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Deacon, referring to this incident in his Chronicon Venetum, written about r000, says " all the Venetian cities (omnes Venetiae) determined ' that it would be more See also:

HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable henceforth to be under See also:

dukes than under tribunes." The result was that the several tribunes were replaced by a single See also:

OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official who was called a doge and who became the See also:

head of the whole See also:

state.' The first doge was See also:

PAOLO (GIROLAMO GASPARE)5 (1532-1600)

Paolo Lucio Anafesto, and some authorities think that the See also:

early doges were subject to the authority of the emperors of See also:

Constantinople, but in any See also:

case this subordination was of See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short duration. The doge held office for See also:

LIFE

life and was regarded as the ecclesiastical, the See also:

CIVIL

civil and the military chief; his duties and prerogatives were not defined with precision and the limits of his ability and ambition were practically the limits of his See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power. About 800 his See also:

independence was slightly diminished by the See also:

APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of two assistants for judicial See also:

WORK

work, but these See also:

OFFICERS

officers soon See also:

fell into the background and the doge acquired a greater and more irresponsible authority. Concurrently with this See also:

PROCESS

process the position was entrusted to members of one or other of the powerful Venetian families, while several doges associated a son with themselves in the ducal office. Matters reached a See also:

CLIMAX, JOHN (c. 525–600 A.D.)

climax after the fall of the Orseole See also:

FAMILY

family in ro26. In 1033, during the dogeship of Dominico Flabianico, this tendency towards a hereditary despotism was checked by a See also:

law which decreed that no doge had the' right to See also:

ASSOCIATE (Lat. associates, from ad, to, and sociare to join)

associate any member of his family with himself in his office, or to name his successor. It was probably at this See also:

time also that two councillors were appointed to advise the' doge, who must, moreover, invite the aid of prominent citizens when discussing important matters of state. In 1172 a still more important See also:

CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change was introduced. The ducal councillors were increased in number from two to six; universal See also:

SUFFRAGE (Lat. suffragium)

suffrage, which theoretically still existed, was replaced by a See also:

SYSTEM

system which entrusted the See also:

election of the doge to a See also:

COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of eleven, who were chosen by a See also:

GREAT

great See also:

COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of 480 members, the great council being nominated annually by twelve persons. When a new doge was chosen he was presented to the See also:

PEOPLE

people with the See also:

formula "this is your doge, if it please you." Nominally the citizens confirmed the election, thus maintaining as a constitutional fiction the right of the whole people to choose their chief magistrate.

Five years later this committee of eleven gave way to a committee of See also:

FORTY

forty who were chosen by four persons selected by the great council. After the See also:

ABDICATION (Lat. abdicatio, disowning, renouncing, from ab, from, and dicare, to declare, to proclaim as not belonging to one)

abdication of Doge Pietro Ziani in 1229 two commissions were appointed which obtained a permanent See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the constitution and which gave emphatic testimony to the fact that the doge was merely the highest servant of the community. The first of these commissions consisted of five Correttori della promissione ducale, whose See also:

DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty was to consider if any change ought to be made in the terms of the See also:

OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath of See also:

INVESTITURE (Late Lat. investitura)

investiture (promissione) administered to each incoming doge, this oath, which was prepared by three officials, being a potent See also:

FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor in limiting the See also:

POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of the doge. The second See also:

COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission consisted of three inquisitors sopra it doge defunto, their business being to examine and pass See also:

JUDGMENT

judgment upon the acts of a deceased doge, whose See also:

ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate was liable to be mulcted in accordance with their decision. In consequence of a tie at the election of 1229 the number of See also:

ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

electors was increased from forty to forty-one. The official income of the doge was never large, and from early times many holders of the office were engaged in trading ventures. One of the See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal duties of the doge was to celebrate the symbolic See also:

MARRIAGE

marriage of Venice with the See also:

sea. This was done by casting a See also:

PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious See also:

RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring from the state See also:

SHIP

ship, the " See also:

BUCENTAUR (Ital. bucintoro)

Bucentaur," into the Adriatic. In its earlier form this ceremony was instituted to commemorate the See also:

CONQUEST

conquest of See also:

DALMATIA (Ger. Dalmatien; Ital. Dalmazia; Serbo-Croatian, Dalmacija)

Dalmatia by Doge Pietro Orseole II. in 1000, and was celebrated on See also:

Ascension See also:

day. It took its later anc} more magnificent form after the visit of See also:

Pope See also:

Alexander New regulations for the elections of the doge were introduced in 1268, and, with some modifications, these remained in force until the end of the See also:

REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic. Their See also:

OBJECT

object was to minimize as far as possible the See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the individual families, and this was effected by a very complex machinery. See also:

THIRTY

Thirty members of the great council, chosen by See also:

lot, were reduced, again by lot, to nine; the nine See also:

CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose forty and the forty were reduced by lot to twelve, who chose twenty-five.

The twenty-five were reduced.by lot to nine and the nine elected forty-five. Then the forty-five were reduced by lot to eleven, and the eleven chose the forty-one, who actually elected the doge. As the oligarchical See also:

ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element in the constitution See also:

DEVELOPED

developed, the more important functions of the ducal office were assigned to other officials, or to administrative boards, and he who had once been the See also:

PILOT

pilot of the ship became little more than an animated figurehead, properly draped and garnished. On state occasions he was surrounded by an increasing amount of ceremonial, and in See also:

INTERNATIONAL, THE

international relations he had the status of a See also:

SOVEREIGN

sovereign See also:

prince of the first See also:

RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank. But he was under the strictest surveillance. He must wait for the presence of other officials before opening despatches from See also:

FOREIGN

foreign powers; he was for-bidden to leave the See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city and was not allowed to possess any See also:

PROPERTY

property in a foreign See also:

LAND

land. To quote H. F. See also:

Brown, " his pomp was splendid, his power limited; he appears as a See also:

SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol rather than as a factor in the constitution, the outward and visible sign of the impersonal See also:

OLIGARCHY (Gr. oXiyot, few, apxil, rule)

oligarchy." The office, however, was See also:

main-4ained until the closing days of the republic, and from time to time it was held by men who were able to make it something more than a sonorous title. The last doge was Lodovico See also:

MANIN, DANIELE (1804–18J7)

Manin, who abdicated in May 1797, when Venice passed under the power of See also:

NAPOLEON

Napoleon. In Genoa the institution of the doge See also:

DATES

dates from 1339. At first he was elected without restriction and by popular suffrage, holding office for life; but after the reform effected by See also:

ANDREA, GIOVANNI (1275-1348)

Andrea See also:

DORIA, ANDREA (1466-156o)

Doria in 1528 the See also:

TERM

term of his office was reduced to two years.

At the same time plebeians were declared ineligible, and the appointment of the doge was entrusted to the members of the great and the little See also:

COUNCILS

councils, who employed for this purpose a machinery almost as complex as that of the later Venetians. The See also:

NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic See also:

WARS

Wars put an end to the office of doge at Genoa. See Cecchetti, II Doge di Venezia (1864) ; Musatti, Stosia della promissione ducale (See also:

PADUA (Lat. Patavium ; Ital. Padova)

Padua, 1888) ; and H. F. Brown, Venice: a See also:

HISTORICAL

Historical See also:

SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

Sketch (1893). See also:

DOG-See also:

FISH, a name applied to several See also:

SPECIES

species of the smaller sharks, and given in See also:

COMMON

common with such names as See also:

HOUND

hound and beagle, owing to the See also:

HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit these fishes have of pursuing or See also:

hunt-See also:

ing their See also:

PREY (0. Fr. preie, mod. proie, Lat. praeda, booty, from prae and the root hed—seen in prehendere, prendere, to grasp)

prey in packs. The small-spotted dog-fish or rough hound (Scyllium canicula) and the large-spotted or See also:

NURSE (a shortened form of the earlier " nourice," adapted through the French from Lat. nutrix, nu/rite, to nourish)

nurse hound (Scyllium See also:

CATULUS

catulus) are also known as ground-sharks. They keep near the sea bottom, feeding chiefly on,,the smaller fishes and See also:

CRUSTACEA

Crustacea, and causing great annoyance to the fishermen by the readiness with which they take bait. They differ from the See also:

MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of sharks, and resemble the rays in being oviparous. The eggs are enclosed in semi-transparent horny cases, known on the See also:

BRITISH

British coasts as " mermaids' purses," and these have tendril-like prolongations from each of the four corners, by means of which they are moored to sea-See also:

WEED, THURLOW (1797—1882)

weed or some other fixed object near the See also:

SHORE

shore, until the See also:

young dog-fish is ready to make its exit. The larger of these species attains a length of 4 to 5 ft., the smaller rarely more than 30 in. The picked dog-fish (Aaanthias vulganis, formerly known as Squalus acanthias) is pre-eminently the dog-fish.

It is the most abundant of.the British sharks, and occurs in the temperate seas of both See also:

NORTHERN

northern, and See also:

SOUTHERN

southern hemispheres. It attains a length of 4 ft., but the usual length is 2 to 3 ft., the See also:

FEMALE

female, as in most sharks, being larger than the male. The See also:

BODY

body is See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round and tapering, the snout projects, and the mouth is placed ventrally some distance from the end of the snout. There are two dorsal fins, each of which is armed on its anterior edge with a See also:

sharp and slightly curved spine, hence its name " picked." This species is viviparous, the female producing five to nine young at a See also:

BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth; the young when See also:

BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born are 9 to 10 in. See also:

long and quite similar to the parents in all respects except See also:

SIZE

size. It is gregarious, and is abundant at all seasons everywhere on the British coasts. In 1858 an enormous shoal of dog-fish, many square See also:

MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles in extent, appeared in the See also:

north of See also:

Scotland, when, says J. See also:

COUCH, DARIUS NASH (1822-1897)

Couch, " they were to be found floating in myriads on the See also:

SURFACE

surface of every See also:

HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour." They are the See also:

SPECIAL

special enemies of the fisherman, injuring his nets, removing the hooks from his lines, and spoiling his fish for the See also:

MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market by biting pieces out of them as they hang on his lines. They are however eaten, both fresh and salted, by fishermen, especially on the See also:

west See also:

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

England, and they are sold regularly in the See also:

French markets.

End of Article: DOGE

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