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KENTUCKY

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Originally appearing in Volume V15, Page 747 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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KENTUCKY , a See also:

South Central See also:State of the See also:United States of See also:America, situated between 36° 30' and 390 6' N., and 82° and 89° 38' W. It is bounded N., N.W., and N.E. by See also:Illinois, See also:Indiana and See also:Ohio; E. by the Big Sandy See also:river and its E. See also:fork, the Tug, which separates it from See also:West See also:Virginia, and by Virginia; S.E. and S. by Virginia and See also:Tennessee; and W. by the See also:Mississippi river, which separates it from See also:Missouri. It has an See also:area of 4.0,598 sq. m.; of this, 417 sq. m., including the entire breadth of the Ohio river, over which it has See also:jurisdiction, are See also:water See also:surface. Physiography.—From See also:mountain heights along its eastern border the 'surface of Kentucky is a See also:north-western slope across two much dissected plateaus to a gracefully undulating See also:lowland in the north central See also:part and a longer western slope across the same plateaus to a See also:lower and more level lowland at the western extremity. The narrow mountain See also:belt is part of the western edge of the Appalachian Mountain See also:Province in which, parallel ridges of folded mountains,' the See also:Cumberland and the See also:Pine, have crests 2000–3000 ft. high, and the Big See also:Black Mountain rises to 4000 ft. The highest point in the state is The See also:Double on the Virginia state See also:line, in the eastern part of See also:Harlan See also:county with an See also:altitude of over 4100 ft. The entire eastern See also:quarter of the state, coterminous with the Eastern Kentucky See also:coal-See also:field, is commonly known as the region of the " mountains," but with the exception of the narrow area just described it properly belongs to the See also:Alleghany See also:Plateau Province. This plateau belt is exceedingly rugged with See also:sharp ridges alternating with narrow valleys which have steep sides but are.seldom more than 1500 ft. above the See also:sea. The See also:remainder of the state which lies See also:east of the Tennessee river is divided into the Highland Rim Plateau and a lowland See also:basin, eroded in the Highland Rim Plateau and known as the See also:Blue Grass Region ; this region is separated from the Highland Rim Plateau by a semicircular escarpment extending from See also:Portsmouth, Ohio, at the mouth of the Scioto river, to the mouth of the See also:Salt river below See also:Louisville; it is bounded north by the Ohio river. The Highland Rim Plateau, lying to the south, east and west of the escarpment, embraces fully one-See also:half of the state, slopes from elevations of 1000–1200 ft. or more in the east to about 500 It. in the north-west, and is generally much less rugged than the Alleghany Plateau; a See also:peculiar feature of the See also:southern portion of it is the numerous circular depressions (sink holes) in the surface and the cavernous region beneath. Kentucky is noted for its caves, the best-known of which are See also:Mammoth See also:Cave and See also:Colossal Cavern (qq.v:). The caves are cut in the beds of See also:limestone (lying immediately below the coal-bearing See also:series) by streams that pass beneath the surface in the " sink holes," and according to See also:Professor N.

S. Shaler there are altogether " doubtless a See also:

hundred thousand See also:miles of ways large enough to permit the easy passage of See also:man." Down the steep slopes of the escarpment the Highland Rim Plateau drops 200 ft. or more to the famous Blue Grass Region, in which erosion has See also:developed on limestone a gracefully undulating surface. This Blue Grass Region is like a beautiful See also:park, without ragged cliffs, precipitous slopes, or See also:flat marshy bottoms, but marked by rounded hills and dales. Especially within a See also:radius of 20 M. around See also:Lexington, the See also:country is clothed with an unusually luxuriant vegetation. During See also:spring, autumn, and See also:winter in particular, the blue-grass (Poa See also:coin-presses and Poa pratensis) spreads a See also:mat, See also:green, thick, See also:fine and soft, over much of the country, and it is a See also:good winter pasture; about the See also:middle of See also:June it blooms, and, owing to the See also:hue of its See also:seed vessels, gives the landscape a bluish hue. Another lowland area embraces that small part of the state in the extreme south-east which lies west of the Tennessee river; this belongs to that part of the Coastal See also:Plain Region which extends north along the Mississippi river; it has in Kentucky an See also:average See also:elevation of less than 500 ft. Most of the larger See also:rivers of the state have their See also:sources among the mountains or on the Alleghany Plateau and flow more or less circuitously in a See also:general north-western direction into the Ohio. Although deep river channels are See also:common, falls or impassable rapids are rare west of the Alleghany Plateau, and the state has an extensive mileage of navigable See also:waters. The Licking, Kentucky, Green and Tradewater are the See also:principal rivers wholly within the state. The Cumberland, after flowing for a considerable distance in the south-east and south central part of the state, passes into Tennessee at a point nearly south of Louisville, and in the extreme south-west the Cumberland and the Tennessee, with only a See also:short distance between them, See also:cross Kentucky and enter the Mississippi at Smithland and See also:Paducah respectively. The drainage" of the region under which the caverns See also:lie is mostly underground. See also:Fauna and See also:Flora.—The first See also:white settlers found See also:great See also:numbers of buffaloes, See also:deer, elks, geese, ducks, turkeys and partridges, also many bears, panthers, See also:lynx, wolves, foxes, heavers, otters, minks, See also:musk-rats, rabbits, squirrels, raccoons, woodchucks, opossums and skunks, and the streams were inhabited by See also:trout, See also:perch, See also:buffalo-See also:fish, See also:sun-fish, See also:mullet, eels, and suckers.

Of the larger See also:

game there remain only a few deer, bears and lynx in the mountain districts, and the numbers of small game and fish have been greatly reduced. In its primeval state Kentucky was generally well timbered, but most of the middle See also:section has been cleared and here the blue grass is now the dominant feature of the flora. Extensive See also:forest areas still remain both in the east and the west, In the east See also:oak, See also:maple, See also:beech, See also:chestnut, See also:elm, See also:tulip-See also:tree (locally " yellow See also:poplar "), See also:walnut, pine and See also:cedar trees are the most numerous; in the west the forests are composed largely of See also:cypress, ash, oak, See also:hickory, chestnut, walnut, beech, tulip-tree, See also:gum and sycamore trees. See also:Locust, pawpaw, See also:cucumber, See also:buck-See also:eye, black mulberry and See also:wild See also:cherry trees also abound, and the See also:grape, See also:raspberry and See also:strawberry are native fruits. See also:Climate.—The climate is somewhat more mild and even than that of the neighbouring states. The mean See also:annual temperature, about 50° F. on the mountains in the S. E., and 60° W. of the Tennessee, is about 55° F. for the entire state; the thermometer seldom registers as high as too° or as See also:low as—to°. The mean annual precipitation ranges from about 38 in. in the north-east to 5o in. in the south, and is about 46 in. for the entire state; it is usually distributed evenly throughout the See also:year and very little is in the See also:form of See also:snow. The prevailing winds See also:blow from the west or south-west; See also:rain-bearing winds blow mostly from the south ; and the See also:cold waves come from the north or north-west. See also:Soil.—The best soils are the See also:alluvium in the bottom-lands along some of the larger rivers and that of the Blue Grass Region, which is derived from a limestone See also:rich in organic See also:matter (containing See also:phosphorus) and rapidly decomposing. The soil within a radius of some 20 M. around Lexington is especially rich ; outside of this area the Blue Grass soil is less rich in phosphorus and contains a larger mixture of See also:sand. The soils of the Highland Rim Plateau as well as of the lowland west of the Tennessee river vary greatly, but the most common are a See also:clay, containing more or less carbonate of See also:lime, and a sandy See also:loam.

On the escarpment around the Blue Grass Region the soils are for the most part either cherty or stiff with clay and of inferior quality. On the mountains and on the Alleghany Plateau, also, much of the soil is very See also:

light and thin. See also:Agriculture.—Kentucky is chiefly an agricultural state. Of the 752,531 of its inhabitants who, in 1900, were engaged in some gainful occupation, 408,185 or 54'2 %, were agriculturists, and of its See also:total See also:land surface 21,979,422 acres, or 85'9%, were included in farms. The percentage of improved See also:farm land increased from 35'2 in 1850 to 49'9 in 1880 and to 62'5 in 1900. The number of farms increased from 74,i77 in 185o to 166,453 in 188o and to 234,667 in 1900; and their average See also:size decreased from 226.7 acres in 185o to t29'1 acres in 1880 and to 93.7 acres in 1900, these changes being largely due to the breaking up of slave estates, the introduction of a considerable number of See also:negro farmers, and the increased cultivation of See also:tobacco and See also:market-See also:garden produce. In the best stock-raising country, e.g. in Fayette county, the opposite tendency prevailed during the latter part of this See also:period and old farms of a few hundred acres were combined to form some vast estates of from 2000 to 4000 acres. Of the 234,667 farms in 1900, 155,189 contained less than Too acres, 76,450 contained between too and 500 acres, and 558 contained more than 100o acres; 152,216 or 64'86%, were operated by owners or part owners, of whom 5320 were negroes; 16,776 by See also:cash tenants, of whom 789 were negroes; and 60,289 by See also:share tenants, of whom 4984 were negroes. In 1900 the value of farm land and improvements was $291,117,430; of buildings on farms, $90,887,460; of live-stock, $73,739,106. In the year 1899 the value of all farm products was 8123,266,785 (of which $21,128,530 was the value of products fed to livestock), including the following items: crops, $74,783,365; See also:animal products, $44,303,940; and forest products, $4,179,840• The total acreage of all crops in 1899 was 6,582,696. See also:Indian See also:corn is the largest and most valuable See also:crop. As See also:late as 1849, when it produced 58,672,591 bu., Kentucky was the second largest Indian-corn producing state in the See also:Union.

In 1899 the crop had increased to 73,974,220 bu. and the acreage was 3,319,257 (more than half the acreage of all crops in the state), but the See also:

rank had fallen to ninth in product and See also:eleventh in acreage; in 1909 (according to the Yearbook of the United States See also:Department of Agriculture) the crop was 103,472,000 bu. (ninth among the states of the United States), and the acreage was 3,568,000 (twelfth among the states). Among the cereals See also:wheat is the next largest crop; it increased from 2,142,822 bu. in 1849 to 11,356,113 bu. in 1879, and to 14,264,500 bu. in 1899; in 1909 It was only 7,906,000 bu. The crop of each of the other cereals is small and in each See also:case was less in 1899 than in 1849. The culture of tobacco, which is the second most valuable crop in the state, was begun in the north part about 1780 and in the west and south See also:early in the 19th See also:century, but it was late in that century before it was introduced to any considerable extent in the Blue Grass Region, where it was then in a measure substituted for the culture of See also:hemp. By 1849 Kentucky ranked second only to Virginia in the See also:production of tobacco, and in 1899 it was far ahead of any other state in both acreage and yield, there being in that year 384,805 acres, which was 34'9 % of the total acreage in the See also:continental United States, yielding 314,288,050 lb. As compared with the state's Indian corn crop of that year, the acreage was only a little more than one-ninth, but the value ($18,541,982) was about 63%. In 1909 the tobacco acreage in Kentucky was 420,000, the crop was 350,700,000 lb, valued at$37,174,200; the average See also:price per See also:pound had increased from 5'9 cents in 1899 to i0:6 cents in 1909. The two most important tobacco-growing districts are: the Black Patch, in the extreme south-west corner of the state, which with the adjacent counties in Tennessee grows a black heavy See also:leaf bought almost entirely by the agents of See also:foreign governments (especially See also:Austria, See also:Spain and See also:Italy) and called regie " tobacco; and the Blue Grass Region, as far east as See also:Maysville, and the See also:hill country south and east, whose product, the red and white Burley, is a fine-fibred light leaf, peculiarly absorbent of licorice and other adulterants used in the manufacture of sweet chewing tobacco, and hence a peculiarly valuable crop, which formerly averaged 22 cents a pound for all grades.' The high price received by the hill growers of the Burley induced farmers in the Blue Grass to plant Burley tobacco there, where the crop proved a great success, more than twice as much (sometimes 2000 lb) being grown to the See also:acre in the Blue Grass as in the hills and twice as large patches being easily managed. In the hill country the share See also:tenant could usually plant and cultivate only four acres of tobacco, had to spend 12o days working the crop, and could use the same land for tobacco only once in six years. So, although a price of 6'5 cents a pound covered expenses of the planter of Burley in the Blue Grass, who could use the same Iand for tobacco once in four years, this price did not repay the hill planter. The additional production of the Blue Grass Region sent the price of Burley tobacco down to'this figure and below it.

The planters in the Black Patch had met a See also:

combination of the buyers by forming a See also:pool, the Planters' Protective Association, into which 40,000 growers were forced by " See also:night-See also:riding " and other forms of See also:coercion and persuasion, and had thus secured an advance to 11 cents a pound from the "regie " buyers and had shown: the efficacy of pooling methods in securing better prices for the tobacco crop. Following their example, the planters of the Burley formed the Burley Tobacco Society, a Burley pool, with headquarters at See also:Winchester and associated with the See also:American Society of See also:Equity, which promoted in general the pooling of different crops throughout the country. The tobacco planters secured legislation favourable to the formation of crop pools. The Burley Tobacco Society attempted to pool the entire crop and thus force the buyers of the American Tobacco See also:Company of New See also:Jersey (which usually bought more than three-fourths of the crop of Burley) to pay a much higher price for it. In 1906 and in 1907 the crop was very large; the pool sold its lower grades of the 1906 crop at 16 cents a pound to the American Tobacco Company and forced the See also:independent buyers out of business; and the Burley Society decided in 1907 to grow no more tobacco until the 1906 and 1907 crops were sold, making the price high enough to pay for this period of Idleness. Members of the pool had used force to bring planters into the pool; and now some tobacco growers, especially in the hills, planted new crops in the See also:hope of immediate return, and a new " night-riding " See also:war was begun on them. Bands of masked men rode about the country both in the Black Patch and in the Burley, burning tobacco houses of the independent planters, scraping their newly-planted tobacco patches, demanding that planters join their organization or leave the country, and See also:whipping or See also:shooting the recalcitrants. See also:Governor Willson, immediately after his inauguration, took See also:measures to suppress disorder. In general the Planters' Protective Association in the Black Patch was more successful in its pool than the Burley Tobacco Society in its, and there was more violence in the " regie " than in the " Burley " See also:district. In See also:November 1908 the lawlessness subsided in the Burley after the agreement of the American Tobacco Company to See also:purchase the remainder of the 1906 crop at a " See also:round " price of 20'1 cents and a part of the 1907 crop at an average price of 17 cents, thus making it profitable to raise a full crop in 1909. Kentucky is the principal hemp-growing state of the Union; the crop of 1899, which was grown on 14,107 acres and amounted to 10,303,560 lb, valued at $468,454, was 87'7% of the hemp crop of the whole country. But the competition of cheaper labour in other countries reduced the profits on this plant and the product of 1899 was a decrease from 78,8,8,000 lb in 1859.

See also:

Hay and See also:forage, the See also:fourth in value of the state's crops in 1899, were grown on 683,139 acres and amounted to 776,534 tons, valued at $6,100,647; in 1909 the acreage of hay was 480,000 and the crop of 653,000 tons was valued at $7,771,000. In 1899 the total value of See also:fruit grown in Kentucky was $2,491,457 (making the state rank thirteenth among the states of the Union in the value of this product), of which $1,943,645 was the value of See also:orchard fruits and $435,462 that of small fruits. Among fruits, apples are produced in greatest abundance, 6,053,717 bu. in 1899, an amount exceeded in only nine states; in 1889 the crop had been 10,679,389 bu. and was exceeded only by the crop of Ohio and by that of See also:Michigan. Kentucky also grows considerable quantities of cherries, See also:pears, plums and peaches, and, for its size, ranks high in its crops of strawberries, blackberries and rasp-berries. Indian corn is grown in all parts of the state but most largely in the western portion. Wheat is grown both in the Blue Grass Region and farther west; and the best country for fruit is along the Ohio river between See also:Cincinnati and Louisville and in the hilly land surrounding the Blue Grass Region. In the eastern part of the state 'North of the Black Patch is a district in which is grown a heavy-leaf ' tobacco, a large part of which is shipped to Great 'See also:Britain; and farther north and east a dark tobacco is grown for the American market. and cigarettes, See also:saddlery and See also:harness, patent medicines and compounds, See also:cotton goods, See also:furniture, See also:confectionery, See also:carriage and See also:wagon materials, wooden packing boxes, woollen goods, pottery and terra See also:cotta See also:ware, structural See also:iron-See also:work, and turned and carved See also:wood. Louisville is the great manufacturing centre, the value of its products amounting in 1905 to $83,204,125, 52.1 % of the product of the entire state, and showing an increase of 25.9 % over the value of the See also:city's factory products in 1900. See also:Ashland is the principal centre of the iron See also:industry. Minerals.—The See also:mineral resources of Kentucky are important and valuable, though very little developed. The value of all manufactures in 1900 was $154,166,365, and the value of manufactures based upon products of mines or quarries in the same year was $25,204,788; the total value of mineral products was $19,294,341 in 1907.

Bituminous coal is the principal mineral, and in 1907 Kentucky ranked eighth among the coal-producing states of the Union; the output in 1907 amounted to 10,753,124 short tons, and in 1902 to 6,766,984 short tons as compared with 2,399,755 tons produced in 1889. In 1902 the amount was about equally divided between the eastern coalfield, which is for the most part in Greenup, See also:

Boyd, See also:Carter, See also:Lawrence, See also:Johnson, See also:Lee, Breathitt, Rockcastle, See also:Pulaski, See also:Laurel, See also:Knox, See also:Bell and Whitley counties, and has an area of about II,180 sq. m., and the western coalfield, which is in See also:Henderson, Union, See also:Webster, Daviess, See also:Hancock, McLean, Ohio, See also:Hopkins, See also:Butler, See also:Muhlenberg and See also:Christian counties, and has an area of 5800 sq. m. In 1907 the output of the western district was 6,295,397 tons; that of the eastern, 4,457,727. The largest coal-producing counties in 1907 were Hopkins (2,064,154 short tons) and Muhlenberg (1,882,913 short tons) in the western coalfield, and Bell (1,437,886 short tens) and Whitley (762,923 short tons) in the south-western part of the eastern coalfield. All Kentucky coal is either bituminous or semi-bituminous, but of several varieties. Of cannel coal Kentucky is the largest producer in the Union, its output for 1902 being 65,317 short tons, and, according to state reports, for 1903, 72,856 tons (of which 46,314 tons were from See also:Morgan county), and for 1904, 68,400 tons (of which 52,492 tons were from Morgan county); according to the Mineral Resources of the United States for 1907 (published by the United States See also:Geological Survey) the production of Kentucky in 1907 of cannel coal (including 465o tons of semi-cannel coal) was 77,733 tons, and exclusive of semi-cannel coal the output of Kentucky was much larger than that of any other state. Some of the coal See also:mined in eastern Kentucky is an excellent See also:steam producer, especially the Jellico coal of Whitley county, Kentucky, and of See also:Campbell county, Tennessee. But with the exception of that mined in Hopkins and Bell counties, very little is See also:fit for making See also:coke; in 1880 the product was 4250 tons of coke (value $12,250), in 1890, 12,343 tons ($22,191) ; in 1900, 95,532 tons ($235,505) ; in 1902, 126,879 tons ($317,875), the maximum product up to 1906; and in 1907, 67,o68 tons ($157,288). Coal was first mined in Kentucky in Laurel or Pulaski county in 1827; between 1829 and 1835 the annual output was from 2000 to 600o tons; in 1840 it was 23,527 tons and in 1860 it was 285,76o tons. See also:Petroleum was discovered on Little Rennick's See also:Creek, near Burkesville, in Cumberland county, in 1829, when a flowing oil well (the " American well," whose product was sold as " American oil " to heal See also:rheumatism, See also:burns, &c.) was struck by men See also:boring for a "salt well," and after a second See also:discovery in the 'sixties at the mouth of See also:Crocus Creek a small but steady amount of oil was got each year. Great See also:pipe lines from See also:Parkersburg, West Virginia, to See also:Somerset, Pulaski county, and with branches to the Ragland, Barbourville and Prestonburg See also:fields, had in 1902 a mileage of 275 M. The principal fields are in the " southern tier," from See also:Wayne to See also:Allen county, including Barren county; farther east, Knox county, and See also:Floyd and Knott counties; to the north-east the Ragland field in See also:Bath and Rowan counties on the Licking river.

In 1902 the petroleum produced in the state amounted to 248,950 barrels, valued at $172,837, a gain in quantity of 81.4% over 1901. Kentucky is the S.W. extreme of the natural See also:

gas region of the west flank of the Appalachian See also:system; the greatest amount is found in See also:Martin county in the east, and See also:Breckinridge county in the north-west. The value of the state's natural gas output increased from $38,993 in 1891 to '1..9,000 in 1896, $286,243 in 1900, $365,611 in 1902, and $380,176 in 1907. Iron ore has been found in several counties, and an iron See also:furnace was built in Bath county, in the N. E. part of the state, as early as 1791, but since 1860 this mineral has received little See also:attention. In 1902 it was mined only in Bath, See also:Lyon and Trigg counties, of which the total product was 71,006 See also:long tons, valued at only $86,169; in 1904 only 35,000 tons were mined, valued at the mines at $35,000. In 1898 there began an increased activity in the See also:mining of fluor-spar, and See also:Crittenden, Fayette and See also:Livingston counties produced in 1902, 29,030 tons (valued at $143,410) of this mineral, in 1903 30,835 tons (valued at $153,960) and in 1904 19,096 tons (valued at $111,499), amounts (and values) exceeding those produced in any other state for these years; but in 1907 the quantity (21,058 tons) was less than the output of Illinois. See also:Lead and See also:zinc are mined in small quantities near See also:Marion in Crittenden county and elsewhere in connexion with mining for fluorspar; in 1907 the output was In the See also:census of 1 See also:statistics for other than 75 tons of lead valued at $7950 and 358 tons of zinc valued at 905 factory-made $42,244. See also:Jefferson, Jessamine, See also:Warren, Grayson and Caldwell products, such as tAbse of the See also:hand trades, were not included. counties have valuable quarries of an excellent light-coloured where crops are generally light, Indian corn, oats and potatoes are the principal products, but tobacco, See also:flax and cotton are grown. The thoroughbred Kentucky See also:horse has long had a See also:world-wide reputation for See also:speed; and the Blue Grass Region, especially Fayette, See also:Bourbon and See also:Woodford counties, is probably the finest horse-breeding region in America and has large breeding farms. In Fayette county, in 1900, the average value of colts between the ages of one'and two years was $377.78. In the Blue Grass Region many thorough-bred shorthorn See also:cattle and fine mules are raised.

The numbers of horses, mules, cattle and See also:

sheep increased quite steadily from 1850 to 1900, but the number of See also:swine in 1880 and in 1900 was nearly one-third less than in 1850. In 1900 the state had 497,245 horses, 198,110 mules, 364,025 See also:dairy cows, 755,714 other neat cattle, 1,300,832 sheep and 2,008,989 swine; in 1910 there were in Kentucky 407,000 horses, 207,000 mules, 394,000 milch cows, 665,000 other neat cattle, i,o6o,00o sheep and 989,000 swine. The principal sheep-raising counties in 1905 were Bourbon, See also:Scott and See also:Harrison, and the principal hog-raising counties were See also:Graves, Hardin, Ohio, Union and Hickman. Forests and See also:Timber.—More than one-half of the state (about 22,200 sq. m.) was in 1900 still wooded. In 1900 of the total cut of 777,218 M. ft., B.M., 392,804 were white oak and 279,740 M. ft. were tulip-tree. Logging is the principal industry of several localities, especially in the east, and the See also:lumber product of the state increased in value from $1,502,434 in 185o to $4,064,361 in 1880, and to $13,774,911 in 1900. The factory product in 1900 was valued at $13,338,533 and in 1905 at $14,539,000. In 1905 of a total of 586,371 M. ft., B.M., of sawed lumber, 295,776 M. ft. were oak and 153,057 M. ft. were " poplar." The planing See also:mill industry is increasing rapidly, as it is found cheaper to erect See also:mills near the forests; between 1900 and 1905 the See also:capital of planing mills in the state increased 117'2 % and the value of products increased 142'8%. Manufactures.—Kentucky's manufactures are principally those for which the products of her farms and forests furnish the raw material. The most distinctive of these is probably distilled liquors, the state's See also:whisky being famous. A See also:colony of See also:Roman See also:Catholic immigrants from See also:Maryland settled in 1787 along the Salt river about 50 m. S.S.E. of Louisville and with the surplus of their Indian corn crop made whisky, a part of which they sold at settlements on the Ohio and the Mississippi.

The industry was rapidly developed by distillers, who immediately after the suppression of the Whisky Insurrection., in 1794, removed from See also:

Pennsylvania and settled in what is now See also:Mason county and was then a part of Bourbon county—the product is still known as " Bourbon " whisky. During the first half of the 19th century the industry became of considerable See also:local importance in all parts of the state, but since the See also:Civil War the heavy tax imposed has caused its concentration in large establishments. In 1900 nearly 40% and in 1905 more than one-third of the state's product was distilled in Louisville. Good whisky is made in See also:Mary-land and in parts of Pennsylvania from See also:rye, but all efforts in other states to produce from Indian corn a whisky equal to the Bourbon have failed, and it is probable that the quality of the Bourbon is largely due to the See also:character of the Kentucky lime water and the Kentucky yeast germs. The average annual product of the state from 1880 to 1900 was about 20,000,000 gallons; in 1900 the product was valued at $9,786,527; in 1905 at $11,204,649. In 1900 and in 1905 Kentucky ranked fourth among the states in the value of distilled liquors. The total value of all manufactured products of the state increased from $126,719,857 in 1890 to $154,166,365 in 1900, or 21.7%, and from 1900 to 1905 the value of factory-made products alone increased from $iz6,5o8,66o to $159,753,968, or 26.3%.i Measured by the value of the product, See also:flour and grist mill products See also:rose from third in rank in I9 0o to first in rank in 1905, from $13,017,043 to $18,007,786, or 38-3%; and chewing and smoking tobacco and See also:snuff See also:fell during the same period from first to third in rank, from $14,948,192 to $13,117,000, or 12.3 %; in 1900 Kentucky was second, in 1905 third, among the states in the value of this product. Lumber and timber products held second rank both in 1900 ($13,538,533) and in 1905 ($14,539,000). Distilled liquors were fourth in rank in 1900 and in 1905. Men's clothing rose from tenth in rank in 1900 to fifth in rank in 1905, from $3,420,365 to $6,279.078; or 83.6%. Other important manufactures, with their product values in 1900 and in 1905, are iron and See also:steel ($5,004,572 in 1900; $6,167,542 in 1905); railway cars ($4,248,029 in 1900; $5,739,071 in 1905); packed meats ($5,177,167 in 1900; $5,693,731 in 1905) ; foundry and See also:machine See also:shop products ($4,434,610 in 1900; $4,699,559 in 1905); planing mill vroducts, including See also:sash, doors and blinds ($1,891,517 in 1900• 4,593,251 in 1905—an increase already remarked) ; carriages See also:ana wagons ($2,849,713 in 1900; $4,059,438 in 1905) ; tanned and curried See also:leather ($3,757,016 in 1900; 3,952,277 in 1905); and See also:malt liquors ($3,186,627 in 1900; $3,673,678 in 1905). Other important manufactures (each with a product value in 1905 of more than one million dollars) were cotton-seed oil and cake (in 1900 Kentucky was fifth and in 1905 See also:sixth among the states in the value of cotton-seed oil and cake), See also:cooperage, agricultural implements, boots and shoes, cigars Oolitic limestone, resembling the See also:Bedford limestone of Indiana, and best known under the name of the finest variety, the " See also:Bowling Green See also:stone " of Warren county; and sandstones good for structural purposes are found in both coal regions, and especially in Rowan county.

In 1907 the total value of limestone quarried in the state was $891,500, and of all stone, $1,002,450. See also:

Fire and pottery clay and See also:cement See also:rock also abound within the state. The value of clay products was $2,406,350 in 1905 (when Kentucky was tenth among the states) and was $2,611,364 in 1907 (when Kentucky was eleventh among the states). The manufacture of cement was begun in 1829 at Shippingport, a suburb of Louisville, whence the natural cement of Kentucky and Indiana, produced within a radius of 15 M. from Louisville, is called " Louisville cement." In 1905 the value of natural cement manufactured in the state (according to the United States Geological Survey) was.only $83,000. The manufacture of See also:Portland cement is of greater importance. There are mineral springs, especially salt springs, in various parts of the state, particularly in the Blue Grass Region; these are now of comparatively little economic importance; no salt was reported among the state's manufactures for 1905, and in 1907 only 736,920 gallons of mineral waters were bottled for See also:sale. Historically and geologically, however, these springs are of considerable See also:interest. According to Professor N. S. Shaler, state geologist in 1873-188o, " When the rocks whence they flow were formed on the See also:Silurian sea-floors, a good See also:deal of the sea-water was imprisoned in the strata, between the grains of sand or mud and in the cavities of the shells that make up a large part of these rocks. This confined sea-water is gradually being displaced by the downward sinking of the rain-water through the rifts of the strata, and thus finds its way to the surface: so that these springs offer to us a share of the See also:ancient seas, in which perhaps a hundred million of years ago the rocks of Kentucky were laid down." To these springs in prehistoric and historic times came annually great numbers of animals for salt, and in the marshes and swamps around some of them, especially Big See also:Bone Lick (in See also:Boone county, about 20 m. S.W. of Cincinnati) have been found many bones of See also:extinct mammals, such as the See also:mastodon and the long-legged bison.' The early settlers and the See also:Indians came to the springs to shoot large game for See also:food, and by boiling the waters the settlers obtained valuable supplies of salt.

Several of the Kentucky springs have been somewhat frequented as summer resorts; among these are the Blue Lick in See also:

Nicholas county (about 48 m. N.E. of Lexington), See also:Harrodsburg, Crab Orchard in See also:Lincoln county (about 115 m. S.E. of Louisville), Rock See also:Castle springs in Pulaski county (about 23 M. E. of Somerset) and Paroquet Springs (near Shepherdsville, Bullitt county), which was a well-known resort before the Civil War, and near which, at Bullitt Lick, the first salt See also:works in Kentucky are said to have been erected. Pearls are found in the state, especially in the Cumberland River, and it is supposed that there are diamonds in the kimberlite deposits in See also:Elliott county. Transportation.—Kentucky in 1909 had 3,503.98 M. of railway. Railway See also:building was begun in the state in 1830, and in 1835 the first See also:train See also:drawn by a steam See also:locomotive ran from Lexington to See also:Franklin, a distance of 27 M. Not until 1851 was the line completed to Louisville. Kentucky's See also:trade during the greater part of the 19th century was very largely with the South, and with the facilities which river See also:navigation afforded for this the development of a railway system was retarded. Up to 188o the railway mileage had increased to only 1,530; but during the next ten years it increased to 2,942, and See also:railways were in considerable measure substituted for water See also:craft. The principal lines are the Louisville & See also:Nashville, the Chesapeake & Ohio, the Illinois Central, and the Cincinnati Southern (See also:Queen & See also:Crescent route). Most of the lines run south or south-west from Cincinnati and Louisville, and the east border of the state still has a small railway mileage and practically no wagon roads, most of the travel being on horseback.

The wagon roads of the Blue Grass Region are excellent, because of the plentiful and cheap See also:

supply of stone for road building. The See also:assessment of railway See also:property, and in some measure the regulation of railway rates, are entrusted to a state railway See also:commission. See also:Population.—The population of Kentucky in 188o2 was 1,648,690; in 189o, 1,858,635, an increase within the See also:decade of 12.7%; in 190o it was 2,147,174; and in 1910 it had reached 2,289,905. Of the total population of 1900, 284,865 were coloured and 50,249 were foreign-See also:born; of the coloured, 284,706 were negroes, 102 were Indians, and 57 were See also:Chinese; of the foreign-born, 27,555 were natives of See also:Germany, 9874 were natives of See also:Ireland, and 3256 were natives of See also:England. Of the foreign-born, 21,427, or 42.6%, were inhabitants of the city of Louisville, leaving a population outside of this city of which 98.4% ' For a full See also:account of the " licks," see vol. i. pt. ii. of the See also:Memoirs of the Kentucky Geological Survey (1876). i 2 The population of the state at the previous censuses was: 73,677 n 1790; 220,955 in 1800; 406,511 in 181o; 564,317 in 1820; 687,917 in 183o; 779,828 in 1840; 982,405 in 1850; 1,155,684 in 186o and I,32I,0I1 in 1870. 743 were native born. The rugged east section of the state, a part of Appalachian America, is inhabited by a See also:people of marked characteristics, portrayed in the fiction of See also:Miss Murfree (" See also:Charles Egbert See also:Craddock ") and See also:John See also:Fox, Jr. They are nearly all of See also:British—See also:English and Scotch-Irish—descent, with a trace of Huguenot. They have good native ability, but through lack of communication with the outside world their progress has been retarded. Before the Civil War they were owners of land, but for the most part not owners of slaves, so that a social and See also:political barrier, as well as the barriers of nature, separated them from the other inhabitants of the state. In their speech several hundred words persist which elsewhere have been obsolete for three centuries or occur only in dialects in England.

Their See also:

life is still in many respects very See also:primitive; their houses are generally built of logs, their clothes are often of homespun, Indian corn and See also:ham form a large part of their See also:diet, and their means of transportation are the See also:saddle-horse and sleds and wheeled carts drawn by oxen or mules. In instincts and in character, also, the typical " mountaineers " are to a marked degree primitive; they are, for the most part, very ignorant; they are primitively hospitable and are warm-hearted to See also:friends and strangers, but are implacable in their enmities and are prone to vendettas and See also:family feuds, which often result in the killing in open fight or from See also:ambush of members of one See also:faction by members of another; and their relative seclusion and See also:isolation has brought them, especially in some districts, to. a disregard for See also:law, or to a belief that they must execute See also:justice with their own hands. This appears particularly in their attitude toward See also:revenue See also:officers sent to discover and See also:close illicit stills for the distilling from Indian corn of so-called " See also:moon-shine " whisky (consisting largely of pure See also:alcohol). The taking of life and " moon-shining," however, have become less and less frequent among them, and See also:Berea See also:College, at Berea, the Lincoln Memorial University, and other See also:schools in Kentucky and adjoining states have done much to educate them and bring them more in See also:harmony with the outside community. The population of Kentucky is largely rural. However, in the decade between 1890 and 1900 the percentage of See also:urban population (i.e. population of places of 4000 inhabitants or more) to the total population increased from 17'5 to 19'7 and the percentage of semi-urban (i.e. population of incorporated places with a population of less than 4000) to the total increased from 8'86 to 9'86%; but 8'3 % of the urban population of 1900 was in the city of Louisville. tn 1910 the following cities each had a population of more than 5000. Louisville (223,928), See also:Covington (53,270), Lexington (35,099), See also:Newport (30,309), Paducah (22,760), See also:Owensboro (16,oII), Henderson (11,452), See also:Frankfort, the capital (10,465), See also:Hopkinsville (9419), Bowling Green (9173), Ashland (8688), Middlesboro (7305), Winchester (7156), See also:Dayton (6979), Bellevue (6683), Maysville (6141), Mayfield (5916), See also:Paris (5859), See also:Danville (5420), See also:Richmond (5340). Of See also:historical interest are Harrodsburg (q.v.), the first permanent See also:settlement in the state, and Bardstown (pop. in 1900, 1711), the county-seat of See also:Nelson county. Bardstown was settled about 1775, largely by Roman Catholics from Maryland. It was the see of a Roman Catholic See also:bishop from 18io to 1841, and the seat of St See also:Joseph's College (Roman Catholic) from 1824 to 1890; and was for some See also:time the See also:home of John See also:Fitch (1743-1798), the inventor, who built his first See also:boat here. The See also:Nazareth See also:Literary and Benevolent Institution, at Nazareth (2 M. N. of Bardstown), was founded in 1829 and is a well-known Roman Catholic school for girls.

Boonesborough, founded by See also:

Daniel Boone in 1775, in what is now See also:Madison county, long ago ceased to exist, though a railway station named Boone, on the Louisville & Nashville railroad, is near the site of the old settlement. In 1906 there were 858,324 communicants of different religious denominations in the state, including 311,583 See also:Baptists, 165,908 Roman Catholics, 156,007 Methodists, 136,110 Disciples of See also:Christ, 47,822 Presbyterians and 8091 See also:Protestant Episcopalians. See also:Administration.—Kentucky is governed under a constitution adopted in 1891.3 A See also:convention to revise the constitution or to draft a new one meets on the See also:call of two successive legislatures, ratified by a See also:majority of the popular See also:vote, provided that majority be at least one-fourth of the total number of votes See also:cast at the preceding general See also:election. See also:Ordinary amendments are proposed by a three-fifths majority in each See also:house, and are also subject to popular approval. With the usual exceptions of criminals, 8 There were three previous constitutions—those of 1792, 1799 and 185o. idiots and insane persons, all male citizens of the United States, See also:stead law declares exempt from See also:execution an unmortgaged dwelling-who are at least 21 years of See also:age, and have lived in the house (with See also:appurtenances) not to exceed $See also:i000 in value, and cer- one the county months, and in the voting taro property, such as tools of one's trade, See also:libraries (to the value of state year, in six $500) of ministers and lawyers, and provisions for one year for each See also:precinct sixty days next preceding the election, are entitled to member of a family. See also:Child labour is regulated by an See also:act passed by vote. The legislature provides by law for See also:registration in cities the General See also:Assembly in 1908; this act prohibits the employment of the first, second, third and fourth classes—the minimum of See also:children less than 1¢ years of age in any gainful occupation during population for a city of the fourth class being Corpora- the session of school or in stores, factories, mines, offices, hotels or PoP Y o 3000. messenger service during vacations, and prohibits the employment tions are forbidden to contribute See also:money for See also:campaign purposes of children between 14 and 16 .unless they have employment certifion See also:penalty of forfeiting their charters, or, if not chartered in the cates issued by a See also:superintendent of schools or some other properly state, their right to carry on business in the state. The executive authorized See also:person, showing the child's ability to read and write is composed of a See also:lieutenant-governor, treasurer, an English, giving See also:information as to the child's age (based upon a See also:birth governor, a a certificate if possible), and identifying the child by giving height auditor of public accounts, a See also:register of the land See also:office, a coin- and See also:weight and See also:colour of, eyes and' See also:hair. These certificates must missioner of agriculture, labour, and statistics, a secretary of be kept on See also:file and lists of children employed must be posted by state, an See also:attorney-general and a superintendent of public employers; labour inspectors receive monthly lists from local school instruction. All are chosen b vote for four and boards of children receiving certificates; and children under 16 are by popular years not to work more than to See also:hours a See also:day or 6o hours a See also:week, or between are ineligible for immediate re-election, and each must be at 7 p.m. and 7 a.m. least 3o years of age and must have been a See also:resident See also:citizen of the Charitable and Penal Institutions.—The charitable and penal state for two years next preceding his election.

If a vacancy institutions are managed by See also:

separate boards of trustees appointed occurs in the office of governor during the first two years a new by the governor. There are a See also:deaf and dumb institution at Danville election is held; if it occurs during the last two years the (1823), an institution for the See also:blind at Louisville (1842), and an institution for the See also:education of feeble-minded children at Frankfort lieutenant-governor serves out the See also:term. Lieutenant-governor ' (186o). The Eastern Lunatic See also:Asylum at Lexington, established Beckham, elected in I9oo to fill out the unexpired term of in 1815 as a private institution, came under the See also:control of the state Governor Goebel (assassinated in 'goo), was re-elected in I9o3, in 1824. The Central Lunatic Asylum at Anchorage, founded in the leading lawyers of the state holding that the constitutionalasyl1869um as in a 1873. house of The w refug estern e for y Lunaticoung Asylum at Hopkinsville See also:inhibition on successive terms did not apply in such a case. was founded in 1848. The See also:main See also:penitentiary at Frankfort was The governor is See also:commander-in-See also:chief of the See also:militia when it is not completed in 1799 and a See also:branch was established at Eddyville in called into the service of the United States; he may remit fines and 1891. Under an act of 1898 two houses of reform for juvenile forfeitures, commute sentences, and See also:grant reprieves and pardons, offenders, one for boys, the other for girls, were established near except in cases of See also:impeachment; and he calls extraordinary sessions Lexington. of the legislature. His control of patronage, however, is not exten- Education.—The early See also:history of the schools of Kentucky shows sive and his See also:veto See also:power is very weak. He may veto any measure, that the rural school conditions have been very unsatisfactory. A including items in See also:appropriation bills, but the legislature can repass system of five trustees, with a sixty-day term of school, was replaced such a measure by a See also:simple majority of the total membership in by a three trustee system, first with a one-hundred-day term of each house. Among the various state administrative boards are school, and subsequently with a one-hundred-and-twenty-day term the See also:board of equalization of five members, the board of See also:health of of school annually.

The state fund has not been supplemented nine members, a board of control of state institutions with four locally for the See also:

payment of teachers, who have consequently been members (bipartisan), and the railroad commission, the See also:prison underpaid. The rural teachers, however, have been paid from the commission, the state election commission and the sinking fund state fund, so that the poorer districts receive aid from the richer commission of three members each. Legislative power is vested districts of the See also:commonwealth. The rural schools are supervised in a General Assembly, which consists of a See also:Senate and a House of by a superintendent in each county. Throughout the state white Representatives. Senators are elected for four years, one-half and negro children are taught in separate schools. The state makes retiring every two years; representatives are elected for two years. See also:provision for revenue for school purposes as follows: (I) the interest The minimum age for a representative is 24 years, for a senator on the See also:Bond of the Commonwealth for $1,327,000 00; (2) dividends 30 years. There are See also:thirty-eight senators and one hundred repre- on 798 shares of the capital stock of the See also:Bank of Kentucky—representatives. The Senate sits as a See also:court for the trial of impeachment seating a See also:par value of $79,800.00; (3) the interest at 6 % on the cases. A majority of either house constitutes a See also:quorum, but as Bond of the Commonwealth for $381,986.08, which is a perpetual regards ordinary bills, on the third See also:reading, not only must they See also:obligation in favour of the several counties; (4) the interest at 6% receive a majority of the quorum, but that majority must be at on $606,641.03, which was received from the United States; (5) the least two-fifths of the total membership of the house. For the enact- annual tax of 261 cents on each $See also:loo of value of all real and ment of appropriation bills and bills creating a See also:debt a majority of See also:personal See also:estate and corporate franchises directed to be assessed the total membership in each house is required. All revenue for See also:taxation; (6) a certain portion of fines, forfeituresand licences measures must originate in the House of Representatives, but the realized by the state; and (7) a portion of the See also:dog taxes of each Senate may introduce amendments.

There are many detailed county. The See also:

present school system of Kentucky may be summarized restrictions on local and See also:special legislation. The constitution under three heads: the rural schools, the graded schools, and the provides for local See also:option elections on the liquor question in counties, high schools (which are further classified as city and county high cities, towns and precincts; in 1907, out of 119 counties 87 had voted schools). .The 1908 session of the General Assembly passed an act for See also:prohibition. providing: that each county of the state .be the unit for taxation; The judiciary consists of a court of appeals, See also:circuit courts, quarterly that the county tax be mandatory; that there be a local subdistrict courts, county courts, justice, of the See also:peace courts, See also:police courts tax; and that each county be divided into four, six or eight educaand fiscal courts. The court of appeals is composed of from five to tional divisions, that one trustee be elected for each subdistrict, seven See also:judges (seven in 1909), elected, one from each appellate that the trustees of the subdistricts form See also:division Boards of Educadistrict, for a term of eight years. The See also:senior See also:judge presides as tion, and that the chairmen of these various division boards form a chief justice and in case two or more have served the same length County Board of Education together with the county superintendent, of time one of them is chosen by See also:lot. The governor may for any who is ex officio chairman. This system of taxation and supervision reasonable cause remove judges on the address of two-thirds of each is a great advance in the administration of public schools. Any house of the legislature. The counties are grouped into judicial subdistrict, See also:town or city of the fifth or sixth class may provide for a circuits, those containing a population of more than 150,000 consti- graded school by voting for an ad valorem and See also:poll tax which is tuting separate districts; each district has a judge and a common- limited as to amount. There were in 1909 135 districts which had See also:wealth's attorney. The county officials are the judge, clerk, attor- complied with this act, and were known as Graded Common School See also:ney, See also:sheriff, jailor, See also:coroner, surveyor and See also:assessor, elected for four districts.

By special charters the General Assembly has also years. Each county contains from three to eight justice of the established 25 special graded schools. Statutes provide that all peace districts. The See also:

financial board of the county is composed of children between the ages of 7 and 14 years living in such districts the county judge and the justices of the peace, or of the county must attend school annually for at least eight consecutive See also:weeks. judge and three commissioners elected on a general See also:ticket. In each city of the first, second and third class there must be, and of The municipalities are divided into six classes according to the fourth class there may be, maintained under control of a city population, a See also:classification which permits considerable special Board of Education a system of public schools, in which all children local legislation in spite of the constitutional inhibition. Marriages between the ages of 6 and 20 residing in the city may be taught at between whites and persons of negro descent are prohibited by law, public expense. There were in 1909 62 city public high schools and a See also:marriage of insane persons is legally void. Among causes for whose graduates are admitted to the State University without See also:absolute See also:divorce are See also:adultery, See also:desertion for one year, habitual examination. A truancy act (1908) provides that every child See also:drunkenness for one year, See also:cruelty, ungovernable See also:temper, See also:physical between the ages of 7 and 14 years living in a city of the first, second, incapacity at time of marriage, and the joining by either party of third or fourth class must attend school regularly for the full term any religious See also:sect which regards marriage as unlawful. A home- of said school. It was provided by See also:statute that before June 1910, there should have been established in each county of the state at least one County High School to which all common school graduates of the county should be admitted without See also:charge. Separate institutes for white and coloured teachers are conducted annually in each county.

These institutes are held for a five or ten day session and attendance is required of every teacher. The state provides for the issuance of three kinds of certificates. A state diploma issued by the State Board of Examiners is good for life. A state certificate issued by the State Board of Examiners is good for eight years with one renewal. County certificates issued by the County Board of Examiners are of three classes, valid for one, two and four years respectively. According to a school census there was in 1908–1909 a school population of 739,352, of which 587,051 were reported from the rural districts. In the school year 1907–1908 the school population was 734,617, the actual enrolment in public schools was 441,377, the average attendance was 260,843; there were approximately 3392 male and 5257 See also:

female white teachers and 1274 negro teachers; and the total revenue for school purposes was $3,805,997, of which sum $2,437,942.56 came from the state See also:treasury. What was formerly the State Agricultural and See also:Mechanical College at Lexington became the State University by legislative enactment (1908); there is no tuition See also:fee except in the School of Law. The State University has a Department of Education. The state maintains for the whites two State Normal Schools, which were established in 1906—one, for the eastern district, at Richmond, and the other, for the western district, at Bowling Green. Under the law establishing State Normal Schools, each county is entitled to one or more appointments of scholarships, one annually for every goo white school children listed in the last school census. A Kentucky Normal and See also:Industrial School (1886) for negroes is maintained at Frankfort.

Among the private and denominational colleges in Kentucky are Central University (Presbyterian), at Danville; Transylvania University, at Lexington; See also:

Georgetown College (Baptist) at Georgetown; Kentucky Wesleyan College (M.E. South), at Winchester; and Berea College( non-sectarian) at Berea. See also:Finance.—Kentucky, in common with other states in this part of the country, suffered from over-See also:speculation in land and railways during 183o–185o. The funded debt of the state amounted to four and one-half millions of dollars in 1850, when the new constitution limited the power of the legislature to See also:contract further obligations or to decrease or misapply the sinking funds. From 1850 to 188o there was a See also:gradual reduction except during the years of the war. The system of classifying the revenue into separate funds has frequently produced annual deficits, which are, as a See also:rule only nominal, since the total receipts exceed the total expenditures. In 1902 the See also:net bonded debt, exclusive of about two millions of dollars held for educational purposes, was $1,171,394, but this debt was paid in full in the years immediately following. The sinking fund commission is composed of the governor, attorney-general, secretary of state, auditor and treasurer. The first banking currency in Kentucky was issued in 1802 by a co-operative See also:insurance company established by Mississippi Valley traders. The Bank of Kentucky, established at Frankfort in 1806, had a See also:monopoly for several years. In 1818–1819 the legislature chartered 46 See also:banks, nearly all of which went into See also:liquidation during the panic of 1819. The Bank of the Commonwealth was chartered in 1820 as a state institution and the See also:charter of the Bank of Kentucky was revoked in 1822.

A court decision denying the legal See also:

tender quality of the notes issued by the Bank of the Commonwealth gave rise to a See also:bitter controversy which had considerable See also:influence upon the political history of the state. This bank failed in 1829. In 1834 the legislature chartered the Bank of Kentucky, the Bank of Louisville and the See also:Northern Bank of Kentucky. These institutions survived the panic of 1837 and soon came to be recognized as among the most prosperous and the most conservative banks west of the Alleghanies. The state banking See also:laws are stringent and most of the business is still controlled by banks operating under state charters. History.—The settlement and the development of that part of the United States west of the Alleghany Mountains has probably been the most notable feature of American history since the close of the Seven Years' War (1763). Kentucky was the first settlement in this See also:movement, the first state west of the Alleghany Mountains admitted into the Union. In 1763 the Kentucky country was claimed by the Cherokees as a part of their See also:hunting grounds, by the Six Nations (See also:Iroquois) as a part of their western conquests, and by Virginia as a part of the territory granted to her by her charter of 1609, although it was actually inhabited only by a few See also:Chickasaws near the Mississippi river. and by a small tribe of Shawnees in the north, opposite what is now Ports-mouth, Ohio. The early settlers were often attacked by Indian raiders from what is now Tennessee or from the country north of the Ohio, but the work of colonization would have been far more difficult if those Indians had lived in the Kentucky region itself. Dr See also:Thomas See also:Walker (1715–1794), as an See also:agent and surveyor of the Loyal Land Company, made an exploration in 175o into thepresent state from the Cumberland See also:Gap, in See also:search of a suitable See also:place for settlement but did not get beyond the mountain region. In the next year See also:Christopher Gist, while on a similar See also:mission for the Ohio Company, explored the country westward from the mouth of the Scioto river. In 1752 John Finley, an Indian trader, descended the Ohio river in a See also:canoe to the site ofLouisville.

It was Finley's descriptions that attracted Daniel Boone„ and soon after Boone's first visit, in 1767, travellers through the Kentucky region became numerous. The first permanent English settlement was established at Harrodsburg in 1774 by See also:

James Harrod, and in See also:October of the same year the Ohio Indians, having been defeated by Virginia troops in the See also:battle of Point Pleasant (in what is now West Virginia), signed a treaty by which they surrendered their claims south of the Ohio river. In See also:March 1775 See also:Richard Henderson and some North Carolina land specula-tors met about 1200 See also:Cherokee Indians in See also:council on the Watauga river and concluded a treaty with them for the purchase of all the territory south of the Ohio river and between the Kentucky and Cumberland rivers. The purchase was named Transylvania, and within less than a See also:month after the treaty was signed, Boone, under its auspices, founded a settlement at Boonesborough which became the headquarters of the colony. The See also:title was declared void by the Virginia See also:government in 1778, but Henderson and his associates received 200,000 acres in See also:compensation, and all sales made to actual settlers were confirmed. During the War of See also:Independence the colonists were almost entirely neglected by Virginia and were compelled to defend them-selves against the Indians who were often under British See also:leader-See also:ship. Boonesborough was attacked in See also:April and in See also:July 1777 and in See also:August 1778. See also:Bryant's (or See also:Bryan's) Station, near Lexington, was besieged in August 1782 by about 600 Indians under the notorious See also:Simon Girty, who after raising the See also:siege See also:drew the defenders, numbering fewer than 200, into an ambush and in the battle of Blue Licks which ensued the Kentuckians lost about 67 killed and 7 prisoners. Kentucky county, practically coterminous with the present state of Kentucky and embracing:. all the territory claimed by Virginia south of the Ohio river and west of Big Sandy Creek and the See also:ridge of the Cumberland Mountains, was one of three counties which was formed out of Fincastle county in 1776. Four years later, this in turn was divided into three counties, Jefferson, Lincoln and Fayette, but the name Kentucky was revived in 1782 and was given to the judicial district which was then organized for these three counties. The War of Independence was followed by an extensive See also:immigration from Virginia, Maryland and North Carolina' of a population of which fully 95%, excluding negro slaves, were of pure English, Scotch or Scotch-Irish descent. The See also:manners, customs and institutions of Virginia were transplanted beyond the mountains.

There was the same political rivalry between the slave-holding farmers of the Blue Grass Region and the " poor whites " of the mountain districts that there was in Virginia between the See also:

tide-water planters and the mountaineers. Between these extremes were the small farmers of the " Barrens" 2 in Kentucky and of the See also:Piedmont Region in Virginia. The aristocratic influences in both states have always been on the; Southern and Democratic See also:side, but while they were strong enough in Virginia to lead the state into See also:secession they were unable to do so in Kentucky. ' Most of the early-settlers of Kentucky made their way thither either by the Ohio river (from Fort See also:Pitt) or—the far larger number—by way of the Cumberland Gap and the " See also:Wilderness Road." This latter route began at See also:Inglis's See also:Ferry, on the New river, in what is now West Virginia, and proceeded west by south to the Cumberland Gap. The " Wilderness Road," as marked by Daniel Boone in 1775, was a, See also:mere trail, See also:running from the Watauga settlement in east Tennessee to the Cumberland Gap, and thence by way of what are now Crab Orchard, Danville and Bardstown, to the Falls of the Ohio, and was passable only for men and horses until 1795, when the state made it a wagon road. Consult Thomas Speed, The Wilderness Road (Louisville, Ky., 1886), and See also:Archer B. Hulbert, Boone's Wilderness Road (See also:Cleveland, O., 1903). 2 The " Barrens " were in the north part of the state west of the Blue Grass Region, and were so called merely because the Indians had burned most of the forests here in See also:order to provide-better pasturage for buffaloes and other game. At the close of the War of Independence the Kentuckians complained because the See also:mother state did not protect them against their enemies and did not give them an adequate system of local government. Nine conventions were held at Danville from 1784 to 1790 to demand separation from Virginia. The Virginia authorities expressed a willingness to grant the demand provided See also:Congress would admit the new district into the Union as a state. The delay, together with the proposal of John See also:Jay, the Secretary for Foreign Affairs and See also:commissioner to negotiate a commercial treaty with the See also:Spanish See also:envoy, to surrender navigation rights on the lower Mississippi for twenty-five years in order to remove the one obstacle to the negotiations, aroused so much feeling that General James See also:Wilkinson and a few other leaders began to intrigue not only for a separation from Virginia, but also from the United States, and for the formation of a close See also:alliance with the Spanish at New See also:Orleans.

Although most of the settlers were too loyal to be led into any such See also:

plot they generally agreed that it might have a good effect by bringing pressure to See also:bear upon the Federal government. Congress passed a preliminary act in See also:February 1791, and the state was formally admitted into the Union on the 1st of June 1792. In the Act of 1776 for dividing Fincastle county, Virginia, the ridge of the Cumberland Mountains was named as a part of the east boundary of Kentucky; and now that this ridge had become a part of the boundary between the states of Virginia and Kentucky they, in 1799, appointed a See also:joint commission to run the boundary line on this ridge. A dispute with Tennessee over the southern boundary was settled in a similar manner in 182o.1 The constitution of 1792 provided for manhood See also:suffrage and for the election of the governor and of senators by an electoral college. General See also:Isaac See also:Shelby was the first governor. The people still continued to have troubles with the Indians and with the Spanish at New Orleans. The Federal government was slow to act, but its See also:action when taken was effective. The power of the Indians was over-thrown by General See also:Anthony Wayne's victory in the battle of Fallen Timbers, fought the loth of August 1794 near the rapids of the Maumee river a few miles above the site of See also:Toledo, Ohio; and the Mississippi question was settled temporarily by the treaty of 1793 and permanently by the purchase of See also:Louisiana in 1803. In 1798-1799 the legislature passed the famous Kentucky Resolutions in protest against the See also:alien and See also:sedition acts. For several years the See also:Anti-Federalists or Republicans had contended that the administration at See also:Washington had been exercising See also:powers not warranted by the constitution, and when Congress had passed the alien and sedition laws the leaders of that party seized upon the event as a proper occasion for a spirited public protest which took shape principally in resolutions passed by the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia. The See also:original draft of the Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 was prepared by See also:Vice-See also:President Thomas Jefferson, although the fact that he was the author of them was kept from the public until he acknowledged it in 1821. They were introduced in the House of Representatives by John Breckinridge on the 8th of November, were passed by that See also:body with some amendments but with only one dissenting vote on the loth, were unanimously concurred in by the Senate on the 13th, and were approved by Governor James Garrard on the 16th.

The first See also:

resolution. was a statement of the ultra states'-rights view of the relation of the states to the Federal government' and subsequent resolutions declare the 1 The southern boundary to the Tennessee river was surveyed in 1779–178o by commissioners representing Virginia and North Carolina, and was supposed to be run along the parallel of See also:latitude 36° 3o', but by See also:mistake was actually run north of that parallel. By a treaty of 1819 the Indian title to the territory west of the Tennessee was extinguished, and commissioners then ran a line along the parallel of 36° 3o' from the Mississippi to the Tennessee. In 182o commissioners representing Kentucky and Tennessee formally adopted the line of 1779-1780 and the line of 1819 as the boundary between the two states. 2 This resolution read as follows: Resolved, that the several states composing the United States of America are not united on the principle of unlimited submission to their general government; but that by compact under the See also:style of a Constitution for the Unitedalien and sedition laws unconstitutional and therefore " void and of no force," principally on the ground that they provided for an exercise of powers which were reserved to the state. The resolutions further declare that "this Commonwealth is deter-mined, as it doubts not its co-states are, tamely to submit to undelegated and therefore unlimited powers in no man or body of men on See also:earth," and that "these and successive acts of the same character, unless arrested on the See also:threshold, may tend to drive these states into revolution and See also:blood." Copies of the resolutions were sent to the See also:governors of the various states, to be laid before the different state legislatures, and replies were received from See also:Connecticut, See also:Delaware, See also:Massachusetts, New See also:Hampshire, New See also:York, Rhode See also:Island, See also:Vermont and Virginia, but all except that from Virginia were unfavourable. Nevertheless the Kentucky legislature on the 22nd of November 1799 reaffirmed in a new resolution the principles it had laid down in the first series, asserting in this new resolution that the state " does now unequivocally declare its See also:attachment to the Union, and to that compact [the Constitution], agreeably to its obvious and real intention, and will be among the last to seek its See also:dissolution," but that " the principle and construction contended for by sundry of the state legislatures, that the General Government is the exclusive judge of the extent of the powers delegated to it, stop nothing [short] of despotism—since the discretion of those who administer the government, and not the Constitution, would be the measure of their powers," " that the several states who formed that See also:instrument, being See also:sovereign and independent, have the unquestionable right to judge of the infraction," and " that a See also:nullification by those sovereignties of all unauthorized acts done under color of that instrument is the rightful remedy." These measures show that the state was Democratic-Republican in its politics and See also:pro-See also:French in its sympathies, and that it was inclined to follow the leadership of that state from which most of its people had come. The constitution of 1799 adopted the system of choosing the governor and senators by popular vote and deprived the supreme court of its original jurisdiction in land cases. The See also:Burr See also:conspiracy (1804-1806) aroused some excitement in the state. Many would have followed Burr in a filibustering attack upon the Spanish in the South-West, but scarcely any would have approved of a separation of Kentucky from the Federal Union. No battles were fought in Kentucky during the War of 1812, but her troops constituted the greater part of the forces under General See also:William See also:Henry Harrison. They took part in the operations at Fort Wayne, Fort Meigs, the river See also:Raisin and the See also:Thames. The Democratic-Republicans controlled the politics of the state without any serious opposition until the conflict in 1820-1826, arising from the demands for a more adequate system of currency and other measures for the See also:relief of delinquent debtors divided the state into what were known as the relief and anti-relief parties.

After nearly all the See also:

forty-six banks chartered by the legislature in 1818 had been wrecked in the financial panic of 1819, the legislature in 182o passed a series of laws designed for the benefit of the debtor class, among them one making state bank notes a legal tender for all debts. A decision of the See also:Clark county district court declaring this measure unconstitutional was affirmed by the court of appeals. The legislature in 1824 repealed all of the laws creating the existing court of appeals and then established a new one. This precipitated a bitter campaign States and of amendments thereto, they constituted a general government for special purposes, delegated to that government certain definite powers, reserving each state to itself the residuary See also:mass of right to their own self-government; and that whensoever the general government assumes undelegated powers its acts are unauthoritative, void, and of no force: That to this compact each state acceded as a state, and is an integral party, its co-states forming, as to itself, the other party: That the government created by this compact was not made the exclusive or final judge of the extent of the powers delegated to itself, since that would have made its discretion, and not the Constitution, the measure of its powers; but that, as in all other cases of compact among parties having no common judge, each party has an equal right to judge for itself as well of infractions as of the mode and measure of redress. between the anti-relief or " old court " party and the relief or " new court " party, in which the former was successful. The old court party followed the lead of Henry Clay and John See also:Quincy See also:Adams in See also:national politics, and became National Republicans and later Whigs. The new court party followed See also:Andrew See also:Jackson and Martin See also:Van Buren and became Democrats. The electoral vote of the state was cast for Jackson in 1828 and for Clay in 1832. During the next thirty years Clay's conservative influence dominated the politics of the state.' Kentucky voted the Whig ticket in every presidential election from 1832 until the party made its last campaign in 1852. When the Whigs were destroyed by the See also:slavery issue some of them immediately be-came Democrats, but the majority became Americans, or Know-Nothings. They elected the governor in 1855 and almost succeeded in carrying the state for their presidential ticket in 1856. In 186o the people of Kentucky were drawn toward the South by their interest in slavery and by their social relations, and toward the North by business ties and by a national sentiment which was fostered by the Clay traditions.

They naturally assumed the leadership in the Constitutional Union movement of 186o, casting the 'vote of the state for Bell and See also:

Everett. After the election of President Lincoln they also led in the movement to secure the See also:adoption of the Crittenden See also:Compromise or some other peaceful See also:solution of the difficulties between the North and the South. A large majority of the state legislature, however, were Democrats, and in his See also:message to this body, in See also:January 1861, Governor Magoffin, also a Democrat, proposed that a convention be called to determine " the future of Federal and inter-state relations of Kentucky;" later too, in reply to the president's call for See also:volunteers, he declared, " Kentucky will furnish no troops for the wicked purpose of subduing her See also:sister Southern States." Under these conditions the Unionists asked only for the See also:maintenance of See also:neutrality, and a resolution to this effect was carried by a See also:bare majority—48 to 47. Some of the secessionists took this as a defeat and See also:left the state immediately to join the See also:Con-federate ranks. In the next month there was an election of congressmen, and an anti-secession See also:candidate was chosen in nine out of ten districts. An election in August of one-half the Senate and all of the House of Representatives resulted in a Unionist majority in the new legislature of 103 to 35, and in See also:September, after Confederate troops had begun to invade the state, Kentucky formally declared its See also:allegiance to the Union. From September 1861 to the fall of Fort See also:Donelson in February 1862 that part of Kentucky which is south and west of the Green River was occupied by the Confederate See also:army under General A. S. See also:Johnston, and at Russellville in that district a so-called " See also:sovereignty convention " assembled on the 18th of November. This body, composed mostly of Kentucky men who had joined the Con-federate army, passed an See also:ordinance of secession, elected state officers, and sent commissioners to the Confederate Congress, which body voted on the 9th of See also:December to admit Kentucky into the Confederacy. Throughout the war Kentucky was represented in the Confederate Congress—representatives and senators being elected by Confederate soldiers from the state. The officers of this " provisional government," headed by G.

W. Johnson, who had been elected " governor," left the state when General A. S. Johnston withdrew; Johnson himself was killed at See also:

Shiloh, but an See also:attempt was subsequently made by General See also:Bragg to install this government at Frankfort. General See also:Felix K. Zollicoffer (1812-1862) had entered the south-east part of the state through Cumberland Gap in September, and later with a Confederate force of about 7000 men attempted the invasion of central Kentucky, but in October 1861 he met with a slight repulse at Wild See also:Cat Mountain, near See also:London, Laurel county, and on the 19th of January 1862, in an engagement near Mill Springs, Wayne county, with about an equal force under General See also:George H. Thomas, he was killed and his force was utterly routed. In 1862 General Braxton Bragg in command of the Confederates in eastern Tennessee, eluded General See also:Don ' He died in 1852, but the traditions which he represented survived. See also:Carlos See also:Buell, in command of the Federal Army of the Ohio stationed there, and entering Kentucky in August 1862 proceeded slowly toward Louisville, hoping to win the state to the Confederate cause and gain recruits for the Confederacy in the state. His main army was preceded by a division of about 15,000 men under General See also:Edmund See also:Kirby See also:Smith, who on the 3oth of August defeated a Federal force under General Wm. Nelson near Richmond and threatened Cincinnati. Bragg met with little opposition on his march, but Buell, also marching from eastern Tennessee, reached Louisville first (See also:Sept.

24), turned on Bragg, and forced him to withdraw. On his See also:

retreat, Bragg attempted to set up a Confederate government at Frankfort, and Richard J. See also:Hawes, who had been chosen as G. W. Johnson's successor, was actually " inaugurated," but naturally this state " government " immediately collapsed. On the 8th of October Buell and Bragg fought an engagement at See also:Perryville which, though tactically indecisive, was a strategic victory for Buell; and thereafter Bragg withdrew entirely from the state into Tennessee. This was the last serious attempt on a large See also:scale by the Confederates to win Kentucky; but in February 1863 one of General John H. Morgan's brigades made a See also:raid on See also:Mount See also:Sterling and captured it; in March General Pegram made a raid into Pulaski county; in March 1864 General N. B. See also:Forrest assaulted Fort See also:Anderson at Paducah but failed to See also:capture it; and in June General Morgan made an unsuccessful attempt to take Lexington. Although the majority of the people sympathized with the Union, the emancipation of the slaves without compensation even to loyal owners, the arming of negro troops, the arbitrary imprisonment of citizens and the interference of Federal military officials in purely civil affairs aroused so much feeling that the state became strongly Democratic, and has remained so almost uniformly since the war. Owing to the panic of 1893, distrust of the See also:free See also:silver movement and the See also:expenditure of large campaign funds, the Republicans were successful in the gubernational election of 1895 and the presidential election of 1896.

The election of 1899 was disputed. William S. See also:

Taylor, Republican, was inaugurated governor on the 12th of December, but the legislative See also:committee on contests decided in favour of the Democrats. Governor-elect Goebel was shot by an See also:assassin on the 3oth of January 'goo, was sworn into office on his See also:death-See also:bed, and died on the 3rd of February. Taylor fled the state to See also:escape trial on the charge of See also:murder. Lieutenant-Governor Beckham filled out the unexpired term and was re-elected in 1903. In 1907 the Republicans again elected their candidate for governor.

End of Article: KENTUCKY

Additional information and Comments

There is no mention of Confederate General Lloyd Tilghman of Paducah and his effort to defend Fort Henry on the Tennessee River against the Union Navy in February 1862 as a preliminary to Fort Donelson.
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