:carpentry; ' See Geog. Journ. (See also:June 1895), p. 597.the coco-See also:nut See also:palm, an importation, but a tree which has been so extensively planted during the last hundred years that it is extremely plentiful; the palmiste (See also:Palma dactylifera latifolia), the latanier (Corypha umbraculifera) and the date-palm. The vacoa or vacois, (Pandanus utilis) is largely grown, the long tough leaves being manufactured into bags for the export of sugar, and the roots being also made of use; and in the few remnants of the See also:original forests the traveller's tree (Urania speciosa), grows abundantly. A species of See also:bamboo is very plentiful in the river valleys and in marshy situations. A large variety of fruit is produced, including the See also:tamarind, See also:mango, See also:banana, See also:pine-See also:apple, See also:guava, See also:shaddock, fig, avocado-See also:pear, See also:litchi, custard-apple and the mabolo (Diospyros discolor), a fruit of exquisite flavour, but very disagreeable odour. Many of the roots and vegetables of See also:Europe have been introduced, as well as some of those peculiar to the tropics, including See also:maize, See also:millet, yams, manioc, dhol, See also:gram, &c. Small quantities of See also:tea, See also:rice and See also:sago, have been grown, as well as many of the spices (See also:cloves, See also:nutmeg, See also:ginger, See also:pepper and allspice), and also See also:cotton, See also:indigo, betel, camphor, See also:turmeric and See also:vanilla. The Royal Botanical Gardens at Pamplemousses, which date from the French occupation of the island, contain a See also:rich collection of tropical and extra-tropical species. Inhabitants.—The inhabitants consist of two great divisions, those of European See also:blood, chiefly French and British, together with numerous See also:half-See also:caste See also:people, and those of See also:Asiatic or See also:African blood. The population of European blood, which calls itself See also:Creole, is greater than that of any other tropical colony; many of the inhabitants trace their descent from ancient French families, and the higher and middle classes are distinguished for their intellectual culture. French is more commonly spoken than See also:English. The Creole class is, however, diminishing, though slowly, and the most numerous See also:section of the population is of Indian blood. The introduction of Indian coolies to See also:work the sugar plantations See also:dates from the See also:period of the emancipation of the slaves in 1834–1839. At that See also:time the negroes who showed great unwillingness to work on their See also:late masters' estates, numbered about 66,000. See also:Immigration from See also:India began in 1834, and at a See also:census taken in 1846, when the total population was 158,462, there were already 56,245 See also:Indians in the island. In 1851 the total population had increased to 180,823, while in 1861 it was 310,050. This great increase was almost entirely due to Indian immigration, the Indian population, 77,996 in 1851, being 192,634 in 1861. From that year the increase in the Indian population has been more See also:gradual but steady, while the non-Indian population has decreased. From 102,827 in 1851 it See also:rose to 117,416 in 1861 to sink to 99,784 in 1871. The figures for the three following census years were: 1881. 1891. 1901. Indians 248,993 255,920 259,086 Others . i s o,881 114,668 111,937 Total . • 359,874 370,588 371,023 Including the military and crews of See also:ships in See also:harbour, the total population in 1901 was 373,3361 This total included 198,958 Indo-Mauritians, i.e. persons of Indian descent See also:born in Mauritius, and 62,022 other Indians. There were 3,509 See also:Chinese, while the remaining Io8,847 included persons of European, African or mixed descent, Malagasy, See also:Malays and Sinhalese. The Indian See also:female population increased from 51,019 in 1861 to 115,986 in 1901. In the same period the non-Indian female population but slightly varied, being 56,070 in 1861 and 55,485 in 1901. The Indo-Mauritians are now dominant in commercial, agricultural and domestic callings, and much See also:town and agricultural land has been transferred from the Creole planters to Indians and Chinese. The tendency to an Indian See also:peasant proprietorship is marked. Since 1864 real See also:property to the value of over £1,250,000 has been acquired by Asiatics. Between 1881 and 1901 the number of sugar estates decreased from 171 to 115, those sold being held in small parcels by Indians. The See also:average See also:death-See also:rate for the period 1873–1901 was 32.6 per 1000. The average See also:birth-rate in the Indian community is 37 per too(); in the non-Indian community 34 per See also:I000. Many Mauritian Creoles have emigrated to South See also:Africa. The great increase in the population since 1851 has made Mauritius one of the most densely peopled regions of the See also:world, having over 520 persons per square mile.
See also:Chief Towns.—The See also:capital and seat of See also:government, the See also:city of Port Louis, is on the north-western side of the island, in 20° to' S., 57° 30' E. at the See also:head of an excellent harbour, a deep inlet about a mile long, available for ships of the deepest See also:draught. This is protected by Fort See also: There are, besides the town-See also: The greater portion of the plains is now a vast sugar See also:plantation. The See also:bright See also:green of the sugar See also:fields is a striking feature in a view of Mauritius from the sea, and gives a peculiar beauty and freshness to the prospect. The soil is suitable for the cultivation of almost all kinds of tropical produce, and it is to be regretted that the prosperity of the colony depends almost entirely on one See also:article of See also:production, for the consequences are serious when there is a failure, more or less, of the sugar See also:crop. See also:Guano is extensively imported as a manure, and by its use the natural fertility of the soil has been increased to a wonderful extent. Since the beginning of the loth century some See also:attention has been paid to the cultivation of tea and cotton, with encouraging results. Of the exports, sugar amounts on an average to about. 95% of the total. The quantity of sugar exported rose from 102,000 tons in 1854 to 189,164 tons in 1877. The competition of See also:beet-sugar and the effect of bounties granted by various countries then began to tell on the production in Mauritius, the average crop for the seven years ending 1900-1901 being only 150,449 tons. The See also:Brussels Sugar See also:Convention of 1902 led to an increase in production, the average annual See also:weight of sugar exported for the three years 1904-1906 being 182,000 tons. The value of the crop was likewise seriously affected by the causes mentioned, and by various diseases which attacked the canes. Thus in 1878 the value of the sugar exported was £3,408,000; in 1888 it had sunk to £1,911,000, and in 1898 to £1,632,000. In 1900 the value was £1,922,000, and in 1905 it had risen to £2,172,000. India and the South African colonies between them take some two-thirds of the total produce. The See also:remainder is taken chiefly by Great See also:Britain, See also:Canada and Hong-See also:Kong. Next to sugar, See also:aloe-fibre is the most important export, the average annual export for the five years ending 1906 being 184o tons. In addition, a considerable quantity of See also:molasses and smaller quantities of See also:rum, vanilla and coco-nut oil are exported. The imports are mainly rice, See also:wheat, cotton goods, See also:wine, See also:coal, hardware and haberdashery, and guano. The rice comes principally from India and. Madagascar; See also:cattle are imported from Madagascar, See also:sheep from South Africa and See also:Australia, and frozen See also:meat from Australia. The average annual value of the exports for the ten years 1896-1905 was £2,153,159; the average annual value of the imports for the same period £1,453,089. These figures when compared with those in years before the beet and See also:bounty-fed sugar had entered into severe competition with See also:cane sugar, show how greatly the island had thereby suffered. In 1864 the exports were valued at £2,249,000; in 1868 at £2,339,000 in 1877 at £4,201,000 and in 188o at £3,634,000. And in each of the years named the imports exceeded £2,000,000 in value. Nearly all the aloe-fibre exported is taken by Great Britain. and France, while the molasses goes to India. Among the See also:minor exports is that of bambara or sea-slugs, which are sent to Hong-Kong and See also:Singapore. This See also:industry is chiefly in Chinese hands. The great See also:majority of the imports are from Great Britain or British possessions. The currency of Mauritius is rupees and cents of a See also:rupee, the Indian rupee (=16d.) being the See also:standard unit. The metric See also:system of weights and See also:measures has been in force since 1878. Communications.—There is a See also:regular fortnightly steamship service between See also:Marseilles and Port Louis by the Messageries Maritimes, a four-weekly service with See also:Southampton via Cape Town by the See also:Union See also:Castle, and a four-weekly service with See also:Colombo See also:direct by the British India Co.'s boats. There is also frequent communication with Madagascar, See also:Reunion and See also:Natal. The average annual See also:tonnage of ships entering Port Louis is about 750,000 of which five-sevenths is British. See also:Cable communication with Europe, via the See also:Seychelles, See also:Zanzibar and See also:Aden, was established in 1891, and the Mauritius section of the Cape-Australian cable, via See also:Rodriguez, was completed in 1902. See also:Railways connect all the principal places and sugar estates on the island, that known as the Midland See also:line, 36 See also:miles long, beginning at Port Louis crosses the island to Mahebourg, passing through Curepipe, where it is 1822 ft. above the sea. There are in all over 120 miles of railway, all owned and worked by the government. The first railway was opened in 1864. The roads are well kept and there is an extensive system of tramways for bringing produce from the sugar estates to the railway lines. See also:Traction engines are also largely used. There is a See also:complete telegraphic and telephonic service. Government and See also:Revenue.—Mauritius is a See also:crown colony. The See also:governor is assisted by an executive council of five See also:official and two elected members, and a legislative council of 27 members, 8 sitting ex officio, 9 being nominated by the governor and ro elected on a moderate See also:franchise. Two of the elected members represent St Louis, the 8 rural districts into which the island is divided electing each one member. At least one-third of the nominated members must be persons not holding any public See also:office. The number of registered See also:electors in 1908 was 6186. The legislative session usually lasts from April to December. Members may speak either in French or English. The average annual revenue of the colony for the ten years 1896-1905, was £608,245, the average annual See also:expenditure during the same period £663,606. Up to 1854 there was a surplus in See also:hand, but sit ce that time expenditure has on many occasions exceeded income, and the public See also:debt in 1908 was £1,305,000, mainly incurred however on reproductive See also:works.
The island has largely retained the old French See also:laws, the codes See also:civil, de See also:procedure, du See also:commerce, and d'instruction criminelle being still in force, except so far as altered by colonial ordinances. A supreme See also:court of civil and criminal See also:justice was established in 1831 under a chief See also:judge and three See also:puisne See also:judges.
See also:Religion and See also:Education.—The majority of the European inhabitants belong to the Roman Catholic faith. They numbered at the 1901 census 117,102, and the Protestants 6644. Anglicans, Roman Catholics and the See also: Secondary and higher education is given in the Royal College and associated schools at Port Louis and Curepipe. See also:Defence.—Mauritius occupies an important strategic position on the route between South Africa and India and in relation to Madagascar and East Africa, while in Port Louis it possesses one of the finest harbours in the Indian Ocean. A permanent See also:garrison of some 3000 men is maintained in the island at a cost of about £180,000 per annum. To the cost of the troops Mauritius contributes 5z % of its annual revenue—about £30,000. See also:History.—Mauritius appears to have been unknown to European nations, if not to all other peoples, until the year 1505, when it was discovered by Mascarenhas, a Portuguese navigator. It had then no inhabitants, and there seem to be no traces of a previous occupation by any people. The island was retained for most of the 16th century by its discoverers, but they made no settlements in it. In 1598 the Dutch took possession, and named the island " Mauritius," in See also:honour of their See also:stadtholder, See also:Count See also:Maurice of See also:Nassau. It had been previously called by the Portuguese " Ilha do Cerne," from the belief that it was the island so named by See also:Pliny. But though the Dutch built a fort at Grand Port and introduced a number of slaves and convicts, they made no permanent See also:settlement in Mauritius, finally abandoning the island in 1710. From 1715 to 1767 (when the French government assumed direct See also:control) the island was held by agents of the French East India See also:Company, by whom its name was again changed to " tie de France." The Company was fortunate in having several able men as See also:governors of its colony, especially the celebrated See also:Mahe de Labourdonnais (q.v.), who made sugar planting the See also:main industry of the inhabitants., Under his extent of the Indian Ocean. Of these the chief is Rodriguez (q.v.), direction roads were made, forts built, and considerable portions of the See also:forest were cleared, and the present capital, Port Louis, was founded. Labourdonnais also promoted the planting of cotton and indigo, and is remembered as the most enlightened and best of all the French governors. He also put down the See also:maroons or runaway slaves who had long been the pest of the island. The colony continued to rise in value during the time it was held by the French crown, and to one of the intendants,2 Pierre Poivre, was due the introduction of the clove, nutmeg and other spices. Another governor was D'See also:Entrecasteaux, whose name is kept in remembrance by a group of islands east of New See also:Guinea.
During the long See also:war between France and England, at the commencement of the 19th century, Mauritius was a continual source of much See also:mischief to English Indiamen and other See also:merchant vessels; and at length the British government determined upon an expedition for its See also:capture. This was effected in 181o; and upon the restoration of See also:peace in 1814 the possession of the island was confirmed to Britain by the Treaty of See also:Paris. By the eighth article of See also:capitulation it was agreed that the inhabitants should retain their own laws, customs, and religion; and thus the island is still largely French in See also:language, habits, and predilections; but its name has again been changed to that given by the Dutch. One of the most distinguished of the British governors was See also:Sir See also:Robert See also:Farquhar (1810-1823), who did much to abolish the Malagasy slave trade and to establish friendly relations with the rising See also:power of the See also:Hova See also:sovereign of Madagascar. Later governors of See also:note were Sir See also: In 1884–1885 this council was transformed into a partly elected See also:body. Of more importance than the constitutional changes were the economic results which followed the freeing of the slaves (1834–1839)—for the loss of whose labour the planters received over £2,000,000 See also:compensation. Coolies were introduced to supply the See also:place of the negroes, immigration being definitely sanctioned by the government of India in 1842. Though under government control the system of See also:coolie labour led to many abuses. A royal See also:commission investigated the See also:matter in 1871 and since that time the evils which were attendant on the system have been gradually remedied. One result of the introduction of See also:free labour has been to reduce the descendants of the slave population to a small and unimportant class—Mauritius in this respect offering a striking contrast to the British colonies in the West Indies. The last half of the 19th century was, however, chiefly notable in Mauritius for the number of calamities which overtook the island. In 1854 See also:cholera caused the death of 17,000 persons; in 1867 over 30,000 people died of malarial fever; in 1892 a See also:hurricane of terrific violence caused immense destruction of property and serious loss of See also:life; in 1893 great part of Port Louis was destroyed by See also:fire. There were in addition several epidemics of small-pox and See also:plague, and from about 188o onward the continual decline in the See also:price of sugar seriously affected the islanders, especially the Creole population. During 1902–1905 an outbreak of surra, which caused great mortality among draught animals, further tried the sugar planters and necessitated government help. Notwithstanding all these calamities the Mauritians, especially the Indo-Mauritians, have succeeded in maintaining the position of the colony as an important sugar- producing See also:country. Dependencies.—Dependent upon Mauritius and forming part of the colony are a number of small islands scattered over a large 375 M. east of Mauritius. Considerably north-east of Rodriguez See also:lie the Oil Islands or See also:Chagos See also:archipelago, of which the chief is Diego See also:Garcia (see CHAGOS). The Cargados, Carayos or St See also:Brandon islets, deeps and shoals, lie at the south end of the See also:Nazareth Bank about 250 M. N.N.E. of Mauritius. Until 1903 the Seychelles, Amirantes, Aldabra and other islands lying north of Madagascar were also part of the colony of Mauritius. In the year named they were formed into a See also:separate colony (see SEYCHELLES). Two islands, Farquhar and Coetivy, though geographically within the Seychelles area, remained dependent on Mauritius, being owned by residents in that island. In 1908, however, Coetivy was transferred to the Seychelles See also:administration. See also:Amsterdam and St Paul, uninhabited Islands in the South Indian Ocean, included in an official See also:list of the dependencies of Mauritius See also:drawn up in 188o, were in 1893 annexed by France. The total population of the dependencies of Mauritius was estimated in 1905 at 5400. *See also:MAURY, See also:JEAN SIFFREIN (1746-1817), French See also:cardinal and Labourdonnais is credited by several writers with the introduction of the sugar cane into the island. Leguat, however, mentions it as being cultivated during the Dutch occupation. 2 The regime introduced in 1767 divided the administration between a governor, primarily charged with military matters, and an See also:intendant.
See also:archbishop of Paris, the son of a poor cobbler, was born on the 26th of June 1746 at Valreas in the Comtat-Venaissin, the district in France which belonged to the pope. His acuteness was observed by the priests of the See also:seminary at See also:Avignon, where he was educated and took orders. He tried his See also:fortune by See also:writing doges of famous persons, then a favourite practice; and in 1771 his See also:doge on See also:Fenelon was pronounced next best to Laharpe's by the See also:Academy. The real See also:foundation of his fortunes was the success of a See also:panegyric on St Louis delivered before the Academy in 1772, which caused him to be recommended for an abbacy. In 1777 he published under the See also:title of Discours choisis his panegyrics on See also:Saint Louis, Saint See also:Augustine and Fenelon, his remarks on See also:Bossuet and his Essai sur ,'eloquence de la chaire, a See also:volume which contains much good See also:criticism, and remains a French classic. The See also:book was often reprinted as Principes de l'eloquence.' He became a favourite preacher in Paris, and was See also:Lent preacher at court in 1781, when See also: He was finally made bishop of See also:Montefiascone, and settled down in that little See also:Italian town—but not for long, for in 1798 the French drove him from his See also:retreat, and he sought See also:refuge in See also:Venice and St See also:Petersburg. Next year he returned to See also:Rome as See also:ambassador of the exiled Louis XVIII. at the papal court. In 1804 he began to prepare his return to France by a well-turned See also:letter to See also:Napoleon, congratulating him on restoring religion to France once more. In 18o6 he did return; in 1807 he was again received into the Academy; and in 181o, on the refusal of Cardinal See also:Fesch, was made archbishop of Paris. He was presently ordered by the pope to surrender his functions. as archbishop of Paris. This he refused to do. On the restoration of the Bourbons he was summarily expelled from the Academy and from the archiepiscopal See also:palace. He retired to Rome, where he was imprisoned in the castle of St Angelo for six months for his disobedience to the papal orders, and died in 1817, a year or two after his See also:release, of disease contracted in See also:prison and of chagrin. As a critic he was a very able writer, and Sainte-Beuve gives him the See also:credit of discovering See also:Father Jacques Bridayne, and of giving Bossuet his rightful place as a preacher above See also:Massillon; as a politician, his wit and eloquence make him a worthy rival of Mirabeau. He sacrificed too much to See also:personal ambition, yet it would have been a graceful See also:act if Louis XVIII. had remembered the courageous supporter of Louis XVI., and the pope the one intrepid defender of the Church in the states-general. The 1Euvres choisies du Cardinal Maury (5 vols., 1827) contain what is See also:worth preserving. Mgr See also:Ricard has published Maury's Correspondance diplomatique (2 vols., See also:Lille, 1891). For his life and character see See also:Vie du Cardinal Maury, by Louis Siffrcin Maury, his See also:nephew (1828) ; J. J. F. Poujoulat, Cardinal Maury, sa vie et ses auvres (1855); Sainte-Beuve, Causeries du lundi (vol. iv.); Mgr Ricard, L'Abbe Maury (1746-1791), L'Abbe Maury avant 1789, L'Abbe Maury et Mirabeau (1887); G. Bonet-Maury, Le Cardinal Maury d'apres ses memoires et sa correspondance inedits (Paris, 1892); A. See also:Aulard, See also:Les Orateurs de la constituante (Paris, 1882). Of the many libels written against him during the Revolution the most noteworthy are the See also:Petit carpeeme de ?abbe Maury, with a supplement called the Seconde annee (179o), and the Vie privee de l'abbe Maury (179o), claimed by J. R. See also:Hebert, but attributed by some writers to See also:Restif de la Bretonne. For further See also:bibliographical details see J. M. See also:Querard, La France litteraire, vol. v. (1833). Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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