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rail. The value of the city's factory products increased from $10,517,886 in 1900 to $15,193,909 in 1905 or 44.5%. Chattanooga was first settled about 1835, and was See also:

long known as See also:

Ross's Landing. It was incorporated in 1851 as Chattanooga, and received a city See also:

CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter in 1866. Its growth for the three decades after the Civil War was very rapid. During the American Civil War it was one of the most important strategic points in the Confederacy, and in its immediate vicinity were fought two great battles. During June 1862 it was threatened by a Federal force under See also:

General O.

M. See also:

MITCHEL, ORMSBY MACKNIGHT (1809—1862)

Mitchel, but the Confederate army of General Braxton See also:

BRAGG, BRAXTON (1817—1876)

Bragg was transferred thither by rail from See also:

Corinth, See also:

MISS

Miss., before Mitchel was able to advance. In See also:

SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1863, however, General W. S. See also:

ROSECRANS, WILLIAM STARKE (1819-1898)

Rosecrans, with the See also:

Union Army of the See also:

Cumberland out-manoeuvred Bragg, concentrated his numerous columns in the Chickamauga Valley, and occupied the See also:

TOWN

town, to which, after the defeat of Chickamauga (q.v.), he retired. From the end of September to the 24th of See also:

NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November the Army of the Cumberland was then invested in Chattanooga by the Confederates, whose position See also:

lay along Missionary Ridge from its See also:

north end near the river towards Rossville, whence their entrenchments extended westwards to Lookout Mountain, which dominates the whole ground, the Tennessee See also:

RUNNING

running directly beneath it. Thus Rosecrans was confined to a semicircle of See also:

low ground around Chattanooga itself, and his supplies had to make a long and difficult detour from See also:

BRIDGEPORT

Bridgeport, the See also:

main road being under See also:

FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire from the Confederate position on Lookout and in the Wauhatchie valley adjacent. Bragg indeed expected that Rosecrans would be starved into See also:

RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat. But the Federals once more, and this See also:

time on a far larger See also:

scale, concentrated in the See also:

FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of the enemy. The XI. and XII. See also:

CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps from See also:

Virginia under See also:

Hooker were transferred by rail to reinforce Rosecrans; other troops were called up from the See also:

MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi, and on the 16th of See also:

OCTOBER

October the Federal See also:

government reconstituted the western armies under the supreme command of General Grant. The XV. corps of the Army of the Tennessee, under See also:

Sherman, was on the See also:

march from the Mississippi. Hooker's troops had already arrived when Grant reached Chattanooga on the 23rd of October.

The Army of the Cumberland was now under See also:

Thomas, Rosecrans having been recalled. The first See also:

ACTION

action was fought at See also:

Brown's See also:

Ferry in the Wauhatchie valley, where Hooker executed withcomplete precision a See also:

plan for the revictualling of Chattanooga, established himself near Wauhatchie on the 28th, and repulsed a determined attack on the same See also:

NIGHT

night. But Sherman was still far distant, and the Federal forces at See also:

KNOXVILLE

Knoxville, against which a large detachment of Bragg's army under See also:

LONGSTREET, JAMES (1821-1904)

Longstreet was now sent, were in See also:

GRAVE

grave danger. Grant waited for Sherman's four divisions, but prepared everything for See also:

BATTLE

battle in the meantime. His plan was that Thomas in the Chattanooga lines should contain the Confederate centre on Missionary Ridge, while Hooker on the right at Wauhatchie was to attack Lookout Mountain, and Sherman farther up the river was to carry out the decisive attack against Bragg's extreme right wing at the end of Missionary Ridg9. The last See also:

MARCHES, THE (It. Le Marche)

marches of the XV. corps were delayed. by stormy See also:

WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather, Bragg reinforced Longstreet, and telegraphic communication between Grant and the Federals at Knoxville had already ceased. But Grant would not move forward without Sherman, and the battle of Chattanooga was fought more than two months after Chickamauga. On the 23rd of November a forward move of Thomas's army, intended as a Confederate line of See also:

defence.. X X X X Union troops...NW demonstration, See also:

DEVELOPED

developed into a serious and successful action, whereby the first line of the Confederate centre was driven in for some distance. Bragg was now much weakened by successive detachments having been sent to Knoxville, and on the 24th the real battle began. Sherman's corps was graudally brought over the river near the mouth of Chickamauga See also:

Creek, and formed up on the east See also:

side. The attack began at 1 P.m. and was locally a See also:

COMPLETE

complete success.

The heights attacked were in Sherman's hands, and fortified against See also:

COUNTER

counter-attack, before nightfall. Hooker in the mean-while had fought the "Battle above the Clouds " on the steep face of Lookout Mountain, and though opposed by an equal force of Confederates, had completely driven the enemy from the mountain. The 24th then had been a See also:

day of success for the Federals, and the decisive attack of the three armies in See also:

CONCERT (through the French from Lat. con-, with, and certare, to strive)

concert was to take place on the 25th. But the maps deceived Grant and Sherman as they had previously deceived Rosecrans. Sherman had captured, not the north point of Missionary Ridge, but a detached See also:

hill, and a new and more serious action had to be fought for the See also:

possession of See also:

TUNNEL (Fr. tonne!, later tonneau, a diminutive from Low Lat. tonna, tunna, a tun, cask)

Tunnel Hill, where Bragg's right now lay strongly entrenched. The Confederates used every effort to hold the position and all Sherman's efforts were made in vain. Hooker, who was moving on Rossville, had not progressed far, and Bragg was still See also:

FREE

free to reinforce his right. Grant therefore directed Thomas to move forward on the centre to relieve the pressure on Sherman. The Army of the Cumberland was, after all, to strike the decisive See also:

BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow. About 3.30 P.M. the centre advanced on the Confederate's trenches at the See also:

FOOT

foot of Missionary Ridge. These were carried at the first See also:

rush, and the troops were ordered to See also:

lie down and await orders. Then occurred one of the most dramatic episodes of the war.

Suddenly, and without orders either from Grant or the See also:

OFFICERS

officers at the front, the whole line of the Army of the Cumberland See also:

rose and rushed up the ridge. Two successive lines of entrenchments were carried at once. In a See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time the See also:

crest was stormed, and after a last See also:

ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt at resistance the enemy's centre fled in the wildest confusion. The pursuit was pressed See also:

home by the divisional generals, notably by See also:

Sheridan. Hooker now advanced in See also:

EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest on Rossville, and by nightfall the whole Confederate army, except the troops on Tunnel Hill, was retreating in disorder. These too were withdrawn in the night, and the victory of the Federals was complete. Bragg lost 8684 men killed, wounded and prisoners out of perhaps 34,00o men engaged; Grant, with 60,000 men, lost about 6000.

End of Article: CHATTANOOGA

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