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See also:JOHNSTON, See also:JOSEPH See also:EGGLESTON (1807-1891) , See also:American Confederate See also:general in the See also:Civil See also:War, was See also:born near Farmville, See also:Prince See also:Edward See also:county, See also:Virginia, on the 3rd of See also:February 1807. His See also:father, See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter Johnston (1763-1841), a Virginian of Scottish descent, served in the War of See also:Independence, and afterwards became a distinguished jurist; his See also:mother was a niece of See also:Patrick See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry. He graduated at See also:West Point, in the same class with See also:Robert E. See also:- LEE
- LEE (or LEGIT) ROWLAND (d. 1543)
- LEE, ANN (1736–1784)
- LEE, ARTHUR (1740–1792)
- LEE, FITZHUGH (1835–1905)
- LEE, GEORGE ALEXANDER (1802-1851)
- LEE, HENRY (1756-1818)
- LEE, JAMES PRINCE (1804-1869)
- LEE, NATHANIEL (c. 1653-16g2)
- LEE, RICHARD HENRY (1732-1794)
- LEE, ROBERT EDWARD (1807–1870)
- LEE, SIDNEY (1859– )
- LEE, SOPHIA (1950-1824)
- LEE, STEPHEN DILL (1833-1908)
Lee, and was made See also:brevet second See also:lieutenant, 4th See also:Artillery, in 1829. He served in the See also:Black See also:Hawk and See also:Seminole See also:wars, and See also:left the See also:army in 1837 to become a civil engineer, but a See also:year afterwards he was reappointed to the army as first lieutenant, Topographical See also:Engineers, and breveted See also:captain for his conduct in the Seminole war. During the Mexican war he was twice severely wounded in a See also:reconnaissance at Cerro Gordo, 1847, was engaged in the See also:siege of See also:Vera Cruz, the battles of Contreras, Churubusco, and Molino del Rey, the storming of Chapultepec, and the See also:assault on the See also:city of See also:Mexico, and received three brevets for gallant and meritorious service. From 1853 to 1855 he was employed on Western See also:river improvements, and in 1855 he became lieut.-See also:colonel of the 1st U.S. See also:Cavalry. In 186o he was made quartermaster-general, with the See also:rank of brigadier-general. In See also:April 1861 he resigned from the See also:United States army and entered the Confederate service. He was commissioned See also:major-general of See also:volunteers in the Army of Virginia, and assisted in organizing the volunteers. He was later appointed a general officer of the Confederacy, and assigned to the command of the Army of the See also:Shenandoah, being opposed by the Federal army under Patterson. When McDowell advanced upon the Confederate forces under See also:Beauregard at See also:Manassas, Johnston moved from the Shenandoah Valley with See also:great rapidity to Beauregard's assistance. As See also:senior officer he took command on the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field, and at See also:Bull Run (Manassas) (q.v.) won the first important Confederate victory. In See also:August 1861 he was made one of the five full generals of the Confederacy, remaining in command of the See also:main army in Virginia. He commanded in the See also:battle . of See also:Fair Oaks (May 31, 1862), and was so severely wounded as to be incapacitated for several months. In See also:March 1863, still troubled by his See also:wound, he was assigned to the command of the See also:south-west, and in May was ordered to take immediate command of all the Confederate forces in See also:Mississippi, then threatened by See also:- GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
- GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
- GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
- GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
- GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
- GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
- GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
- GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
- GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
- GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
- GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
- GRANT, U
- GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)
Grant's See also:movement on See also:Vicksburg. When Pemberton's army was besieged in Vicksburg by Grant, Johnston used every effort to relieve it, but his force was inadequate. Later in 1863, when the battle of See also:Chattanooga brought the Federals to the See also:borders of See also:Georgia, Johnston was assigned to command the Army of See also:Tennessee at See also:Dalton, and in the See also:early days of May 1864 the combined armies of the See also:North under See also:Sherman advanced against his lines. For the main outlines of the famous See also:campaign between Sherman and Johnston see AMERICAN CIVIL WAR (§ 29). From the 9th of May to the 17th of See also:July there were skirmishes, actions and combats almost daily. The great numerical superiority of the Federals enabled Sherman to See also:press back the See also:Con-federates without a pitched battle, but the severity of the skirmishing may be judged from the casualties of the two armies (Sherman's about 26,000 men, Johnston's over 1o,000), and the obstinate steadiness of Johnston by the fact that his opponent hardly progressed more than one mile a See also:day. But a See also:Fabian policy is never acceptable to an eager See also:people, and when Johnston had been driven back to See also:Atlanta he was superseded by See also:Hood with orders to fight a battle. The See also:wisdom of Johnston's See also:plan was soon abundantly clear, and the Confederate cause was already lost when Lee reinstated him on the 23rd of February 1865. With a handful of men he opposed Sherman's march through the Carolinas, and at Bentonville, N.C., fought and almost won a most gallant and skilful battle against heavy odds. But the See also:Union troops steadily advanced, growing in strength as they went, and a few days after Lee's surrender at
Cameroon and in the See also:Niger See also:delta, and he became in 1887 acting See also:consul for that region. A See also:British See also:protectorate over the Niger delta had been notified in See also:June 1885, and between the date of his See also:appointment and 1888, together with the consul E. H. See also:Hewett, Johnston laid the See also:foundations of the British See also:administration in that See also:part of the delta not reserved for the Royal Niger See also:Company. His See also:action in removing the turbulent See also:chief Ja-ja (an ex-slave who had risen to considerable See also:power in the See also:palm-oil See also:trade) occasioned considerable See also:criticism but was approved by the See also:Foreign See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
Office. It led to the See also:complete pacification of a region See also:long disturbed by trade disputes. During these three years of See also:residence in the Gulf of See also:Guinea Johnston ascended the Cameroon See also:Mountain, and made large collections of the See also:flora and See also:fauna of Cameroon for the British Museum.
In the See also:spring of 1889 he was sent to See also:Lisbon to negotiate an arrangement for the delimitation of the British and Portuguese See also:spheres of See also:influence in South-See also:East See also:Africa, but the See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme See also:drawn up, though very like the later arrangement of those regions, was not given effect to at the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time. On his return from Lisbon he was despatched to See also:Mozambique as consul for Portuguese East Africa, and was further charged with a See also:mission to See also:Lake See also:Nyasa to pacify that region, then in a disturbed See also:state owing to the attacks of slave-trading See also:Arabs on the stations of the See also:African Lakes Trading Company—an unofficial war, in which Captain (after-wards Colonel See also:Sir See also:Frederick) See also:Lugard and Mr (afterwards Sir See also:Alfred) See also:Sharpe distinguished themselves. Owing to the unexpected arrival on the See also:scene of Major Serpa See also:Pinto, Johnston was compelled to declare a British protectorate over the Nyasa region, being assisted in this See also:work by See also:John See also:Buchanan (See also:vice-consul), Sir Alfred Sharpe, Alfred Swann and others. A truce was arranged with the Arabs on Lake Nyasa, and within twelve months the British See also:flag, by agreement with the natives, had been hoisted over a very large region which extended north of Lake See also:Tanganyika to the vicinity of See also:Uganda, to See also:Katanga in the See also:Congo See also:Free State, the See also:Shire See also:Highlands and the central See also:Zambezi.
Johnston's scheme, in fact, was that known as the " Cape-to-See also:Cairo," a phrase which he had brought into use in an See also:article in The Times in August 1888. According to his arrangement there would have been an all-British route from See also:Alexandria to Cape See also:Town. But by the Anglo-See also:German agreement of the 1st of July 1890 the British See also:sphere north of Tanganyika was abandoned to See also:Germany, and the Cape-to-Cairo route broken by a See also:- WEDGE (O. Eng. wecg, a mass of metal, cognate with Dutch wig, wigge, Dan. vaegge, &c.; in Lith. the cognate form outside Teut. is found in wagis, a peg, spigot; there is no connexion with " weigh," " weight," which must be referred to the root wegh, to li
wedge of German territory. Johnston returned to British Central Africa as See also:commissioner and consul-general in 1891, and retained that See also:post till 1896, in which year he was made a K.C.B. His See also:health having suffered much from African See also:fever, he was transferred to See also:Tunis as consul-general (1897). In the autumn of 1899 Sir Harry Johnston was despatched to Uganda as See also:special commissioner to reorganize the administration of that protectorate after the suppression of the See also:mutiny of the Sudanese soldiers and the long war with See also:Unyoro. His two years' work in Uganda and a portion of what is now British East Africa were rewarded at the See also:close of 1901 by a G.C.M.G. In the spring of the following year he retired from the consular service. After 1904 he interested himself greatly in the affairs of the Liberian See also:republic, and negotiated various arrangements with that See also:negro state by which See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order was brought into its finances, the frontier with See also:France was delimited, and the development of the interior by means of roads was commenced. In 1903 he was defeated as Liberal See also:candidate for See also:parliament at a by-See also:election at See also:Rochester. He met with no better success at See also:Nest Marylebone at the general election of 1906.
For his services to See also:zoology he was awarded the See also:gold See also:medal of the Zoological Society in 1902, and in the same year was made an honorary See also:doctor of See also:science at See also:Cambridge. He received the gold medal of the Royal See also:Geographical and the Royal Scottish Geographical See also:societies, and other medals for his See also:artistic work from South See also:Kensington and the Society of Arts. His pictures, chiefly dealing with African subjects, were frequently exhibited at the Royal See also:Academy. He was the author of numerous books on Africa, including British Central Africa (1897); The Colonization of Africa (1899) The Uganda Protectorate (1902); See also:Liberia (1906);
Appomattox Johnston advised See also:President See also:Davis that it was in his See also:opinion wrong and useless to continue the conflict, and he was authorized to make terms with Sherman. The terms entered into between these generals, on the 18th of April, having been rejected by the United States See also:government, another agreement was signed on the 26th of April, the new terms being similar to those of the surrender of Lee. After the close of the war Johnston engaged in civil pursuits. In 1874 he published a Narrative of Military Operations during the Civil War. In 1877 he was elected to represent the See also:Richmond See also:district of Virginia in See also:Congress. In 1887 he was appointed by President See also:Cleveland U.S. commissioner of railroads. Johnston was married in early See also:life to Louisa (d. 1886), daughter of See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis M'See also:Lane. He died at See also:Washington, D.C., on the 21st of March 1891, leaving no See also:children.
It was not the See also:good See also:fortune of Johnston to acquire the See also:prestige which so much assisted Lee and See also:Jackson, nor indeed did he possess the power of enforcing his will on others in the same degree, but his methods were exact, his See also:strategy See also:calm and balanced, and, if he showed himself less daring than his comrades, he was unsurpassed in steadiness. The See also:duel of Sherman and Johnston is almost as See also:personal a contest between two great captains as were the See also:campaigns of See also:Turenne and See also:Montecucculi. To Montecucculi, indeed, both in his military See also:character and in the incidents of his career, Joseph Johnston bears a striking resemblance.
See See also:Hughes, General Johnston, in " Great Commanders See also:Series " (1893).
End of Article: JOHNSTON, JOSEPH EGGLESTON (1807-1891)
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