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See also:PONTIAC (c. 1720-1769) , See also:Indian See also:chief of the See also:Ottawa and See also:leader in the " See also:Conspiracy of Pontiac " in 1763-64, was See also:born between 1712 and 1720 probably on the Maumee See also:river, near the mouth of the Auglaize. His See also:father was an Ottawa, and his See also:mother an Ojibwa. By 1755 he had become a chief of the Ottawa and a leader of the loose confederacy of the Ottawa, See also:Potawatomi and Ojibwa. He was an ally of See also:France and possibly commanded the Ottawa in the defeat (See also:July 9, 1755) of See also:General See also:Edward See also:Braddock. In See also:November 1760 he met See also:Major See also:Robert See also:Rogers, then on his way to occupy Michilimackinac and other forts surrendered by the See also:French, and agreed to let the See also:English troops pass unmolested on See also:condition that he should be treated with respect by the See also:British. Like other See also:Indians he soon realized the difference between French and English See also:rule—that the Indians were no longer welcomed at the forts and that they would ultimately be deprived of their See also:hunting grounds by encroaching English settlements. French hunters and traders encouraged Indian disaffection with vague promises of help from France; in 1762 an Indian " See also:prophet " among the Delawares on the Muskingum preached a See also:union of the Indians to expel the
Fort See also:Pitt with a See also:garrison of 330 men under See also:Captain See also:Simeon Ecuyer was attacked on the 22nd of See also:June and was besieged from the 27th of July to the 1st of See also:August, when the Indians withdrew to meet arelief expedition of 500 men, mostly Highlanders, under See also:Colonel See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry Bouquet (1719-1766), who had set out from See also:Carlisle, See also:Pennsylvania, on the 18th of July, and relieved Fort See also:Ligonier (on the site of the See also:- BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
- BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)
borough of Ligonier, Westmoreland See also:county, See also:Penn.) on the 2nd of August, but was surprised on the 5th, and fought (5th and 6th) the See also:battle of Bushy Run (25 M. S.E. of Fort Pitt), finally flanking and routing the Indians after tricking them by a feinted See also:retreat of a See also:part of his force. Bouquet reached Fort Pitt on the loth of August. At Michilimackinac (Mackinac), See also:Michigan, on the 4th of June, the Indians gained See also:admission to the fort by a See also:trick, killed nearly a See also:score of the garrison and captured the See also:remainder, including Captain See also:George Etherington, the See also:commander, besides several English traders, including See also:Alexander Henry (1739-1824).1 Some of the captives were seized by the Ottawa, who had taken no part in the attack; a part of these were released, and reached See also:Montreal on the 13th of August. Seven of the prisoners kept by the Ojibwa were killed in See also:cold See also:blood by one of their chiefs. Fort See also:Sandusky (on the site of Sandusky, See also:Ohio) was taken on the 16th of May by See also:Wyandot; and Fort St See also:Joseph (on the site of the See also:present See also:Niles, Mich.) was captured on the 25th of May and it men (out of its garrison of 14) were massacred, the others with the commandant, See also:Ensign See also:Schlosser, being taken to See also:Detroit and exchanged for Indian prisoners. On the 27th of May Fort See also:Miami (on the site of Fort See also:Wayne, See also:Indiana) surrendered to the Indians after its commander, Ensign See also:Holmes, had been treacherously killed. Fort Ouiatanon (about 5 M. See also:south-See also:west of the present See also:Lafayette, Indiana) and Fort Presque Isle (on the site of See also:Erie, Penn.) were taken by the Indians on the 1st and 16th of June respectively; and Fort Le Boeuf (on the site of See also:Waterford,
1 Henry, a native of New See also:Brunswick, N.J., had become a See also:fur-trader at Fort Michilimackinac in 1761. He was rescued by Wawatam, an Ottawa, who had adopted him as a See also:brother; in 1764 he took part in Colonel See also:John Bradstreet's expedition; in 1770, with See also:Sir See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William See also:- JOHNSON, ANDREW
- JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808–1875)
- JOHNSON, BENJAMIN (c. 1665-1742)
- JOHNSON, EASTMAN (1824–1906)
- JOHNSON, REVERDY (1796–1876)
- JOHNSON, RICHARD (1573–1659 ?)
- JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1781–1850)
- JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784)
- JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS (1664-1729)
- JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (1715–1774)
- JOHNSON, THOMAS
Johnson, the See also:duke of See also:Gloucester and others, formed a See also:Company to mine See also:copper in the See also:Lake See also:Superior region; was a fur-trader again until 1796; and then became a See also:merchant in Montreal. His Travels and Adventures in See also:Canada and the Indian Territories between the Years 176o and 1776 (1809; reprinted 1901) is a valuable See also:account of the fur See also:trade and of his adventures at Michilimackinac. He is not to be confused with his See also:nephew of the same name, also a fur-trader, whose See also:journal was published in 1897 in 3 vols., as New See also:Light on the See also:Early See also:History of the Greater Northwest.
II
Penn.) was surprised on the 18th, but its garrison escaped, and seven (out of 13) got safely to Fort Pitt. Fort Venango (near the site of the present Venango, Penn.) was taken and burnt about the same See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time by some Senecas (the only See also:Iroquois in the conspiracy), who massacred the garrison and later burned the commander, Lieut. See also:Gordon. About Soo Senecas on the 14th of See also:September surprised a See also:wagon See also:train, escorted by 24 soldiers, from Fort Schlosser (2 M. above See also:Niagara Falls), drove most of them over the brink of the See also:Devil's Hole (below the See also:cataract), and then nearly annihilated a party from Fort Niagara sent to the See also:- RESCUE (in Middle Eng. rescous, from O. Fr. recousse, Low Lat. rescussa, from reexcussa,reexcutere, to shake off again, re, again, ex, off, quatere, to shake)
rescue.
In 1763, although the See also:main attacks on Detroit and Fort Pitt had failed, nearly every See also:minor fort attacked was captured, about 200 settlers and traders were killed, and in See also:property destroyed or plundered the English lost about £1oo,000, the greatest loss in men and property being in western Pennsylvania.
In June 1764 Colonel John Bradstreet (1711–1774) led about 1200 men from See also:Albany to Fort Niagara, where at a See also:great gathering of the Indians several See also:treaties were made in July; in August he made at Presque Isle a treaty (afterwards annulled by General See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas See also:Gage) with some See also:Delaware and See also:Shawnee chiefs; and in September made treaties (both unsatisfactory) with the Wyandot, Ottawa and Miami at Sandusky, and with various chiefs at Detroit. He sent Captain See also:Howard to occupy the forts at Michilimackinac, See also:Green See also:Bay and Sault Ste See also:Marie, and Captain See also:Morris up the Maumee river, where he conferred with Pontiac, and then to Fort Miami, where he narrowly escaped See also:death at the hands of the Miami; and with his men Bradstreet returned to See also:Oswego in November, having accomplished little of value. An expedition of 15oo men under Colonel Bouquet See also:left Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in August, and near the site of the present Tuscarawas, Ohio, induced the Indians to See also:release their prisoners and to stop fighting—the See also:practical end of the conspiracy. Pontiac himself made submission to Sir William Johnson on the 25th of July 1766 at Oswego, New See also:York. In See also:April 1769 he was murdered, when drunk, at See also:Cahokia (nearly opposite St See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis) by a Kaskaskia Indian bribed by an English trader; and he was buried near the St Louis Fort. His death occasioned a See also:bitter See also:war in which a remnant of the See also:Illinois was practically annihilated in 1770 at Starved See also:Rock (between the present Ottawa and La Salle), Illinois, by the Potawatomi, who had been followers of Pontiac. Pontiac was one of the most remarkable men of the Indian See also:race in See also:American history, and was notable in particular for his See also:power (rare among the Indians) of organization.
See See also:Francis See also:Parkman, The Conspiracy of Pontiac (2 vols., See also:Boston, 1851; loth ed., 1896).
End of Article: PONTIAC (c. 1720-1769)
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