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See also:TOWNSHEND, See also:CHARLES (1725-1767) , See also:English politician, was the second son of Charles, 3rd See also:Viscount Townshend, who married Audrey (d. 1788), daughter and heiress of See also:Edward See also:Harrison of See also:Ball's See also:Park, near See also:Hertford, a See also:lady who rivalled her son in brilliancy of wit and frankness of expression. Charles was See also:born on the 29th of See also:August 1725, and was sent for his educationto See also:Leiden and See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford. At the Dutch university, where he matriculated on the 27th of See also:October 1745, he associated with a small See also:knot of English youths, afterwards well known in various circles of See also:life, among whom were See also:Dowdeswell, his subsequent See also:rival in politics, Wilkes, the witty and unprincipled reformer, and See also:Alexander See also:Carlyle, the genial Scotchman, who devotes some of the pages of his Autobiography to chronicling their sayings and their doings. He represented See also:Great See also:Yarmouth in See also:parliament from 1947 to 1761, when he found a seat for the See also:treasury See also:- BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
- BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)
borough of See also:Harwich. Public See also:attention was first See also:drawn to his abilities in 1753, when he delivered a lively attack, as a younger son who might See also:hope to promote his See also:advancement by allying himself in See also:marriage to a wealthy heiress, against See also:Lord See also:Hardwicke's marriage See also:bill. Although this measure passed into See also:law, he attained this See also:object in August 1755 by marrying See also:Caroline (d. 1794), the eldest daughter of the 2nd See also:duke of See also:Argyll and the widow of See also:Francis, Lord See also:Dalkeith, the eldest son of the 2nd duke of See also:Buccleuch. In See also:April 1754 Townshend was transformed from the position of a member of the See also:board of See also:trade, which he had held from 1749, to that of a lord of the See also:admiralty, but at the See also:close of 1755 his passionate attack against the policy of the See also:ministry, an attack which shared in popular estimation with the scathing denunciations of See also:Pitt, the supreme success of Single-Speech See also:- HAMILTON
- HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
- HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
- HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
- HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
- HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
- HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
- HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
- HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
- HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
- HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
- HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
- HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
- HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
- HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
- HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
- HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
- HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)
Hamilton, and the hopeless failure of Lord See also:Chesterfield's illegitimate son, caused his resignation. In the See also:administration which was formed in See also:November 1756, and which was ruled by Pitt, the lucrative See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office of treasurer of the chamber was given to Townshend, and in the following See also:spring he was summoned to the privy See also:council.
With the See also:accession of the new monarch in 176o this volatile politician transferred his attentions from Pitt to the See also:young See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king's favourite, See also:Bute, and when in 1761, at the latter's instance, several changes were made in the ministry, Townshend was promoted to the See also:post of secretary-at-See also:war. In this See also:place he remained after the great commoner had withdrawn from the See also:cabinet, but in See also:December 1762 he threw it up. Bute, alarmed at the growth in See also:numbers and in See also:influence of his enemies, tried to buy back Townshend's co-operation by sundry tempting promises, and at last secured his object in See also:March 1763 with the See also:presidency of the board of trade. When Bute retired and See also:George See also:Grenville accepted the cares of See also:official life, the higher post of first lord of the admiralty See also:fell to Townshend's See also:lot, but with his usual impetuosity he presumed to designate one of his satellites, See also:Sir See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William Burrell (1732-1796), to a place under him at the board, and the refusal to accept the nomination led to his exclusion from the new administration. While in opposition his mind was swayed to and fro with conflicting emotions of dislike to the See also:head of the ministry and of See also:desire to See also:share in the spoils of office. The latter feeling ultimately triumphed; he condescended to accept in the dying days of Grenville's cabinet, and to retain through the " lutestring " administration of Lord See also:Rockingham — " See also:pretty summer See also:wear," as Townshend styled it, " but it will never stand the See also:winter "—the highly paid position of paymaster-See also:general, refusing to identify himself more closely with its fortunes as See also:chancellor of the See also:exchequer. The position which he refused from the hands of Lord Rockingham he accepted from Pitt in August 1766, and a few See also:weeks later his urgent appeals to the great See also:minister for increased See also:power were favourably answered, and he was admitted to the inner circle of the cabinet. The new chancellor proposed the continuance of the See also:land tax at four shillings in the See also:pound, while he held out hopes that it might be reduced next See also:year to three shillings, whereupon his predecessor, William Dowdeswell, by the aid of the landed gentlemen, carried a See also:motion that the reduction should take effect at once. This defeat proved a great See also:mortification to Lord See also:Chatham, and in his irritation against Townshend for this See also:blow, as well as for some acts of in-subordination, he meditated the removal of his showy colleague. Before this could be accomplished Chatham's mind became impaired, and Townshend, who was the most determined and influential of his colleagues, swayed the ministry as he liked, pledging himself to find a See also:revenue in See also:America with which to meet
the deficiency caused by the reduction in the land tax. His wife was created (August 1767) baroness of See also:Greenwich, and his See also:elder See also:brother George, the 4th viscount, was made lord-See also:lieutenant of See also:Ireland. He himself delivered in the See also:House of See also:Commons many speeches unrivalled in See also:parliamentary See also:history for wit and recklessness; and one of them still lives in history as the " See also:champagne speech." His last official See also:act was to carry out his intention by passing through parliament resolutions, which even his colleagues deprecated in the cabinet, for taxing several articles, such as See also:glass. See also:paper and See also:tea, on their importation into America, which he estimated would produce the insignificant sum of 40,000 for the English treasury, and which shrewder observers prophesied would See also:lead to the loss of the See also:American colonies. Soon after this event he died somewhat suddenly on the 4th of See also:September 1767.
The universal See also:tribute of Townshend's colleagues allows him the See also:possession of boundless wit and ready eloquence, set off by perfect See also:melody of intonation, but marred by an unexampled lack of See also:judgment and discretion. He shifted his ground in politics with every new See also:- MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
- MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)
moon, and the See also:world fastened on him the nick-name, which he himself adopted in his " champagne " speech, of the weathercock. His official knowledge was considerable; and it would be unjust to his memory to ignore the praises of his contemporaries or his knowledge of his See also:country's commercial interests. The House of Commons recognized in him its spoilt See also:child, and See also:Burke happily said that " he never thought, did or said anything " without judging its effect on his See also:fellow members.
A Memoir by See also:Percy See also:Fitzgerald was published in 1866. See also W. E. H. See also:Lecky, History of See also:England (1892) ; and See also:Horace See also:Walpole, See also:Memoirs of the Reign of George III., edited by G. F. R. See also:Barker (1894).
End of Article: TOWNSHEND, CHARLES (1725-1767)
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