SOCIOLOGY , a See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

In 1587 the See also:

• GRAND

Some of his See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

The difference between sociology and the science of politics is wide and is due to fundamental causes, a true See also:

• PERCEPTION (from Lat. percipere, to perceive)

In See also:

• HERBERT (FAMILY)
• HERBERT, GEORGE (1593-1633)
• HERBERT, HENRY WILLIAM
• HERBERT, SIR THOMAS (1606-1682)

" In this ideal of the State," says See also:

• BLUNTSCHLI, JOHANN KASPAR (18o8—1881)

With the spread of See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Each of these has since become more definite, and has progressed along a particular See also:

• LINE

It was supposed that the governing principles of society were to be discovered by the introspective study of the individual mind, rather than that the See also:

• CLUE

It is characteristic of See also:

• JEREMY, EPISTLE OF

All the tendencies of development—political, economic, ethical and psychological —and the contents of the human mind itself, have therefore to be regarded as having ultimate relations to the governing principles of the process as a whole. The science of social evolution has, in short, to be considered, according to this view, as the science of the causes and principles subordinating the individual to a process developing by inherent See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

Simmel in lengthy and ingenious attempts at classifying associations, considering them " as organizations for catering to human desire." In all these efforts the conception of the State as the social organism is vigorously represented, although it is particularly characteristic of the work of sociologists in countries where the influence of Roman law is still strong, and where, consequently, the Latin conception of the State tends to influence all theories of society as soon as the attempt is made to place them on a scientific basis. The sterilizing effect for long produced on sociology by this first restricted conception of the social organism has been most marked. It is often exemplified in ingenious attempts made, dealing with the principles of sociology, to construct long categories of human associations, based on quite superficial distinctions. None of the comparisons of this See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

But in an organism of indefinitely extended existence like hun;afi society, it arises in a special sense from the operation of principles giving society prolonged stability. By these principles individual interests are subordinated over long periods of time to the larger interests of organic society in which the individuals for the time being cannot participate; and it is from this cause that See also:

• CIVILIZATION

In comparing the social with the individual organism Spencer proceeded, after noting the various aspects in which a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

If natural selection was to be taken as operating on society, and therefore as tending to produce the highest efficiency out of the materials that comprise it, it must be effecting the subordination of the interests of the units to the higher corporate efficiency of society. But one of only two conclusions could therefore result from Spencer's position. If we were to regard the " social organism " as an organism in which the corporate life must be subservient to the lives of the parts, instead of the lives of the parts being subservient to the corporate life, it would be necessary to hold that the individual had succeeded in arresting the characteristic effects of natural selection on society. But for the evolutionist, whose great See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

His place is really with the last great names of the preceding period. For his conception of society was that of Bentham, Mill and Sidgwick. His Principles of Sociology as a contribution to modern evolutionary science is necessarily rendered to a large extent futile by the sterilizing conception of a social organism in which the corporate life must be subservient to the lives of the parts." It is indeed in the reversal of this conception that the whole significance of the application of the doctrine of evolution to the science of society consists. Henceforward we shall have to regard the social process inevolution as a process with its own interests, its own psychology, its own consciousness and its own laws, all quite distinct from the political consciousness of the modern State, though indirectly controlling and governing the consciousness of the State so thoroughly that there can be no true. science of the latter without a science of the former. The new situation created in sociology as the doctrine of evolution began to be applied to the science had features of great interest. The advance had been made to a central The First position along two entirely distinct lines. The Darwinians See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

This was so as a matter of course, from the character of the facts which See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

Darwin, as stated, had attempted no comprehensive or systematic study of society. But in a few chapters of the Descent Darwin. of Man he had discussed the qualities of the human mind, including the social and moral feelings, from the point of view of the doctrine of natural selection enunciated in the Origin of Species. The standpoint he took up was, as might be expected, practically that of Mill and Spencer and other writers of the period on social subjects, from whom he quoted freely. But the, See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

. . certain definite portions . . . which could not have been developed by variation and natural selection alone." Certain faculties, amongst which he classed the mathematical, See also:

• ARTISTIC

" Social progress," he went on to say, " means a checking of the cosmic process at every step and the substitution for it of another which may be called the ethical process; the end of which is not the survival of those who may happen to be the fittest, in respect of the whole of the conditions which obtain, but of those who are ethically the best." Thus the remarkable spectacle already witnessed in Spencer, Darwin and Wallace of the evolutionist attempting to apply his doctrines to human society, but having to regard his own central principle of natural selection as having been suspended therein is repeated in Huxley. The futility of contemplating the ethical process as something distinct from the cosmic process was at once apparent. For the first See also:

• LESSON (through Fr. lecon from Lat. lectio, reading; legere, to read)

Even the animals in the Zoological Gardens, he said, might be supposed to know the -best specimens of their class. In society the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

With the of the First extending conception of the organic interests of stage of society during the intervening period the idea of Darwinian social efficiency had altered profoundly. For instance,continued. The two armies of workers continued to , be organized into isolated camps, each with the most restricted conception of the nature and importance of the work done by the other and of its bearing upon their own conclusions. One of the most remarkable results of such a situation—a result plainly visible in the valuable collection of essays edited by See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

The Greek theory of society is represented in Spencer in his practical See also:

• IDENTIFICATION (Lat. idem, the same)

Such societies continued to flourish, until they in their turn had to give way before other associations of men of higher social efficiency " (Social Evolution, ii.). In the social process at this stage all the customs, habits, institutions, and beliefs contributing to produce a higher organic efficiency of society would be naturally selected, developed and perpetuated. It is in connexion with this fact that the clue must be sought to the evolution of those institutions and beliefs of early society which have been treated of at length in researches like those of M'Lennan, See also:

• TYLOR, EDWARD BURNETT (1832- )

In most of the philosophical writings of the Greeks, and in particular in the Ethics and Politics of Aristotle, and in many of the Dialogues of Plato, the spirit of the principles upon which society was constructed in this stage may be perceived as soon as progress has been made with comparative studies in other directions. A very pregnant saying of T. H. See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

The influence upon the development of civilization of the wider conception of See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

It is, it would appear, in this light that we must regard the slow dissolution of the basis of ideas upon which slavery rested; the disintegration of the conceptions which supported the absolute position of the occupying classes in the State; the undermining of the ideas by which See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

Reflection, more-over, reveals the fact that the right of . conquest is tending to become impracticable and impossible, not, as is often supposed, because of the huge armaments of resistance with which it might be opposed, but because the sense of social responsibility has been so deepened in our civilization that it is almost impossible that one nation should attempt to conquer and subdue another after the manner of the ancient world. It would be regarded as so great an See also:

• OUTRAGE (through O. Fr. ultrage, oltrage, oultrage, from Lat. ultra, beyond, exceeding, cf. Ital. oltraggio; the meaning has been influenced by connexion with " rage," anger)

It must be considered that the theory of organic evolution by natural selection and the historical method will continue in an increasing degree to influence the science of society. The sociological law that " the social process is primarily evolving in the individual not the qualities which contribute The claim of to his own efficiency in conflict with his fellows, Socto%ogyas but those qualities which contribute to society's the See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)