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GRAM

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Originally appearing in Volume V12, Page 325 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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GRAM , or CHICK-See also:

PEA (Pisum)

PEA, called also See also:

EGYPTIAN

Egyptian pea, or See also:

Bengal gram (from See also:

PORT

Port. greio, formerly gram, See also:

LAT

Lat. Branum, See also:

Hindi Chanel, See also:

BENGALI

Bengali Chhold, Ital. cece, Span. garbanzo), the Cicer arietinum of See also:

LINNAEUS

Linnaeus, so named from the resemblance of its See also:

SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed to a See also:

ram's See also:

head. It is a member of the natural See also:

order See also:

LEGUMINOSAE

Leguminosae, largely cultivated as a See also:

PULSE

pulse-See also:

food in the See also:

south of See also:

EUROPE

Europe, See also:

EGYPT

Egypt and western See also:

ASIA

Asia as far as See also:

India, but is not known undoubtedly See also:

WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild. The plant is an See also:

ANNUAL

annual See also:

HERB (Lat. herba, grass, food for cattle, generally taken to represent the Old Lat. forbea, Gr. 4op(3i1, pasture, <0p/3Ew, to feed, Sans. bharb, to eat)

herb with flexuose branches, and alternately arranged pinnately See also:

compound leaves, with small, See also:

OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval, serrated leaflets and small eared stipules. The See also:

FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers are See also:

BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne singly in the See also:

LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf-axils on a stalk about See also:

HALF

half the length of the leaf and jointed and See also:

bent in the See also:

MIDDLE

middle; the corolla is See also:

BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue-See also:

PURPLE

purple. The inflated pod, I to 1 Z in. See also:

long, contains two roundish seeds. It was cultivated by the Greeks in See also:

HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer's See also:

time under the name erebinthos, and is also referred to by Dioscorides as krios from the resemblance of the pea to the head of a ram. The See also:

Romans called it titer, from which is derived the See also:

MODERN

modern names given to it in the south of Europe. Names, more or less allied to one another, are in See also:

VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue among the peoples of the See also:

CAUCASUS

Caucasus, the See also:

CASPIAN

Caspian See also:

Sea, See also:

ARMENIA (old Persian Armina, Armenian Hayasdan, or Hayq)

Armenia and See also:

PERSIA

Persia, and there is a See also:

SANSKRIT

Sanskrit name and several others analogous or different in modern See also:

INDIAN

Indian See also:

LANGUAGES

languages. The plant has been cultivated in Egypt from the beginning of the See also:

Christian era, but there is no See also:

PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof that it was known to the See also:

ancient Egyptians. See also:

ALPHONSE, COUNT OF TOULOUSE AND OF POITIERS (I220-1271)

Alphonse de See also:

CANDOLLE, AUGUSTIN PYRAME DE (1778—1841)

Candolle (Origin of Cultivated See also:

PLANTS

Plants, p. 325) suggests that the plant originally See also:

GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew wild in the countries to the south of the Caucasus and to the See also:

north of Persia.

" The western See also:

ARYANS

Aryans (See also:

PELASGIANS

Pelasgians, Hellenes) perhaps introduced the plant into See also:

SOUTHERN

southern Europe, where, however, there is some See also:

PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability that it was also indigenous. The western Aryans carried it to India." Gram is largely cultivated in the See also:

East, where the seeds are eaten raw or cooked in various ways, both in their ripe and unripe See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition, and when roasted and ground subserve the same purposes as See also:

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

FLOUR

flour. In Europe the seeds are used as an ingredient in soups. They contain, in See also:

LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo parts without husks, nitrogenous substances 22.7, See also:

FAT (O.E. fdett; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vet, Ger. Fett, &c., and may be ultimately related to Greek Irian, and =apos, and Sanskrit pivan)

fat 3.76, See also:

STARCH

starch 63 18, See also:

MINERAL

mineral matters 2.6 parts, with See also:

WATER

water (See also:

Forbes See also:

Watson, quoted in See also:

Parkes's See also:

HYGIENE (Fr. hygiene, from Gr. ir'taivety, to be healthy)

Hygiene). The liquid which exudes from the glandular hairs clothing the leaves and stems of the plant, more especially during the See also:

COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold See also:

SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season when the seeds ripen, contains a notable proportion of oxalic See also:

ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid. In See also:

MYSORE

Mysore the See also:

DEW

dew containing it is collected by means of cloths spread on the plant over See also:

NIGHT

night, and is used in domestic See also:

MEDICINE

medicine. The See also:

steam of water in which the fresh plant is immersed is in the See also:

DECCAN (Sans. Dakshina, " the South ")

Deccan resorted to by the Portuguese for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea. The seed of Phaseolus Mungo, or See also:

green gram (See also:

HIND

Hind. and Beng. moong), a See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form of which plant with See also:

black seeds (P. Max of Roxburgh) is termed black gram, is an important See also:

ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of See also:

DIET

diet among the labouring classes in India. The See also:

MEAL

meal is an excellent substitute for See also:

SOAP

soap, and is stated by Elliot to be an invariable concomitant of the See also:

HINDU

Hindu See also:

bath. A variety, See also:

VAR

var. radiatus (P. Roxburghii, W. and Arn., or P. radiatus, Roxb.) (vern. urid, mdshkaldi), also known as green gram, is perhaps the most esteemed of the leguminous plants of India, where the meal of its seed enters into the See also:

composition of the more delicate cakes and dishes.

See also:

HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

Horse gram, Dolichos biflorus (vern. kulthi), which supplies in See also:

MADRAS

Madras the See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of the chick-pea, affords seed which, when boiled, is In passing, it may be pointed out that for a See also:

period of four years, from 1871 to 1874, the See also:

price of See also:

wheat averaged 56s. per See also:

QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter (or 7S. per See also:

BUSHEL (from the O. Fr. boissiel, cf. med. Lat. bustellus, busellus, a little box)

bushel), with the See also:

charge for ocean See also:

CARRIAGE

carriage at 6s. 5d. per quarter, whereas in 1901 wheat was sold in See also:

England at 28s. (or 3s. 6d. per bushel), and the charge for ocean carriage was 3S. 6d. per quarter; the ocean transport companies carried eight bushels of wheat across the seas in 1901 for the value of one bushel, or exactly at the same ratio as in 1872. The contrast between the See also:

case of railway See also:

FREIGHT, (pronounced like " weight "; derived from the Dutch vracht or vrecht, in Fr. fret, the Eng. " fraught " being the same word, and formerly used for the same thing, but now only as an adjective= " laden ")

freight and ocean freight is to be explained by the greater length of the See also:

PRESENT

present ocean voyage, which now extends to io,000 See also:

MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles in the case of Europe's importation of See also:

white wheat from the Pacific See also:

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

Coast of the See also:

UNITED

United States and See also:

AUSTRALIA

Australia, in contrast with the See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short voyage from the Black Sea or across the See also:

ENGLISH

English Channel or See also:

German Ocean. It is largely due to the overlooking of this phase of the question that an See also:

AMERICAN

American statistician has fallen into the See also:

ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error of stating that about 16s. per quarter of the fall in the price of wheat, which happened between 188o and 1894, is attributable to the lessened cost of transport.

End of Article: GRAM

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