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See also: LECKY, See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
WILLIAM See also:EDWARD HARTPOLE (1838–1903) , Irish historian and publicist, was See also:born at See also:Newtown See also:Park, near See also:Dublin, on the 26th of See also:March 1838, being the eldest son of See also:John Hartpole Lecky, whose See also:family had for many generations been landowners in See also:Ireland. He was educated at See also:Kingstown, See also:Armagh, and See also:Cheltenham See also:College, and at Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated B.A. in 1859 and M.A. in 1863, and where, with a view to becoming a clergyman in the Irish See also:Protestant See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church, he went through a course of divinity. In v86o he published anonymously a small See also:book entitled The Religious Tendencies of the See also:Age, but on leaving college he abandoned his first intention and turned to See also:historical See also:work. In 1861 he published Leaders of Public See also:Opinion in Ireland, a brief See also:sketch of the lives and work of See also:Swift, See also:Flood, See also:Grattan and O'Connell, which gave decided promise of his later admirable work in the same See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field. This book, originally published anonymously, was republished in 1871; and the See also:essay on Swift, rewritten and amplified, appeared again in 1897 as an introduction to a new edition of Swift's See also:works. Two learned surveys of certain aspects of See also:history followed: A History of the Rise and See also:Influence of See also:Rationalism in See also:Europe (2 vols., 1865), and A History of See also:European Moralsfrom See also:Augustus to See also:Charlemagne (2 vols., 1869). Some See also:criticism was aroused by these books, especially by the last named, with its opening dissertation on " the natural history of morals," but both have been generally accepted as acute and suggestive commentaries upon a wide range of facts. Lecky then devoted himself to the See also:chief work of his See also:life, A History of See also:England during the Eighteenth See also:Century, vols. i. and ii. of which appeared in 1878, and vols. vii. and viii. (completing the work) in 189o. His See also:object was " to disengage from the See also:great See also:mass of facts those which relate to the permanent forces of the nation, or which indicate some of the more enduring features of See also:national life," and in the carrying out of this task Lecky displays many of the qualities of a great historian. The work is distinguished by the lucidity of its See also:style, but the fulness and extent of the authorities referred to, and, above all, by the judicial impartiality maintained by the author throughout. These qualities are perhaps most conspicuous and most valuable in the chapters which See also:deal with the history of Ireland, and in the See also:cabinet edition of 1892, in 12 vols. (frequently reprinted) this See also: part of the work is separated from the See also:rest, and occupies five volumes under the See also:title of A History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century. A See also:volume of Poems, published in 189r, was characterized by a certain frigidity and by occasional lapses into See also:commonplace, objections which may also be fairly urged against much of Lecky's See also:prose-See also:writing. In 1896 he published two volumes entitled See also:Democracy and See also:Liberty, in which he considered, with See also:special reference to Great See also:Britain, See also:France and See also:America, some of the tendencies of See also:modern democracies. The somewhat gloomy conclusions at which he arrived provoked much criticism both in Great Britain and America, which was renewed when he published in a new edition (1899) an elaborate and very depreciatory estimate of See also:Gladstone, then recently dead. This work, though essentially different from the author's purely historical writings, has many of their merits, though it was inevitable that other minds should take a different view of the See also:evidence. In The See also:Map of Life (1900) he discussed in a popular style some of the ethical problems which arise in everyday life. In 1903 he published a revised and greatly enlarged edition of Leaders of Public Opinion in Ireland, in two volumes, from which the essay on Swift was omitted and that on O'Connell was See also:expanded into a See also:complete See also:biography of the great See also:advocate of See also:repeal of the See also:Union. Though always a keen sympathizer with the Irish See also:people in their misfortunes and aspirations, and though he had criticized severely the methods by which the See also:Act of Union was passed, Lecky, who See also:grew up as a moderate Liberal, was from the first strenuously opposed to Gladstone's policy of See also:Home See also:Rule, and in 1895 he was returned to See also:parliament as Unionist member for Dublin University. In 1897 he was made a privy councillor, and among the See also:coronation honours in 1902 he was nominated an o_iginal member of the new See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
Order of Merit. His university honours included the degree of LL.D. from Dublin, St See also:Andrews and See also:Glasgow, the degree of D.C.L. from See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford and the degree of Litt.D. from See also:Cambridge. In 1894 he was elected corresponding member of the See also:Institute of France. He contributed occasionally to periodical literature, and two of his addresses, The See also:Political Value of History (1892) and The See also:Empire, its Value and its Growth (1893), were published. He died in See also: London on the 22nd of See also:October 1903. He married in 1871 See also:Elizabeth, baroness de Dedem, daughter of See also:baron de Dedem, a See also:general in the Dutch service, but had no See also:children. Mrs Lecky contributed to various reviews a number of articles, chiefly on historical and political subjects. A volume of Lecky's Historical and Political Essays was published posthumously (London, 1908).
LE CLERC [CLERICUS], See also:JEAN (1657–1736), See also:French Protestant theologian, was born on the 19th of March 1657 at See also:Geneva, where his See also:father, See also:Stephen Le Clerc, was See also:professor of See also:Greek. The family originally belonged to the neighbourhood of See also:Beauvais in France, and several of its members acquired some name in literature. Jean Le Clerc applied himself to the study of See also:philosophy under J. R. Chouet (1642–1731) the Cartesian, and attended the theological lectures of P. Mestrezat, See also:Franz See also:Turretin and See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis Tronchin (1629–1705). In 1678–1679 he spent some
He was admitted into the See also:Conservatoire in 1849, being already an accomplished pianist. He studied under See also:Bazin, See also:Halevy and Benoist, winning the first See also:prize for See also:harmony in 1850, and the second prize for See also:fugue in 1852. He first gained See also: notice by dividing with Bizet the first prize for an operetta in a competition instituted by See also:Offenbach. His operetta, Le Docleur See also:miracle, was performed at the Bouffes Parisiens in 1857. After that he wrote constantly for theatres, but produced nothing worthy of mention until Fleur de the (1868), which ran for more than a See also:hundred nights. See also:Les Cent vierges (1872) was favourably received also, but all his previous successes were See also:cast into the shade by La Fille de Madame Angot (See also:Paris, 1873; London, 1873), which was performed for 400 nights consecutively, and has since gained and retained enormous popularity. After 1873 See also:Lecocq produced a large number of comic operas, though he never equalled his See also:early See also:triumph in La Fille de Madame Angot. Among the best of his pieces are Girofle-Girofla (Paris and London, 1874) ; Les Ergs See also:Saint-See also:Gervais (Paris and London, 1874); La Petite Mariee (Paris, 1875; London, 1876, revived as The See also:Scarlet See also:Feather, 1897); Le See also:Petit Duc (Paris, 1878; London, as The Little See also:Duke, 1878); La Petite Mademoiselle (Paris, 1879; London, 1880); Le lour et la Null (Paris, 1881; London, as Manola, 1882); LeCaur et la See also:main (Paris, 1882; London, as Incognita, 1893); La Princesse See also:des Canaries (Paris, 1883; London, as Pepita, 1888). In 1899 a See also:ballet by Lecocq, entitled Le Cygne, was staged at the See also:Opera Comique, Paris; and in 1903 Yetia was produced at See also:Brussels.
LECOINTE-PUYRAVEAU, See also:MICHEL MATHIEU (1764–1827), French politician, was born at Saint-Maixent (Deux-Sevres) on the 13th of See also:December 1764. See also:Deputy for his See also:department to the Legislative See also:Assembly in 1792, and to the See also:Convention in the same See also:year, he voted for " the See also:death of the See also:tyrant." His association with the Girondins nearly involved him in their fall, in spite of his vigorous republicanism. He took part in the revolution of See also:Thermidor, but protested against the See also:establishment of the See also:Directory, and continually pressed for severer See also:measures against the emigres, and even their relations who had remained in France. He was secretary and then See also:president of the See also:Council of Five Hundred, and under the Consulate a member of the Tribunate. He took no part in public affairs under the Empire, but was See also:lieutenant-general of See also:police for See also:south-See also:east France during the Hundred Days.
After See also: Waterloo he took See also:ship from See also:Toulon, but the ship was driven back by a See also:storm and he narrowly escaped See also:massacre at See also:Marseilles. After six See also:weeks' imprisonment in the See also:Chateau d'If he returned to Paris, escaping, after the proscription of the regicides, to Brussels, where he died on the 15th of See also:January 1827.
LE See also:CONTE, See also:JOSEPH (1823–1901), See also:American geologist, of
Huguenot descent, was born in Liberty See also:county, See also:Georgia, on the
26th of See also:February 1823. He was educated at See also:Franklin College,
Georgia, where he graduated (1841); he afterwards studied
See also:medicine and received his degree at the New See also:York College of
Physicians and Surgeons in 1845. After practising for three
or four years at See also:Macon, Georgia, he entered Harvard, and studied
natural history under L. See also:Agassiz. An excursion made with
Professors J. See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
Hall and Agassiz to the Helderberg mountains of
New York See also:developed a keen See also:interest in See also:geology. After graduating
at Harvard, Le Conte in 1851 accompanied Agassiz on an
expedition to study the See also:Florida reefs. On his return he became
professor of natural See also:science in See also:Oglethorpe University, Georgia;
and from 1852 to 1856 professor of natural history and geology
in Franklin College. From 1857 to 1869 he was professor of
See also:chemistry and geology in South Carolina College, and he was
then appointed professor of geology and natural history in the
university of See also:California, a See also:post which he held until his death.
He published a See also:series of papers on monocular and See also:binocular
See also:vision, and also on See also:psychology. His chief contributions, how-
ever, related to geology, and in all he wrote he was lucid and
philosophical. He described the fissure-eruptions in western
America, discoursed on See also: earth-crust movements and their causes
and on the great features of the earth's See also:surface. As See also:separate
works he published Elements of Geology (1878, 5th ed. 1889);
musical composer, was born in Paris, on the 3rd of See also:June 1832. See also:Religion and Science (1874); and See also:Evolution: its History, its
See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time at See also:Grenoble as See also:tutor in a private family; on his return to Geneva he passed his See also:examinations and received ordination. Soon afterwards he went to See also:Saumur, where in 1679 were published Liberii de Sancto Amore Epistolae Theologicae (Irenopoli: Typis Philalethianis), usually attributed to him; they deal with the See also:doctrine of the Trinity, the hypostatic union of the two natures in Jesus See also:Christ, See also:original See also:sin, and the like, in a manner sufficiently far removed from that of the conventional orthodoxy of the See also:period. In 1682 he went to London, where he remained six months, See also:preaching on alternate Sundays in the Walloon church and in the See also:Savoy See also:chapel. Passing to See also:Amsterdam he was introduced to John See also:Locke and to See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip v. See also:Limborch, professor at the Remonstrant college; the acquaintance with Limborch soon ripened into a See also:close friendship, which strengthened his preference for the Remonstrant See also:theology, already favourably known to him by the writings of his See also:grand-See also:uncle, See also:Stephan Curcellaeus (d. 1645) and by those of See also:Simon See also:Episcopius. A last See also:attempt to live at Geneva, made at the See also:request of relatives there, satisfied him that the theological See also:atmosphere was uncongenial, and in 1684 he finally settled at Amsterdam, first as a moderately successful preacher, until ecclesiastical See also:jealousy shut him out from that career, and afterwards as professor of philosophy, belles-lettres and See also:Hebrew in the Remonstrant See also:seminary. This See also:appointment, which he owed to Limborch, he held from 1684, and in 1712 on the death of his friend he was called to occupy the See also:chair of church history also. His suspected Socinianism was the cause, it is said, of his exclusion from the chair of dogmatic theology. Apart from his See also: literary labours, Le Clerc's life at Amsterdam was uneventful. In 1691 he married a daughter of Gregorio Leti. From 1728 onward he was subject to repeated strokes of See also:paralysis, and he died on the 8th of January 17 36.
full See also:catalogue of the publications of Le Clerc will be found, with See also:biographical material, in E. and E. Haag's France Protestante (where seventy-three works are enumerated), or in J. G. de Chauffepie's Dictionnaire. Only the most important of these can be mentioned here. In 1685 he published Sentimens de quelques theologiens de Hollande sur l'histoire critique du Vieux Testament composee See also:par le P. See also:Richard Simon, in which, while pointing out what he believed to be the faults of that author, he undertook to make some See also:positive contributions towards a right understanding of the See also:Bible. Among these last may be noted his See also:argument against the See also:Mosaic author-ship of the See also:Pentateuch, his views as to the manner in which the five books were composed, his opinions (singularly See also:free for the time in which he lived) on the subject of See also:inspiration in general, and particularly as to the inspiration of See also:Job, See also:Proverbs, See also:Ecclesiastes, See also:Canticles. Richard Simon's Reponse (1686) elicited from Le Clerc a Defense des sentimens in the same year, which was followed by a new Reponse (1687). In 1692 appeared his Logica sive Ars Ratiocinandi, and also Ontologia et Pneumatologia; these, with the Physica (1695), are incorporated with the Opera Philosophica, which have passed through several See also: editions. In 1693 his series of Biblical commentaries began with that on See also:Genesis; the series was not completed until 1731. The portion See also:relating to the New Testament books included the See also:paraphrase and notes of See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry See also:Hammond (1605-1660). Le Clerc's commentary had a great influence in breaking up traditional prejudices and showing the See also:necessity for a more scientific inquiry into the origin and meaning of the biblical books. It was on all sides hotly attacked. His Ars Critica appeared in 1696, and, in continuation, Epistolae Criticae et Ecclesiasticae in 1700. Le Clere's new edition of the Apostolic Fathers of Johann Cotelerius (1627–1686), published in 1698, marked an advance in the See also:critical study of these documents. But the greatest literary influence of Le Clerc was probably that which he exercised over his contemporaries by means of the serials, or, if one may so See also:call them, reviews, of which he was editor. These were the Bibliotheque universelle et historique (Amsterdam, 25 vols. 12 mo., 1686-1693), begun with J. C. de la Croze; the Bibliotheque choisie (Amsterdam, 28 vols., 1703–1713); and the Bibliotheque ancienne et moderne, (29 vols., 1714–1726).
See Le Clerc's Parrhasiana ou pensees sur des matieres de critique, d'histoire, de morale, et de politique: avec la defense de See also:divers ouvrages de M. L. C. par See also: Theodore Parrhase (Amsterdam, 1699) ; and Vita et opera ad annum MDCCXL, See also:amici ejus opusculum, philosophicis Clerici operibus subjiciendum, also attributed to himself. The supplement to Hammond's notes was translated into See also:English in 1699, Parrhasiana, or Thoughts on Several Subjects, in 1700, the Harmony of the Gospels in 1701, and Twelve See also:Dissertations out of M. Le Clerc's Genesis in 1696.
End of Article: LECKY, WILLIAM EDWARD HARTPOLE (1838–1903)
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