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See also:DURAND, See also:GUILLAUME (GUILLELMUS DURANDUS) , also known as DURANTI Or DURANTIS, from the See also:Italian See also:form of Durandi filius, as he sometimes signed himself (c. 1230-1296), See also:French canonist and liturgical writer, and See also:bishop of See also:Mende, was See also:born at Puimisson, near See also:Beziers, of a See also:noble See also:family of See also:Languedoc. He studied See also:law at See also:Bologna, especially with Bernardus of See also:Parma, and about 1264 was teaching See also:canon law with success at See also:Modena. See also:Clement IV., his See also:fellow-countryman, called him to the pontifical See also:court as a See also:chaplain and auditor of the See also:palace, and in 1274 he accompanied Clement's successor See also:- GREGORY
- GREGORY (Gregorius)
- GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
- GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
- GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
- GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
- GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)
Gregory X. to the See also:council of See also:Lyons, the constitutions of which he See also:drew up, along with some other prelates. As spiritual and temporal See also:legate of the patrimony of St See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter, he received in 1278, in the name of the See also:pope, the See also:homage of Bologna and of the other cities of Romagna. See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
Martin IV. made him See also:vicar spiritual in 1281, then See also:governor of Romagna and of the See also:March of See also:Ancona (1283). In the midst of the struggles between Guelfs and Ghibellines, Durandus successfully defended the papal territories, both by See also:diplomacy and by arms. See also:Honorius IV. retained him in his offices, and although elected bishop of Mende in 1286, he remained in See also:Italy until 1291. In 1295 he refused the archbishopric of See also:Ravenna, offered him by See also:Boniface VIII., but accepted the task of pacifying again his former provinces of Romagna and the March of Ancona. In 1296 he withdrew to See also:Rome, where he died on the 1st of See also:November.
Durandus' See also:principal See also:work is the See also:Speculum judiciale, which was See also:drawn up in 1271, and revised in 1286 and 1291. It is a See also:general explanation of See also:civil, criminal and canonical See also:procedure, and also includes a survey of the subject of contracts. It is a remarkable See also:synthesis of See also:Roman and ecclesiastical law, distinguished by its clarity, its method, and especially its See also:practical sense, in a See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field in which it was See also:pioneer, and its repute was as See also:great and lasting in the courts as in the See also:schools. It won for Durandus the name of " The Speculator." It was commented upon by Giovanni See also:Andrea (in 1346), and by Baldus, and in 1306 See also:Cardinal See also:Beranger drew up an alphabetical table of its contents (Inventorium). There are many See also:manuscripts of the Speculum, and several See also:editions, of which the most usual is that of See also:Turin in 1578 in 2 volumes, containing all additions and tables. This edition was reproduced at See also:Frankfort in 1612 and 1668. The next important work of Durandus is the Rationale divinorum officiorum, a liturgical See also:treatise written in Italy before 1286, on the origin and symbolic sense of the See also:Christian See also:ritual. It presents a picture of the See also:liturgy of the 13th See also:century in the See also:West, studied in its various forms, its traditional See also:sources, and its relation tothe See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church buildings and See also:furniture. With Martene's De antiquis Ecclesiae ritibus it is the See also:main authority on Western liturgies. It has run through various editions, from its first publication in 1459 to the last edition at See also:Naples, 1866. The other important See also:works of Durandus comprise a Repertorium See also:juris canonici (Breviarium aureum), a collection of citations from canonists on questions of controversy—often published along with the Speculum; a Commentarius in sacrosanctum Lugdunense See also:con-cilium (ed. See also:Fano, 1569), of especial value owing to the See also:share of Durandus in the elaboration of the constitutions of this council (1274), and inserted by Boniface VIII. in the Sextus.
A See also:nephew of " The Speculator," also named GUILLAUME DURAND (d. 1330), and also a canonist, was See also:rector of the university of See also:Toulouse and succeeded his See also:uncle as bishop of Mende. He wrote in 1311, in connexion with the council of See also:Vienne, De modo celebrandi concilii et corruptelis in See also:Ecclesia ref ormandis. It attacks the abuses of the Church with extreme sincerity and vigour.
On the See also:elder Durand see V. Leclerc in Histoire litteraire de la See also:France, vol. xx. pp. 411-497 (1842); Schulte, Geschichte der Quellen See also:des canonischen Rechts (1877) ; E. Male, L'See also:Art religieux au XIIP siecle en France (1898). On the nephew see B. See also:Haureau, in See also:Journal des savants (1892), 64.
End of Article: DURAND, GUILLAUME (GUILLELMUS DURANDUS)
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