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CINCINNATI

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Originally appearing in Volume V06, Page 374 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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CINCINNATI , a See also:

city and the See also:county-seat of See also:Hamilton county, See also:Ohio, U.S.A., on the Ohio See also:river, opposite the mouth of the Licking, about too m. S.W. of See also:Columbus, about 305 M. by See also:rail S.E. of See also:Chicago, and about 76o m. (by rail) W.S.W. of New See also:York. Through the city flows See also:Mill See also:Creek, which empties into the Ohio. Pop. (18901) 296,908; (1900) 325,902, of whom 197,896 were of See also:foreign parentage (i.e. either their fathers or mothers or both were foreign-See also:born), 57,961 were foreign-born, and 14,482 were negroes; (1910) 363,591• The See also:German is by far the most important of the foreign elements. In addition to the large number of inhabitants of German descent, there were, in Igloo, 107,152 of German parentage, and of the foreign-born 38,219 came from See also:Germany. Cincinnati is situated on the N. See also:side of the river upon two terraces or plateaus—the first about 6o ft., the second from See also:loo to 150 ft., above See also:low water—and upon hills which enclose these terraces on three sides in the See also:form of an See also:amphitheatre, rising to a height of about 400 ft. on the E. and of about 46o ft. on the W., and commanding magnificent views of the river, the valley, the numerous suburbs, and the more distant wooded hills. About See also:half of the See also:hill-enclosed See also:plain lies S. of the river, and it is upon this See also:southern half that See also:Covington, See also:Newport, See also:Dayton, See also:Ludlow and other See also:Kentucky suburbs of Cincinnati are situated. Cincinnati has a river-frontage of about 14 m., extends back about 6 m. on the W. side in the valley of Mill Creek, and occupies a See also:total See also:area of about 44 sq. m. Since 1867 it has been connected with Covington by a See also:wire suspension See also:bridge designed by See also:John A. See also:Roebling, and rebuilt and enlarged in 1897.

This bridge is 1057 ft. See also:

long between towers (or, including the approaches, 2252 ft. long), with a height of for ft. above low See also:water, and has a See also:double See also:wagon road and two ways for pedestrians. By two See also:bridges there is See also:direct communication with Newport; by one, that of the Cincinnati Southern railway, with Ludlow; and by one (Chesapeake & Ohio; see vol. v., p. 109) 1 Previous See also:census reports of the total See also:population were as follows: (181o) 2540; (1820) 9642; (1830) 24,831; (1840) 46,338; (185o) 115,435; (186o) 161,044; (1870) 216,239; (188o) 225,139. In the territory within a See also:radius of to m. of the See also:United States See also:government See also:building there was in 1900 a population of about 480,000. with See also:West Covington. On the terraces the streets generally intersect at right angles, but on the hills their directions are irregular. To the " bottoms " (which have suffered much from floods') between Third See also:Street and the river the manufacturing and wholesale districts are for the most See also:part confined, although many of these interests are now on the higher levels or in the suburbs; the See also:principal See also:retail houses are on the higher levels N. of Third Street, and the handsomest residences are on the picturesque hills before mentioned, in those parts of the city, formerly See also:separate villages, known as Avondale, Mt. See also:Auburn, See also:Clifton, See also:Price Hill, See also:Walnut Hills and Mt. Lookout. The See also:main part of the city is connected with these residential districts by electric street See also:railways, whose routes include four inclined-See also:plane railways, namely, Mt. See also:Adams (268 ft. See also:elevation), Bellevue (300 ft.), Fairview (210 ft.) and Price Hill (350 ft.), from each of which an excellent panoramic view of the city and suburbs may be obtained. There are various suburbs, chiefly residential, in the Mill Creek valley, among them being See also:Carthage, Hartwell, See also:Wyoming, Lockland and Glendale.

Other populous and attractive suburbs N. of the Ohio river are See also:

Norwood and See also:College Hill. Buildings, &c.—Brick, See also:blue See also:limestone, and a greyish See also:buff freestone are the most See also:common building materials, and the city has various buildings of much architectural merit. The chamber of See also:commerce (completed '889), designed by H. H. See also:Richardson, is one of the finest public buildings in the United States. Its walls are of undressed See also:granite, and it occupies a ground area of too by 1 50 ft. The United States government building (designed by A. B. See also:Mullet, and built of See also:Maine and See also:Missouri granite) is a See also:fine structure in classic See also:style, 36o ft. long and '6o ft. wide, and 41 storeys high; its See also:outer walls are faced with sawn freestone. It was erected in 1874–'885 and cost (including the See also:land) $5,250,000. The city See also:hall (332 ft. by 203 ft.), with walls of red granite and See also:brown See also:sandstone, is a massive and handsome building erected at a cost of $',600,000. The county See also:court See also:house (rebuilt in 1887) is in the Romanesque style, and with the See also:gaol attached occupies an entire square.

The Cincinnati See also:

hospital (completed 1869), comprising eight buildings grouped about a central court and connected by corridors, occupies a square of four acres. A new public hospital for the suburbs was projected in 1907. St See also:Peter's (See also:Roman See also:Catholic) See also:cathedral (begun 1839, consecrated 1844), Grecian in style, is a fine structure, with a graceful See also:stone See also:spire 224 ft. in height and a See also:chime of 13 bells; it has as an See also:altar-piece See also:Murillo's " St Peter Liberated by an See also:Angel." The See also:church of St See also:Francis de Sales (in Walnut Hills), built in 1888, has a See also:bell, See also:cast in Cincinnati, weighing fifteen tons, and said to be the largest swinging bell in the See also:world. Several of the See also:Protestant churches, such as the First Presbyterian (built 1835; See also:steeple, including spire, 285 ft. high), Second Presbyterian (1872), Central See also:Christian (1869), St See also:Paul's Methodist Episcopal (1870), and St Paul's Protestant Episcopal See also:pro-cathedral (1851), are also worthy of mention, and in the residential suburbs there are many fine churches. Cincinnati is the seat of a Roman Catholic archbishopric and a Protestant Episcopal and Methodist Episcopal bishopric. The Masonic See also:temple (195 ft. long and too ft. wide), in the See also:Byzantine style, is four storeys high, and has two towers of 140 ft.; the building was completed in '86o and has subsequently been remodelled. Among other prominent buildings are the See also:Oddfellows' temple (completed 1894), the public library, the See also:art museum (1886), a Jewish See also:synagogue (in Avondale), and the (Jewish) See also:Plum Street temple (1866), Moorish in See also:architecture. The Soldiers', Sailors' and Pioneers' building (1907) is a beautiful structure, classic in See also:design. The business houses are of stone or See also:brick, and many of them are attractive architecturally; there are a number of See also:modern See also:office buildings from 15 to 20 storeys in height. There are also several large hotels and ten theatres (besides halls and auditoriums for concerts and public gatherings), the most notable being See also:Springer See also:music hall. ' The most destructive floods have been those of 1832, '847, 1883, 1884 and 1907; the highest See also:stage of the water before 1904 was 71 ft. 1 in. in '884, the lowest ft.

'in. in 188'. One of the most noted pieces of monumental art in the United States is the beautiful See also:

Tyler See also:Davidson See also:bronze See also:fountain in Fountain Square (Fifth Street, between Walnut and See also:Vine streets), the business centre of the city, by which (or within one See also:block of which) all See also:car lines run. The fountain was unveiled in 1871 and was presented to the city by See also:Henry Probasco (1820 1902), a wealthy See also:citizen, who named it in See also:honour of his deceased See also:brother-in-See also:law and business partner, Mr Tyler Davidson. The design, by See also:August von Kreling (1819–'876), embraces fifteen bronze figures, all cast at the royal bronze foundry in See also:Munich. the See also:chief being a See also:female figure with outstretched arms, front whose fingers the water falls in a fine spray. This figure reaches a height of 45 ft. above the ground. The city has, besides, monuments to the memory of Presidents See also:Harrison and See also:Garfield (both in Garfield See also:Place, the former an equestrian statue by See also:Louis T. Rebisso, and the latter by See also:Charles H. See also:Niehaus); also. in See also:Spring See also:Grove See also:cemetery, a See also:monument to the memory of the Ohio See also:volunteers who lost their lives in the See also:Civil See also:War. The art museum, in See also:Eden See also:Park, contains paintings by celebrated See also:European and See also:American artists, statuary, engravings, etchings, See also:metal See also:work, See also:wood See also:carving, textile fabrics, pottery, and an excellent collection in American See also:ethnology and See also:archaeology. The Cincinnati Society of Natural See also:History (incorporated '870) has a large library and a museum containing a valuable palaeontological collection, and bones and implements from the prehistoric cemetery of the See also:mound-builders, at Madisonville, Ohio. Parks.—In '908 Cincinnati had parks covering about 540 acres; there are numerous pleasant driveways both within the city limits and in the suburban districts, and several attractive resorts are within easy reach. Eden Park, of 214 acres, on See also:Mount Adams, about' m.

E. of the business centre and near the river, is noted for its natural beauty, greatly supplemented by the landscape-gardener's skill, and for its commanding views. The ground was originally the See also:

property of See also:Nicholas Longworth (1782–'863), a wealthy citizen and well-known horticulturist, who here See also:grew the grapes from which the See also:Catawba See also:wine, introduced by him in '828, was made. The park contains the art museum and the art See also:academy. Its gateway, See also:Elsinore, is a See also:medieval See also:reproduction; other prominent features are the reservoirs, which resemble natural lakes, and a high water See also:tower, from which there is a delightful view. In See also:Burnet See also:Woods Park, lying to the N.E. of Eden and containing about 163 acres, are the buildings and grounds of the University of Cincinnati, and a See also:lake for boating and See also:skating. The zoological gardens occupy 6o acres and contain a notable collection of animals and birds. Other See also:pleasure resorts are the See also:Lagoon on the Kentucky side (in Ludlow, Ky.), See also:Chester Park, about 6 m. N. of the business centre, and Coney See also:Island, about 'o m. up the river on the Ohio side. See also:Washington (5.6 acres), See also:Lincoln ('o acres), Garfield and See also:Hopkins are small parks in the city. In 1907 an extensive See also:system of new parks, parkways and boulevards was projected. Spring Grove cemetery, about 6 m. N.W. of Fountain Square, contains 600 acres picturesquely laid out on the park See also:plan.

It contains many handsome monuments and private mausoleums, and a beautiful See also:

mortuary See also:chapel in the See also:Norman style. Water-See also:Supply.—A new and greatly improved water-supply system for the city was virtually completed in 1907. This provides for taking water from the Ohio river at a point on the Kentucky side opposite the See also:village of See also:California, Ohio, and several See also:miles above the See also:discharge of the city sewers; for the carrying of the water by a gravity See also:tunnel under the river to the Ohio side, the water being thence elevated by four See also:great pumping engines, each having a daily capacity of 30,000,000 gallons, to settling basins, being then passed through filters of the American or See also:mechanical type, and flowing thence by a gravity tunnel more than 4 M. long to the main pumping station, on the See also:bank of the river, within the city; and for the pumping of the water thence, a part directly into the distributing pipes and a part to the principal storage See also:reservoir in Eden Park. See also:Education.—Cincinnati is an important educational centre. The University of Cincinnati, originally endowed by Charles M'Micken (d. '858) and opened in 1873, occupies a number of 372 handsome buildings er9cted since 1895 on a campus of 43 acres in Burnet Woods Park, has an astronomical See also:observatory on the highest point of Mt. Lookout, and is the only strictly municipal university in the United States. The institution embraces a college of liberal arts, a college of See also:engineering, a college of law (united in 1897 with the law school of Cincinnati College, then the only surviving See also:department of that college, which was founded as See also:Lancaster See also:Seminary in 1815 and was chartered as Cincinnati College in 1819), a college of See also:medicine (from 1819 to 1896 the Medical College of Ohio; the college occupies the site of the old M'Micken See also:homestead), a college for teachers, a See also:graduate school, and a technical school (founded in 1886 and transferred to the university in 1901); while closely affiliated with it are the Clinical and Pathological School of Cincinnati and the Ohio College of See also:Dentistry. With the exception of small fees charged for incidental expenses, the university is See also:free to all students who are residents of the city; others pay $75 a See also:year for tuition. It is maintained in part by the city, through public See also:taxation, and in part by the income from endowment funds given by Charles M'Micken, See also:Matthew Thorns, See also:David Sinton and others. The government of the university is entrusted mainly to a See also:board of nine See also:directors appointed by the See also:mayor. In 1909 it had a See also:faculty of 144 and 1364 students.

See also:

Lane Theological Seminary is situated in Walnut Hills, in the See also:north-eastern part of the city; it was endowed by Ebenezer Lane and the Kemper See also:family; was founded in 1829 for the training of Presbyterian ministers; had for its first See also:president (1832–1852) Lyman See also:Beecher; and in 1834 was the See also:scene of a See also:bitter contest between abolitionists in the faculty and among the students, led by See also:Theodore See also:Dwight Weld, and the board of trustees, who forbade the discussion of See also:slavery in the seminary and so caused about four-fifths of the students to leave, most of them going to See also:Oberlin College. The city has also See also:Saint Francis See also:Xavier College (Roman Catholic, established in 1831 and until 1840 known as the See also:Athenaeum); Saint See also:Joseph College (Roman Catholic, 1873); Mount St See also:Mary's of the West Seminary (Roman Catholic, theological, 1848, at See also:Cedar Point, Ohio); See also:Hebrew See also:Union College (1875), the leading institution in the United States for educating rabbis; the largely attended Ohio See also:Mechanics' See also:Institute (founded 1828), a private See also:corporation not conducted for profit, its See also:object being the education of skilled workmen, the training of See also:industrial leaders, and the See also:advancement of the mechanic arts (in 1907. there were in all departments 1421 students, a large See also:majority of whom were in the evening classes); an excellent art academy, modelled after that of See also:South See also:Kensington; the College of Music and the Conservatory of Music (mentioned below); the See also:Miami Medical College (opened in 1852); the Pulte Medical College (homeopathic; coeducational; opened 1872); the Eclectic Medical Institute (chartered 1845); two See also:women's medical colleges, two colleges of dental See also:surgery, a college of See also:pharmacy, and several business colleges. The public, See also:district, and high See also:schools of the city are excellent. The City (or public) library contained in 1906 301,380 vols. and 57,562 See also:pamphlets; the University library (including medical, law and astronomical branches), 8o,000 vols. (including the See also:Robert See also:Clarke collection, See also:rich in Americana, and the library—about 5000 vols.—of the American Association for the Advancement of See also:Science); the See also:Young Men's See also:Mercantile library, 70,000 vols.; and the Law library, 35,000 vols.; in addition, the See also:Lloyd library and museum of See also:botany and pharmacy, and the library of the See also:Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio (1831), which contains a valuable collection of rare books, pamphlets and See also:manuscripts, are worthy of mention. Art, &c.—The large German population makes the city See also:note-worthy for its music. The first Sangerfest was held in Cincinnati in 1849, and it met here again in 1870, when a new hall was built for its See also:accommodation. Under the leadership of Theodore See also:Thomas (1835–1905), the Cincinnati Musical Festival Association was incorporated, and the first of its biennial May festivals was held in 1873. In 1875–1878 was built the large Springer music hall, named in honour of See also:Reuben R. Springer (1800-1884), its greatest benefactor, who endowed the Cincinnati College of Music (incorporated in 1878), of which Thomas was director in 1878–1881. Until his See also:death Thomas was director of the May festivals also. The grounds for the music hall were given by the city and are perpetually exempt from taxation.

The great See also:

organ in the music hall was dedicated at the third of the May festivals in 1878. The Sangerfest met in Cincinnati for the third See also:time in 1879, and its See also:jubilee was held here in 1899. By 188o the May festival See also:chorus had become a permanent organization. The city has several other musical societies—the See also:Apollo and See also:Orpheus clubs (1881 and 1893), a Liederkranz (1886), and a United Singing Society (1896) being among the more prominent; and there are two schools of music—the Conservatory of Music and the College of Music. The city has large See also:publishing interests, and various religious (Methodist Episcopal and Roman Catholic) and fraternal See also:periodicals, and several technical See also:journals and See also:trade papers are published here. The principal daily See also:newspapers are the Enquirer, a Democratic See also:journal, established in 1842 and conducted for many years after 1852 by Washington McLean (1816-189o), and then by his son, John See also:Roll McLean (b. 1848) ; the Commercial See also:Tribune (Republican; previously the Commercial-See also:Gazette and still earlier the Commercial, founded in 1793, The Tribune being merged with it in 1896), the Times-See also:Star (the Times established in 1836), and the See also:Post, established in 188r (both evening papers); and several influential German journals, including the Volksblatt (Republican; established 1836), and the Volksfreund (Democratic; established 1850). Among the social clubs of the city are the See also:Queen City See also:Club, organized in 1874; the See also:Phoenix Club, organized in 1856 and the leading Jewish club in the city; the See also:Cuvier Club, organized in 1871 and originally an association of hunters and anglers for the preservation of See also:game and See also:fish; the Cincinnati Club, the Business Men's Club, the University Club, the Art Club, and the See also:Literary Club, of the last of which many prominent men, including President See also:Hayes, have been members. This club See also:dates from 1849, and is said to be the See also:oldest literary club in the See also:country. There are various commercial and trade organizations, the oldest and most influential being the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce and Merchants' See also:Exchange, which dates from 1839. See also:Administration.—The city is governed under the municipal See also:code enacted by the See also:state legislature in 1902, for the provisions of which see Ouio. Among the institutions are the City infirmary (at Hartwell, a suburb), which, besides supporting pauper inmates, affords See also:relief to outdoor poor; the Cincinnati hospital, which is supported by taxation and treats without See also:charge all who are unable to pay; twenty other hospitals, some of which are charitable institutions; a United States marine hospital; the Longview hospital for the insane, at Carthage, ro m. from the city, and belonging to Hamilton county, whose population consists largely of the inhabitants of Cincinnati; an insane See also:asylum for negroes; six See also:orphan asylums—the Cincinnati, two Protestant, two Roman Catholic, and one for negroes; a See also:home for incurables; a See also:day nursery; a fresh-See also:air home and See also:farm for poor See also:children; the Franciscan See also:Brothers' Protectory for boys; a children's home; two widows' homes; two old men's homes; several homes for indigent and friendless women; a foundling asylum; the See also:rescue See also:mission and home for erring women; a social See also:settlement conducted by the University of Cincinnati; the house of See also:refuge (185o) for " the See also:reformation and education of homeless and incorrigible children under 16 years of See also:age "; and a workhouse for adults convicted of See also:minor offences.

Communications.—Cincinnati is a railway centre of great importance and has an extensive commerce both by rail and by river. It is served by the following railways: the See also:

Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St Louis (See also:Pennsylvania system), the Cleve-land, Cincinnati, Chicago & St Louis (New York Central system), the Chicago, Cincinnati & See also:Louisville, the Cincinnati, New See also:Orleans & See also:Texas Pacific (the lessee of the Cincinnati Southern railway,' connecting Cincinnati and See also:Chattanooga, Tenn., its See also:line 1 The Cincinnati Southern railway is of especial See also:interest in that it was built by the city of Cincinnati in its corporate capacity. Much forming part of the so-called Queen & See also:Crescent Route to New Orleans), the See also:Erie, the See also:Baltimore & Ohio South-Western (Baltimore & Ohio system), the Chesapeake & Ohio, the See also:Norfolk & Western, the Louisville & See also:Nashville, the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton, the Cincinnati See also:Northern (New York Central system), the Cincinnati & Muskingum Valley (Pennsylvania system), and the Cincinnati, See also:Lebanon & Northern (Pennsylvania system). Most of these railways use the Union Station; the Pennsylvania and the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton, have separate stations. The city's river commerce, though of less relative importance since the See also:advent of railways, is large and brings to its wharves much bulky See also:freight, such as See also:coal, See also:iron and See also:lumber; it also See also:helps to distribute the products of the city's factories; and the See also:National government has done much to sustain this commerce by deepening and See also:lighting the channel. Formerly there was considerable commerce with Lake Erie by way of the Miami & Erie See also:Canal to See also:Toledo; the canal was completed in 183o and has never been entirely abandoned. See also:Industries.—Although the second city in population in the state, Cincinnati ranked first in 1900 as a manufacturing centre, but lost this pre-See also:eminence to See also:Cleveland in 1905, when the value of Cincinnati's factory product was $166,059,050, an increase of 17.2 % over the figures for 1900. In the manufacture of vehicles, See also:harness, See also:leather, hardwood lumber, wood-working machinery, See also:machine tools, See also:printing See also:ink, See also:soap, See also:pig-iron, See also:malt liquors, See also:whisky, shoes, clothing, cigars and See also:tobacco, See also:furniture, See also:cooperage goods, iron and See also:steel See also:safes and vaults, and pianos, also in the packing of See also:meat, especially pork,' it ranks very high among the cities of the Union. The well-known and beautiful Rookwood See also:ware has been made in Cincinnati since 188o, at the Rookwood Pottery (on Mt. Adams), founded by Mrs See also:Bellamy (Maria Longworth) Storer, named from her See also:father's home near the city, the first American pottery to devote exclusive See also:attention to art ware. The earlier wares were yellow, brown and red; then came deep greens and blues, followed by See also:mat glazes and by " vellum " ware (first exhibited in 1904), a lustreless pottery, resembling old See also:parchment, with its decoration painted or modelled or both. The See also:clays used are exclusively American, much being obtained in Missouri.

Among the more important manufactures of the city in 1905 were the following, with the value of the product for that year: clothing ($16,972,484), slaughtering and meat-packing products ($13,446,202), foundry and machine-See also:

shop products ($11,528,768), boots and shoes ($10,596,928), distilled liquors ($9,609,826), malt liquors ($7,702,693), and carriages and wagons ($6,323,8o3).2 History.—Cincinnati was founded by some of the first settlers in that part of the North-West Territory which afterwards became the state of Ohio. It lies on part of the land See also:purchased for himself and others by John See also:Cleves Symmes (1742–1814) from the United States government in 1788, and the settlement was established near the See also:close of the same year by immigrants chiefly from New See also:Jersey and Kentucky. When the See also:town was laid out See also:early in 1789, John Filson, one of the founders, named it Losanti- of the city's trade had always been with the Southern states, and the urgent need of better facilities for this trade than the river and existing railway lines afforded led to the building of this road by the city. The work was carried on under the direction of a board of five trustees appointed by the See also:superior court of Cincinnati in accordance with the so-called See also:Ferguson See also:Act passed by the Ohio legislature in 1869, and the railway was completed to Chattanooga in See also:February r880. For accounts of the building and the management of the railway, see J. H. Hollander, The Cincinnati Southern Railway; A Study in Municipal Activity (Baltimore, 1894), one of the Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and See also:Political Science; and The See also:Founding of the Cincinnati Southern Railway, with an Auto-See also:biographical See also:Sketch by E. A. Ferguson (Cincinnati, 1905). Before 1863 Cincinnati was the principal centre in the United States for the slaughtering of hogs and the packing of pork. The See also:industry began as early as 1820 and rapidly increased in importance, but after 1863 Chicago took the See also:lead. s These figures are from the U.S. census, and are of course for Cincinnati proper: some of the largest industrial establishments, however, are just outside the city limits—among these are manufactories of soap (the See also:Ivory Soap See also:Works), machine tools, See also:electrical machinery and appliances, structural and architectural iron work, and office furnishings.ville (L for Licking; os, Latin for mouth; See also:anti, See also:Greek for opposite; and vale, See also:French for town), but early in the next year Symmes caused the See also:present name to be substituted in honour of the See also:Order of the Cincinnati, See also:General See also:Arthur St Clair, the See also:governor of the North-West Territory, being then president of the Pennsylvania State Society of the Cincinnati.

St Clair arrived about the time the See also:

change in name was made, immediately erected Hamilton County, and made Cincinnati its seat of government; the territorial legislature also held its sessions here from the time of its first organization in 1799 until 18or, when it removed to See also:Chillicothe. During the early years the See also:Indians threatened the See also:life of the settlement, and in 1789 Fort Washington, a See also:log building for See also:protection against the Indians, was built in the city; General See also:Josiah Harmar, in 1790, and General St Clair, in 1791, made unsuccessful expeditions against them, and the alarm increased until 1794, when General See also:Wayne won a decisive victory over the savages at Maumee Rapids in the See also:battle of Fallen Timbers, after which he secured their consent to the terms of the treaty of See also:Greenville (1795). Cincinnati was incorporated as a village in 1802, received a second See also:charter in 1815, was chartered as a city in 1819, and received its second city charter in 1827 and its third in 1832; since 1851 it has been governed nominally by general See also:laws of the state, although by the state's method of classifying cities many acts for its government have been in reality See also:special. When first incorporated its limits were confined to an area of 3 sq. m., but by annexations in 1849 and 185o this area was doubled; in 1854 another square mile was added; in 1869 and 187o large additions were made, which included the villages of Sedamsville, Price Hill, Walnut Hills, Mount Auburn, Clintonville, Corryville, See also:Vernon, Mount Harrison, Barrsville, Fairmount, West Fairmount, St See also:Peters, Lick Run and Clifton Heights; in 1872 See also:Columbia, which was settled a See also:short time before Cincinnati, was added; in 1873 Cumminsville and Woodburn; in 1895 Avondale, See also:Riverside, Clifton, Linwood and Westwood; in 1903 See also:Bond Hill, Winton Place, See also:Hyde Park and See also:Evanston; in 1904 portions of Mill Creek township, and in 1905 a small See also:tract in Mill Creek Valley. In 1829 Mrs Frances See also:Trollope established in Cincinnati, where she lived for a part of two years, a " Bazar," which as the principal means of carrying out her plan to benefit the town was entirely unsuccessful; a vivid but scarcely unbiassed picture of Cincinnati in the early thirties is to be found in her Domestic See also:Manners of the Americans (1831). In 1845 began the marked influx of Germans, which lasted in large degree up to 186o; they first limited themselves to the district " Over the See also:Rhine " (the Rhine being the Miami & Erie Canal), in the See also:angle north-See also:east of the junction of Canal and Sycamore streets, but gradually spread throughout the city, although this " Over the Rhine " is still most typically German. For more than ten years preceding the Civil War the city was much disturbed by slavery dissension—the industrial interests were largely with the South, but abolitionists were numerous and active, and the city was an important station on the " Underground Railroad," of which Dr See also:Norton S. See also:Townshend (1815–95) was conductor, and one of the stations was the home of Mrs. Harriet Beecher See also:Stowe, who lived in Cincinnati from 1832 to 185o, and gathered there much material embodied in See also:Uncle Tom's See also:Cabin. In 1834 came the Lane Seminary controversies over slavery previously referred to. In 1835 See also:James G. See also:Birney established here his anti-slavery journal, The Philanthropist, but his printing shops were repeatedly mobbed and his presses destroyed, and in See also:January of 1836 his bold speech before a See also:mob gathered at the court-house was the only thing that saved him from See also:personal violence, as the city authorities had warned him that they had not sufficient force to protect him.

At the time of the Civil War the city was strongly in sympathy with the North. In See also:

September 1862 the city was threatened by a Confederate force under General See also:Kirby See also:Smith, who led the advance of General See also:Bragg's See also:army (see AMERICAN CIVIL WAR). On the 28th of See also:March 1884 many of the citizens met at Music Hall to protest against the lax way in which the law was enforced, notably in the See also:case of a See also:recent See also:murder, when the confessed criminal had been found guilty of See also:manslaughter only. An attack was made on the gaol by the lawless See also:element outside the hall, but was futile,—the murderer having been removed by the authorities to Columbus. In its efforts to break into the gaol and court-house the mob was confronted by the See also:militia, and bloodshed and loss of life resulted; during the rioting the court-house was fired by the mob and practically destroyed, and many valuable records were burned. Various important political conventions have met in Cincinnati, including the national Democratic See also:convention of 1856, the national Liberal-Republican convention of 1872, the national Republican convention of 1876, and the national Democratic convention of 188o,—by which, respectively, James See also:Buchanan, See also:Horace See also:Greeley, R. B. Hayes and See also:Winfield See also:Scott See also:Hancock were nominated for the See also:presidency. See C. T. Greve, Centennial History of Cincinnati and Representative Citizens (Chicago, 1904), the See also:official municipal documents, the See also:Annual Reports of the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce, &c.

End of Article: CINCINNATI

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