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ATLANTA

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Originally appearing in Volume V02, Page 855 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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ATLANTA , the See also:

capital and the largest See also:city of See also:Georgia, U.S.A., and the See also:county-seat of See also:Fulton county, situated at an See also:altitude of 1000-1175 ft., in the N.W. See also:part of the See also:state, near the Chattahoochee See also:river. Pop. (186o) 9554; (188o) 37,409; (1890) 65,533; (1900) 89,872, of whom 35,727 were negroes and 2J31 were See also:foreign-See also:born; (1910) 154,839. It is served by the See also:Southern, the Central of Georgia, the Georgia, the Seaboard See also:Air See also:Line, the See also:Nashville, See also:Chattanooga & St See also:Louis (which enters the city over the Western & See also:Atlantic, one of its leased lines), the See also:Louisville & Nashville, the Atlanta, See also:Birmingham & Atlantic, and the Atlanta & See also:West Point See also:railways. These railway communications, and the situation of the city (on the See also:Piedmont See also:Plateau) on the See also:water-parting between the streams flowing into the Atlantic Ocean and those flowing into the Gulf of See also:Mexico, have given Atlanta its popular name, the " See also:Gate City of the See also:South." Atlanta was laid out in the See also:form of a circle, the See also:radius being 11 m. and the centre the old railway station, the See also:Union See also:Depot (the new station is called the Terminal); large additions have been made beyond this circle, including West End, See also:Inman See also:Park on the See also:east, and See also:North Atlanta. Among the best See also:residence streets are Peachtree and West Peachtree streets to the north, and the older streets to the south of the business centre of the city—Washington See also:Street, See also:Whitehall, See also:Pryor and Capitol Avenues. Among the See also:principal See also:office buildings are the See also:Empire, the Equitable, the Prudential, the See also:Fourth See also:National, the Austell, the See also:Peters, the See also:Century, the See also:English-See also:American and the Candler buildings; and there are many See also:fine residences, particularly in Peachtree and See also:Washington streets, Inman Park and See also:Ponce de See also:Leon Circle. Among prominent public buildings are the State Capitol (completed 1889), containing a See also:law library of about 65,000 volumes and a collection of portraits of famous Georgians, the north-west front of the Capitol grounds containing an equestrian statue (unveiled in 1907) of See also:John See also:Brown See also:Gordon (1832-1904.), a distinguished Confederate See also:general in the American See also:Civil See also:War and See also:governor of Georgia in 1887-189o; the See also:court See also:house; the See also:Carnegie library, in which the See also:young men's library, organized in 1867, was merged in 1902; the See also:post office See also:building; and the Federal See also:prison (about 4 M. south of the city). The principal parks are: the Piedmont (189 acres), the site of the Piedmont Exposition of 1887 and of the See also:Cotton States and See also:International Exposition of 1895; the See also:Grant, given to the city by L. P. Grant, an Atlanta railroad builder, in 1882, and subsequently enlarged by the city (in its south-east corner is Fort See also:Walker); the See also:Lake-853 See also:wood, 6 m. south of the city; and Ponce de Leon Park, owned by an electric railway See also:company and having See also:mineral springs and a fine baseball ground. Four See also:miles south of the centre of Atlanta is Fort McPherson, an important See also:United States military post, occupying a See also:reservation of 40 acres and having See also:barracks for the See also:accommodation of r000 men.

In See also:

Oakland See also:Cemetery is a large See also:monument to Confederate soldiers; another monument in Oakland, " To the unknown Confederate Dead," is a See also:reproduction of the See also:Lion of See also:Lucerne; in West View Cemetery (4 M. west of the city) is a memorial erected by the United Confederate Veterans. The city obtains its water-See also:supply from the Chattahoochee river (above the mouth of Peachtree See also:Creek), whence the water is pumped by four pumps, which have a daily capacity of 55,000,000 gallons. Atlanta is widely known for its public spirit and enterprise, to which the expositions of 1881, 1887 and 1895 See also:bear See also:witness. The air is bracing, largely because of the city's altitude; the mean See also:annual temperature is 6o•8° F. (See also:winter 44.1°, See also:spring 6o.5°, summer 77°, autumn 6I.5°) Atlanta is an important educational centre. Its public-school See also:system was organized in 1871. Here are the Georgia School of Technology, founded in 1885 (opened 1888) as a See also:branch of the university of Georgia; the Atlanta See also:College of Physicians and Surgeons (established in 1898 by the union of the Atlanta Medical College, organized in 1855, and the Southern Medical College, organized in 1878); the Atlanta School of See also:Medicine (1905); the Georgia College of Eclectic Medicine; the Atlanta Theological See also:Seminary (19o1, Congregational), the only theological school of the See also:denomination in the South in 1908; the Atlanta Dental College; the Southern College of See also:Pharmacy (1903) ; Washington Seminary (1877) for girls; and the following institutions for negroes—Atlanta University, founded in 1869, which is one of the best institutions in the See also:country for the higher See also:education of negroes, See also:standing particularly for " culture " education (as opposed to See also:industrial training), which has done particularly See also:good See also:work in the See also:department of See also:sociology, under the direction of Prof. W. E. B. du Bois (b. 1868), one of the most prominent teachers of See also:negro descent in the country, and which had in 1908 339 students; See also:Clark University, founded in Y87o by the Freedman's Aid and Southern Educational Society of the Methodist Episcopal See also:Church; the Atlanta Baptist College, founded in 1867; See also:Morris Brown College (See also:African Methodist Episcopal, founded in 1882, and opened in 188), which has college preparatory, scientific, See also:academic, normal and missionary courses, See also:correspondence courses in English and See also:theology, an industrial department, and departments of law, theology (See also:Turner Theological Seminary), See also:nurse-training, See also:music and See also:art; the Gammon Theological Seminary (Methodist Episcopal, chartered in 1888), which has its buildings just outside the city limits; and the See also:Spelman Seminary for See also:women and girls (Baptist) opened in 1881 as the Atlanta Baptist See also:Female Seminary—the See also:present name being adopted in 1883 in See also:honour of the parents of Mrs John D. Rockefeller—and incorporated in 1888.

At See also:

Decatur (pop. 1418 in 1900), a residential suburb, 6 m. east-northeast of Atlanta, is the See also:Agnes See also:Scott College (189o) for See also:white girls; connected with the college is a school of music, art and expression, and an See also:academy. The city's principal charitable institutions are the Grady Memorial See also:hospital (opened in 1892), supported by the city and named in honour of See also:Henry W. Grady; the Presbyterian hospital; the Baptist See also:Tabernacle Infirmary; the See also:Wesley Memorial hospital; St See also:Joseph's infirmary; the Municipal hospital for contagious diseases; the See also:Florence See also:Crittenden See also:home. Three miles south-east of the city is a (state) soldiers' home, for aged, infirm and disabled Confederate veterans. The Associated Charities of Atlanta was organized in 1905. The principal See also:newspapers are the Constitution (See also:morning), edited from 188o until 1889 by Henry W. Grady (1851-1889),' one of the most eloquent of Southern orators, who did much to promote the reconciliation of the North and the South after the ' Grady was succeeded as managing editor by Clark See also:Howell (b. 186; and See also:Joel See also:Chandler See also:Harris was See also:long a member of the editorial See also:staff. Civil War, and whose statue stands opposite the post office; the See also:Journal (evening), of which Hoke See also:Smith (b. 1855), a prominent See also:political See also:leader, secretary of the interior in See also:President See also:Cleveland's See also:cabinet in 1893-1896, and later governor of Georgia, was long the proprietor; and the Georgian (evening), founded in 1906 as a See also:Prohibition See also:organ. As regards See also:commerce and manufactures, Atlanta ranks first among the cities of Georgia.

In 1907 its whosesale and See also:

retail See also:trade was estimated at $1oo,000,000. The city is said to receive two-fifths of the See also:total See also:freight delivered in the state of Georgia. From 1895 to 1907 the See also:bank clearings increased from about $65,000,000 to about $260,000,000. In recognition of the city's See also:financial strength, Atlanta has been designated by the secretary of the See also:treasury as one of the cities whose bonds will be accepted as See also:security for Federal deposits. Atlanta is the Southern See also:head-quarters for a number of See also:fire and See also:life See also:insurance companies, and is the third city of the United States in the amount of insurance business written and reported to See also:resident agents, the annual See also:premium receipts averaging about $10,000,000. It is an import-See also:ant See also:horse and See also:mule See also:market, and handles much See also:tobacco. The development of manufactures has been especially notable. In 188o the capital invested in manufacturing See also:industries was approximately $2,468,000; in 1890 it was $9,508,962; in 1900 it had increased to $16,045,156; and in 1905, when only establishments under the " factory system " were counted in the See also:census, to $21,631,162. In 1900 the total product was valued at $16,707,027, and the factory product at $14,418,834; and in 1905 the factory product was valued at $25,745,650, an increase of 78.6% in five years. Among the products are cotton goods (the product value of which in 1905 was 14% of the total value of the city's manufactures), foundry and See also:machine-See also:shop products, See also:lumber, patent medicines, See also:confectionery, men's clothing, See also:mat-tresses, spring-beds and other See also:furniture. Since 1904 part of the. See also:power utilized for manufacturing has been obtained from the Chattahoochee river, 15 M. from the city. There are many manufactories just outside the city limits.

See also:

History.—Atlanta owes its origin to the development of See also:pioneer railroads of Georgia. In 1836 the Western & Atlantic, the first road built into North Georgia, was chartered, and the present site of Atlanta was chosen as its southern terminal, which it reached in 1843, and which was named " See also:Terminus." The Georgia and the Central of Georgia then projected branches to Terminus in See also:order to connect with the Western & Atlantic, and completed them in 1845 and 1846. The See also:town See also:charter of 1843 changed the name to Marthasville, in honour of the daughter of Governor See also:Wilson Lumpkin; and the city charter of 1847 changed this to Atlanta. The See also:population in 185o was 2572; in 1860, 9'554. Manufacturing interests soon became important, and during the Civil War Atlanta was the seat of Confederate military factories and a depot of supplies. In 1864 it was the See also:objective point of the first See also:stage of General See also:William T. See also:Sherman's invasion of Georgia (see AMERICAN CIVIL WAR), which is therefore generally known as the " Atlanta See also:campaign." After the battles around See also:Marietta (q.v.), and the See also:crossing of the Chattahoochee river on the 8th and 9th of See also:July, Sherman continued his advance against Atlanta. His See also:plan of operations was directed primarily to the seizure of the Decatur railway, by which the Confederate See also:commander, General J. E. See also:Johnston, might receive support from See also:Virginia and the Carolinas. The three Union armies under Sherman's command, outnumbering the Confederates about 3 to 2, began their See also:movement on the 16th of July; the See also:Army of the See also:Cumberland (Gen. G..

Phoenix-squares

H. See also:

Thomas) on the right marching from Marietta by the fords of the Upper Chattahoochee on Atlanta, the Army of the See also:Ohio (Gen. J. M. See also:Schofield) in the centre. See also:direct on Decatur, and the Army of the See also:Tennessee (Gen. J. B. McPherson) still farther east towards See also:Stone See also:Mountain. At the moment of marching out to meet the enemy, Johnston was relieved of his command and was replaced by Gen. J. B. See also:Hood (July 17).

Hood at once prepared to attack Thomas as soon as that general should have crossed Peachtree Creek (6 m. north of the city) and thus isolated himself from Schofield and McPherson. Sherman's confidence in Thomas and histroops was, however, justified. Hood's attack (See also:

battle of See also:Peach-See also:tree Creek, July 20) was everywhere repulsed, and Schofield and McPherson closed up at the greatest See also:speed. Hood had to retire to Atlanta, with a loss of more than 4000 men, and the three Union armies gradually converged on the north and east sides of the city. But Hood, who had been put in command as a fighting general, was soon ready to attack afresh. This See also:time he placed Gen. W. J. See also:Hardee's See also:corps, the largest of his army, to the south of Atlanta, facing the See also:left flank of McPherson's army. As Hardee's attack rolled up the Union army from left to right, the See also:remainder of the Confederate army was to issue from the Atlanta fortifications and join in the battle. Hardee opened his attack at See also:noon on the 22nd of July (battle of Atlanta). The troops of the Army of the Tennessee were swiftly driven back, and their commander, McPherson, killed; but presently the Federals re-formed and a severe struggle ensued, in which most of Hood's army joined.

The veterans of the Army of the Tennessee, led by Gen. J. A. See also:

Logan, offered a stubborn resistance, however, and Schofield's army now intervened. After prolonged attacks lasting to nightfall, Hood had once more to draw off, with about ro,000 men killed and wounded. The Confederates now abandoned all See also:idea of regaining the Decatur line, and based themselves on Jonesboro' and the See also:Macon railway. Sherman quickly realized this, and the Army of the Tennessee, now commanded by Gen. O. O. See also:Howard, was See also:counter-marched from left to right, until it formed up on the right of the Union line about See also:Ezra Church (about 4 M. west of Atlanta). The railway from Chattanooga to Atlanta, destroyed by Johnston as he See also:fell back in May and See also:June, was now repaired and working up to Thomas's camps. Hood had meanwhile extended his entrenchments southwards to See also:cover the Macon railway, and Howard's movement led to another engagement (battle of Ezra Church, July 28) in which the XV. corps under Logan again See also:bore the brunt of Hood's attack.

The Confederates were once more unsuccessful, and the losses were so heavy that the " fighting " policy ordered by the Confederate See also:

government was countermanded. Sherman's See also:cavalry had hitherto failed to do serious damage to the railway, and the Federal general now proceeded to manoeuvre with his See also:main See also:body so as to cut off Hood from his Southern railway lines (See also:August). Covered by Howard at Ezra Church, Schofield led this advance, but the new Confederate lines baffled him. A See also:bombardment of the Atlanta fortifications was then begun, but it had no material result. Another cavalry See also:raid effected but slight damage to the line, and Sherman now decided to take his whole force to the south See also:side. This apparently dangerous movement (August 25) is a remarkable See also:illustration of Sherman's See also:genius for war, and in fact succeeded completely. Only a small force was left to'guard the Chattanooga railway, and the Union forces, Howard on the right, Thomas in the centre, and Schofield on the left, reached the railway after some See also:sharp fighting (See also:action of Jonesboro', See also:September 1). 'the See also:defence of Atlanta was now hopeless; Hood's forces retreated southward the same evening, and on the 2nd of September the Union detachment left behind on the north side entered Atlanta unopposed. All citizens were now ordered to leave, the See also:place was turned into a military See also:camp, and when Sherman started on his " See also:March to the See also:Sea," on the 15th of See also:November, a large part of the city was burned. Consequently the present city is a product of the post-bellum development of Georgia. The military government of Georgia was established here in 1865. In 1868 Atlanta was made the capital of the state.

In 1881 an International Cotton Exposition was held in Atlanta. This was American, even See also:

local, in See also:character; its inception was due to a See also:desire to improve the cultivation and manufacture of cotton; but it brought to the See also:notice of the whole country the industrial transformation wrought in the Southern states during the last See also:quarter of the 19th century. In 1887 the Piedmont Exposition was held in Atlanta. The Cotton States and International Exposition, also held at Atlanta, in 1895, attracted widespread See also:attention, and had exhibits from See also:thirty-seven states and thirteen foreign countries.

End of Article: ATLANTA

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