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HUXLEY, THOMAS HENRY (1825–1895)
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See also:HUXLEY, See also: . . That peculiarity has been passed on to me in full strength " (Essays, i. 4). One of the not least striking facts in Huxley's life is that of See also:education in the formal sense he received none. " I had two years of a pandemonium of a school (between eight and ten), and after that neither help nor sympathy in any intellectual direction till I reached manhood " (Life, ii. 145). After the See also:death of Dr Nicholas the Ealing school See also:broke up, and Huxley's father returned about 1835 to his native See also:town, See also:Coventry, where he had obtained a small See also:appointment. Huxley was See also:left to his own devices; few histories of boyhood could offer any parallel. At twelve he was sitting up in See also:bed to read See also:Hutton's See also:Geology. His great See also:desire was to be a See also:mechanical engineer; it ended in his devotion to " the mechanical See also:engineering of living
1 Nature, lxiii. 127.See also:machines." His curiosity in this direction was nearly fatal; a See also:post-mortem he was taken to between thirteen and fourteen was followed by an illness which seems to have been the starting-point of the See also:ill-See also:health which pursued him all through life. At fifteen he devoured See also:Sir William See also: At seventeen he came under the See also:influence of Thomas See also:Carlyle's writings. Fifty years later he wrote: " To make things clear and get rid of cant and shows of all sorts. This was the See also:lesson I learnt from Carlyle's books when I was a boy, and it has See also:stuck by me all my life " (Life, ii. 268). Incidentally they led him to begin to learn See also:German; he had already acquired See also:French.; At seventeen Huxley, with his See also:elder brother See also: He passed the necessary examination, and at the same See also:time obtained the qualification of the Royal See also:College of Surgeons. He was " entered on the books of See also:Nelson's old See also:ship, the ` Victory,' for See also:duty at Haslar Hospital." Its See also:chief, Sir See also: Cuvier's See also:groups, without their theoretical basis, were accepted by K. E. von See also:Baer (1792–1876). The " idea " of the See also:group, or archetype, admitted of endless variation within it; but this was subordinate to essential conformity with the archetype, and hence Cuvier deduced the important principle of the " correlation of parts," of which he made such conspicuous use in palaeontological reconstruction. Meanwhile the " Naturphilosophen," with J. W. See also:Goethe (1749–1832) and L. See also:Oken (1779–1851), had in effect grasped the under-lying principle of correlation, and so far anticipated See also:evolution by asserting the possibility of deriving specialized from simpler structures. Though they were still hampered by idealistic conceptions, they established See also:morphology. Cuvier's four great groups were See also:Vertebrata, See also:Mollusca, See also:Articulata and See also:Radiata. It was amongst the members of the last class that Huxley found most material ready to his See also:hand in the seas of the tropics. It included organisms of the most varied See also:kind, with nothing more in common than that their parts were more or less distributed See also:round a centre. Huxley sent home "communication after communication to the Linnean Society," then a somewhat somnolent See also:body, " with the same result as that obtained by See also:Noah when he sent the See also:raven out of the See also:ark " (Essays, i. 13). His important paper, On the Anatomy and the See also:Affinities of the See also:Family of Medusae, met with a better See also:fate. It was communicated by the bishop of Norwich to the Royal Society, and printed by it in the Philosophical Transactions in 1849. Huxley See also:united, with the Medusae, the Hydroid and Sertularian polyps, to See also:form a class to which he subsequently gave the name of See also:Hydrozoa. This alone was no inconsiderable feat for a See also:young surgeon who had only had the training of the medical school. But the ground on which it was done has led to far-reaching theoretical developments. Huxley realized that something more than superficial characters were necessary in determining the affinities of animal organisms. He found that all the members of the class consisted of two membranes enclosing a central cavity or See also:stomach. This is characteristic of what are now called the Coelenterata. All animals higher than these have been termed Coelomata; they possess a distinct body-cavity in addition to the stomach. Huxley went further than this, and the most profound suggestion in his paper is the comparison of the two layers with those which appear in the germ of the higher animals. The consequences which have flowed from this prophetic generalization of the ectoderm and endoderm are See also:familiar to every student of evolution. The conclusion was the more remarkable as at the time he was not merely See also:free from any evolutionary belief, but actually rejected it. The value of Huxley's work was immediately recognized. On returning to England in 185o he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. In the following See also:year, at the See also:age of twenty-six, he not merely received the Royal medal, but was elected on the See also:council. With absolutely no aid from any one he had placed himself in the front See also:rank of English scientific men. He secured the friendship of Sir J. D. See also: Imbued with the methods of von Baer and Johannes Muller, his methods were purely inductive. He would not See also:hazard any statement beyond what the facts revealed. He retained, however, as has been done by his successors, the use of archetypes, though they no longer represented fundamental " ideas " but generalizations of the essential points of structure common to the individuals of each class. He had not wholly freed himself, however, from archetypal trammels. " The See also:doctrine," he says, " that every natural group is organized after a definite archetype . . . seems to me as important for See also:zoology as the doctrine of definite pro-portions for See also:chemistry." This was in 1853. He further stated: " There is no progression from a See also:lower to a higher type, but merely a more or less See also:complete evolution of one type " (Phil. Trans., 18J3, p. 63). As See also:Chalmers See also:Mitchell points out, this statement is of great See also:historical See also:interest. Huxley definitely uses the word " evolution," and admits its existence within the great groups. He had not, however, rid himself of the notion that the archetype was a See also:property inherent in the group. See also:Herbert See also:Spencer, whose acquaintance he made in 1852, was unable to convert him toevolution in its widest sense (Life, i. 168). He could not bring himself to See also:acceptance of the theory—owing, no doubt, to his rooted aversion from a priori reasoning—without a mechanical conception of its mode of operation. In his first interview with See also:Darwin, which seems to have been about the same time, he expressed his belief " in the sharpness of the lines of demarcation between natural groups," and was received with a humorous smile (Life, i. 169). The See also:naval medical service exists for See also:practical purposes. It is not surprising, therefore, that after his three years' nominal employment Huxley was ordered on active service. Though without private means of any kind, he resigned. The navy, however, retains the See also:credit of having started his scientific career as well as that of Hooker and Darwin. Huxley was now thrown on his own resources, the immediate prospects of which were slender enough. As a See also:matter of fact, he had not to wait many months. His friend, See also:Edward See also:Forbes, was appointed to the See also:chair of natural See also:history in See also:Edinburgh, and in See also:July 18J4 he succeeded him as lecturer at the School of Mines and as naturalist to the See also:Geological Survey in the following year. The latter post he hesitated at first to accept, as he " did not care for fossils " (Essays, i. 15). In 1855 he married See also:Miss H. A. Heathorn, whose acquaintance he had made in Sydney. They were engaged when Huxley could offer nothing but the future promise of his ability. The confidence of his devoted helpmate was not misplaced, and her See also:affection sustained him to the end, after she had seen him the recipient of every See also:honour which English science could bestow. His most important See also:research belonging to this See also:period was the Croonian Lecture delivered before the Royal Society in 1858 on " The Theory of the Vertebrate See also:Skull." In this he completely and finally demolished, by applying as before the inductive method, the idealistic, if in some degree evolutionary, views of its origin which Owen had derived from Goethe and Oken. This finally disposed of the " archetype," and may be said once for all to have liberated the English anatomical school from the deductive method. In 1859 The Origin of See also:Species was published. This was a momentous event in the history of science, and not least for Huxley. Hitherto he had turned a See also:deaf See also:ear to evolution. " I took my stand," he says, " upon two grounds: firstly, that . . the See also:evidence in favour of transmutation was wholly insufficient; and secondly, that no suggestion respecting the causes of the transmutation assumed, which had been made, was in any way adequate to explain the phenomena " (Life, i. 168). Huxley had studied See also:Lamarck " attentively," but to no purpose. Sir Charles See also:Lyell " was the chief See also:agent in smoothing the road for Darwin. For consistent uniformitarianism postulates evolution as much in the organic as in the inorganic See also:world " (l.c.); and Huxley found in Darwin what he had failed to find in Lamarck, an intelligible See also:hypothesis good enough as a working basis. Yet with the transparent candour which was characteristic of him, he never to the end of his life concealed the fact that he thought it wanting in rigorous See also:proof. Darwin, however, was a naturalist; Huxley was not. He says: " I am afraid there is very little of the genuine naturalist in me. I never collected anything, and species-work was always a See also:burden to me; what I cared for was the architectural and engineering See also:part of the business " (Essays, i. q). But the See also:solution of the problem of organic evolution must work upwards from the initial stages, and it is precisely for the study of these that " species-work " is necessary. Darwin, by observing the peculiarities in the See also:distribution of the See also:plants which he had collected in the Galapagos, was started on the path that led to his theory. Anatomical research had only so far led to transcendental hypothesis, though in Huxley's hands it had cleared the decks of that See also:lumber. He quotes with approval Darwin's remark that " no one has a right to examine the question of species who has not minutely described many " (Essays, ii. 283). The rigorous proof which Huxley demanded was the See also:production of species sterile to one another by selective breeding (Life, i. 193). But this was a misconception of the question. Sterility is a physiological See also:character, and the specific See also:differences which the theory undertook to See also:account for are morphological; there is no necessary nexus between the two. have perhaps ever fallen to the See also:lot of a scientific See also:man in England. Huxley, however, felt that he had at last a secure grip of evolution. From 1871 to 188o he was a secretary of the Royal Society. He warned Darwin: " I will stop at no point as See also:long as clear From 1881 to 1885 he was See also:president. For honours he cared reasoning will carry me further" (Life, i. 172). Owen, who had some evolutionary tendencies, was at first favourably disposed to Darwin's theory, and even claimed that he had to some extent anticipated it in his own writings. But Darwin, though he did not thrust it into the foreground, never flinched from recognizing that man could not be excluded from his theory. " See also:Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history " (Origin, ed. i. 488). Owen could not See also:face the wrath of fashionable orthodoxy. In his Rede Lecture he endeavoured to See also:save the position by asserting that man was clearly marked off from all other animals by the anatomical structure of his See also:brain. This was actually inconsistent with known facts, and was effectually refuted by Huxley in various papers and lectures, summed up in 1863 in Man's Place in Nature. This " See also:monkey damnification " of mankind was too much even for the " veracity " of Carlyle, who is said to have never forgiven it. Huxley had not the smallest respect for authority as a basis for belief, scientific or other-See also:wise. He held that scientific men were morally See also:bound " to try all things and hold fast to that which is good " (Life, ii. 161). Called upon in 1862, in the See also:absence of the president, to deliver the presidential address to the Geological Society, he disposed once for all of one of the principles accepted by geologists, that similar fossils in distinct regions indicated that the strata containing them were contemporary. All that could be concluded, he pointed out, was that the See also:general order of See also:succession was the same. In 1854 Huxley had refused the post of palaeontologist to the Geological Survey; but the fossils for which he then said that he " did not care " soon acquired importance in his eyes, as supplying evidence for the support of the evolutionary theory. The See also:thirty-one years during which he occupied the chair of natural history at the School of Mines were largely occupied with palaeontological research. Numerous memoirs on fossil fishes established many far-reaching morphological facts. The study of fossil See also:reptiles led to his demonstrating, in the course of lectures on birds, delivered at the College of Surgeons in 1867, the fundamental See also:affinity of the two groups which he united under the See also:title of See also:Sauropsida. An incidental result of the same course was his proposed rearrangement of the zoological regions into which P. L. Sclater had divided the world in 1857. Huxley anticipated, to a large extent, the results at which botanists have since arrived: he proposed as See also:primary divisions, Arctogaeato include the See also:land areas of the See also:northern hemisphere—and Notogaea for the See also:remainder. Successive waves of life originated in and spread from the northern See also:area, the survivors of the more See also:ancient types finding successively a See also:refuge in the south. Though Huxley had accepted the Darwinian theory as. a working hypothesis, he never succeeded in firmly grasping it in detail. He thought " evolution might conceivably have taken place without the development of groups possessing the characters of species " (Essays, v. 41). His palaeontological researches ultimately led him to dispense with Darwin. In 1892 he wrote: " The doctrine of evolution is no See also:speculation, but a generalization of certain facts . . . classed by biologists under the heads of See also:Embryology and of Palaeontology " (Essays, v. 42). Earlier in 1881 he had asserted even more emphatically that if the hypothesis of evolution " had not existed, the palaeontologist would have had to invent it " (Essays, iv. 44). From 1870 onwards he was more and more See also:drawn away from scientific research by the claims of public duty. Some men yield the more readily to such demands, as their fulfilment is not unaccompanied by public esteem. But he felt, as he himself said of Joseph See also:Priestley, " that he was a man and a See also:citizen before he was a philosopher, and that the duties of the two former positions are at least as imperative as those of the latter " (Essays, iii. 13). From 1862 to 1884 he served on no less than ten Royal Commissions, dealing in every case with subjects of great importance, and in many with matters of the gravest moment to the community. He held and filled with invariable dignity and distinction more public positions thanlittle, though they were within his reach; it is said that he might have received a See also:peerage. He accepted, however, in 1892, a Privy Councillorship, at once the most democratic and the most aristocratic honour accessible to an English citizen. In 187o he was president of the See also:British Association at See also:Liverpool, and in the same year was elected a member of the newly constituted London School See also:Board. He resigned the latter position in 1872, but in the brief period during which he acted, probably more than any man, he left his See also:mark on the See also:foundations of See also:national elementary education. He made See also:war on the scholastic methods which wearied the mind in merely taxing the memory; the See also:children were to be prepared to take their place worthily in the community. See also:Physical training was the basis; domestic See also:economy, at any rate for girls, was insisted upon, and for all some development of the aesthetic sense by means of See also:drawing and singing. See also:Reading, See also:writing and See also:arithmetic were the in-dispensable tools for acquiring knowledge, and intellectual discipline was to be gained through the rudiments of physical science. He insisted on the teaching of the See also:Bible partly as a great See also:literary heritage, partly because he was " seriously perplexed to know by what practical See also:measures the religious feeling, which is the essential basis of conduct, was to be kept up, in the See also:present utterly chaotic See also:state of See also:opinion in these matters, without its use " (Essays, iii. 397). In 1872 the School of Mines was moved to South See also:Kensington, and Huxley had, for the first time after eighteen years, those appliances for teaching beyond the lecture See also:room, which to the lasting injury of the interests of biological science in Great Britain had been withheld from him by the See also:short-sightedness of See also:government. Huxley had only been able to bring his influence to See also:bear upon his pupils by oral teaching, and had had no opportunity by See also:personal intercourse in the laboratory of forming a school. He was now able to organize a See also:system of instruction for classes of elementary teachers in the general principles of See also:biology, which indirectly affected the teaching of the subject throughout the See also:country. The first symptoms of physical failure to meet the See also:strain of the scientific and public duties demanded of him made some See also:rest imperative, and he took a long See also:holiday in See also:Egypt. He still continued for some years to occupy himself mainly with vertebrate morphology. But he seemed to find more interest and the necessary See also:mental stimulus to exertion in lectures, public addresses and more or less controversial writings. His health, which had for a time been fairly restored, completely broke down again in 1885. In 1890 he removed from London to See also:East- See also:bourne, where after a painful illness he died on the 29th of See also:June 1895. The latter years of Huxley's life were mainly occupied with contributions to periodical literature on subjects connected with See also:philosophy and See also:theology. The effect produced by these on popular opinion was profound. This was partly due to his position as a man of science, partly to his obvious earnestness and sincerity, but in the See also:main to his strenuous and attractive method of exposition. Such studies were not wholly new to him, as they had more or less engaged his thoughts from his earliest days. That his views exhibit some See also:process of development and are not wholly consistent was, therefore, to be expected, and for this See also:reason it is not easy to summarize them as a connected body of teaching. They may be found perhaps in their most systematic form in the See also:volume on See also:Hume published in 1879. Huxley's general attitude to the problems of theology and philosophy was technically that of See also:scepticism. " I am," he wrote, too much of a sceptic to deny the possibility of anything " (Life, See also:lie 127). " Doubt is a beneficent demon " (Essays, ix. 56). He was anxious, nevertheless, to avoid the See also:accusation of Pyrrhonism (Life, ii. 280), but the See also:Agnosticism which he defined to See also:express his position in 1869 suggests the Pyrrhonist Aphasia. The only approach to certainty which he admitted See also:lay in the order of nature. "The conception of the constancy of the order of nature has become the dominant idea of See also:modern thought. . Whatever may be man's speculative doctrines, it is quite certain that every intelligent See also:person guides his life and risks his See also:fortune upon the belief that the order of nature is See also:constant, and that the See also:chain of natural See also:causation is never broken." He adds, however, that " it by no means necessarily follows that we are justified in expanding this generalization into the See also:infinite past " (Essays, iv. 47, 48). This was little more than a pious See also:reservation, as evolution implies the principle of continuity (Lc. p. 55). appreciation of its historic effect as a civilizing agency. He thought Later he stated his belief even more absolutely:' If there is any- that " the exact nature of the teachings and the convictions of thing in the world which I do firmly believe in, it is the universal Jesus is extremely uncertain " (Essays, v. 348). " What we are validity of the See also:law of causation, but that universality cannot be usually pleased to See also:call See also:religion nowadays is, for the most part, proved by any amount of experience " (Essays, ix. 121). The Hellenized Judaism " (Essays, iv. 162). His final See also:analysis of what assertion that " There is only one method by which intellectual truth " since the second See also:century, has assumed to itself the title of Orthodox can be reached, whether the subject-matter of investigation belongs See also:Christianity " is a " varying See also:compound of some of the best and to the world of physics or to the world of consciousness " (Essays, ix. some of the worst elements of Paganism and Judaism, moulded in 126) laid him open to the See also:charge of See also:materialism, which he vigorously practice by the innate character of certain people of the Western repelled. His See also:defence, when he rested it on the imperfection of the world " (Essays, v. 142). He concludes " That this Christianity is physical analysis of matter and force (Lc. p. 131), was irrelevant; he doomed to fall is, to my mind, beyond a doubt; but its fall will was on sounder ground when he contended with See also:Berkeley " that our neither be sudden nor speedy " (Lc.). He did not omit, however, certain knowledge does not extend beyond our states of conscious- to do See also:justice to " the See also:bright See also:side of Christianity," and was deeply ness " (i.e. p. 130). " Legitimate materialism, that is, the See also:extension impressed with the life of See also:Catherine of See also:Siena. Failing Christianity, of the conceptions and of the methods of physical science to the he thought that some other " See also:hypostasis of men's hopes " will arise highest as well as to the lowest phenomena of vitality, is neither (Essays, v. 254). His latest speculations on ethical problems are more nor less than a sort of shorthand See also:idealism " (Essays, i. 194). perhaps the least satisfactory of his writings. In 1892 he wrote: While " the substance of matter is a metaphysical unknown quality " The moral sense is a very complex affair—dependent in part upon of the existence of which there is no proof . . . the non-existence of associations of See also:pleasure and See also:pain, approbation and disapprobation, a substance of mind is equally arguable; . . . the result . . . is the formed by education in See also:early youth, but in part also on an innate reduction of the All to co-existences and sequences of phenomena sense of moral beauty and ugliness (how originated need not be disbeneath and beyond which there is nothing cognoscible " (Essays, ix. cussed), which is possessed by some people in great strength, while 66). Hume had defined a See also:miracle as a " violation of the See also:laws of some are totally devoid of it (Life, ii. 305). This is an intuitional nature." Huxley refused to accept this. While, on the one hand, he theory, and he compares the moral with the aesthetic sense, which he insists that " the whole fabric of practical life is built upon our repeatedly declares to be intuitive; thus: " All the understanding faith in its continuity " (Hume, p. 129), on the other " nobody in the world will neither increase nor diminish the force of the can presume to say what the order of nature must be "; this " knocks See also:intuition that this is beautiful and this is ugly " (Essays, ix. 80). In the bottom out of all a priori objections either to See also:ordinary 'miracles' the See also:Romanes Lecture delivered in 1894, in which this passage occurs, or to the efficacy of See also:prayer " (Essays, v. 133). " If by the See also:term he defines " law and morals " to be " restraints upon the struggle miracles we mean only extremely wonderful events, there can be no for existence between men in society." It follows that " the ethical just ground for denying the possibility of their occurrence " (Hume, process is in opposition to the See also:cosmic process," to which the struggle p. 134). Assuming the chemical elements to be aggregates of See also:uniform for existence belongs (Essays, ix. 31). Apparently he thought that See also:primitive matter, he saw no more theoretical difficulty in See also:water the moral sense in its origin was intuitional and in its development being turned into See also:alcohol in the miracle at See also:Cana, than in See also:sugar utilitarian. " Morality commenced with society " (Essays, v. 52), undergoing a similar See also:conversion (Essays, v. 81). The credibility of The " ethical process ' is the " See also:gradual strengthening of the social miracles with Huxley is a question of evidence. It may be remarked See also:bond " (Essays, ix. 35). " The cosmic process has no sort of relation that a scientific explanation is destructive of the supernatural to moral ends " (i.e. p. 83) ; " of moral purpose I see no trace in character of a miracle, and that the demand for evidence may be nature. That is an See also:article of exclusive human manufacture " (Life, so framed as to preclude the credibility of any historical event. ii. 268). The cosmic process Huxley identified with evil, and the Throughout his life theology had a strong attraction, not without ethical process with good; the two are in necessary conflict. " The elements of repulsion, for Huxley. The circumstances of his early reality at the bottom of the doctrine of See also:original See also:sin " is the " innate training, when See also:Paley was the " most interesting See also:Sunday reading tendency to self-assertion " inherited by man from the cosmic order allowed him when a boy " (Life, ii. 57), probably had something to (Essays, ix. 27). " The actions we call sinful are part and See also:parcel of do with both. In 186o his beliefs were apparently theistic: " Science the struggle for existence " (Life, ii, 282). " The prospect of attaining seems to me to See also:teach in the highest and strongest manner the untroubled happiness " is " an illusion " (Essays, ix. 44), and the great truth which is embodied in the See also:Christian conception of entire cosmic process in the long run will get the best of the contest, and surrender to the will of See also:God " (Life, i. 219). In 1885 he formulates " resume its sway " when evolution enters on its downward course " the perfect ideal of religion " in a passage which has become (i.e. p. 45). This approaches pure See also:pessimism, and though in Huxley's almost famous: " In the 8th century B.C. in the See also:heart of a world of view the " pessimism of See also:Schopenhauer is a nightmare " (Essays, ix. idolatrous polytheists, the See also:Hebrew prophets put forth a conception 200), his own philosophy of life is not distinguishable, and is often of religion which appears to be as wonderful an See also:inspiration of See also:genius expressed in the same See also:language. The cosmic order is obviously as the See also:art of See also:Pheidias or the science of See also:Aristotle. And what doth non-moral (Essays, ix. 197). That it is, as has been said, immoral the See also:Lord require of thee, but to do justly, and to love See also:mercy, and to is really meaningless. Pain and suffering are affections which walk humbly with thy God ' " (Essays, iv. 161). Two years later he imply a complex See also:nervous organization, and we are not justified in was writing: " That there is no evidence of the existence of such a projecting them into nature See also:external to ourselves. Darwin and A. R. being as the God of the theologians is true enough " (Life, ii. 162). See also:Wallace disagreed with Huxley in seeing rather the joyous than the He insisted, however, that " See also:atheism is on purely philosophical suffering side of nature. Nor can it be assumed that the descending grounds untenable " (l.c.). His See also:theism never really advanced See also:scale of evolution will reproduce the ascent, or that man will ever be beyond the recognition of " the passionless impersonality of the conscious of his See also:doom. unknown and unknowable, which science shows everywhere under- As has been said, Huxley never thoroughly grasped the Darwinian lying the thin See also:veil of phenomena " (Life, i. 239). In other respects principle. He thought ' transmutation may take place without his personal creed was a kind of scientific Calvinism. There is an transition " (Life, i. 173). In other words, that evolution is ac-interesting passage in an See also:essay written in 1892, " An Apologetic complished by leaps and not by the See also:accumulation of small See also:variations. Eirenicon," which has not been republished, which illustrates this: He recognized the " struggle for existence but not the gradual " It is the See also:secret of the superiority of the best theological teachers to See also:adjustment of the organism to its environment which is implied in the See also:majority of their opponents that they substantially recognize " natural selection." In highly civilized See also:societies he thought that the these realities of things, however See also:strange the forms in which they former was at an end (Essays, ix. 36) and had been replaced by the clothe their conceptions. The doctrines of See also:predestination, of original " struggle for enjoyment " (Lc. p. 40). But a See also:consideration of the sin, of the innate depravity of man and the evil fate of the greater stationary See also:population of See also:France might have shown him that the part of the race, of the primacy of Satan in this world, of the essential effect in the one case may be as restrictive as in the other. So far vileness of matter, of a malevolent Demiurgus subordinate to a from natural selection being in See also:abeyance under modern social benevolent Almighty, who has only lately revealed himself, faulty conditions, " it is," as See also:Professor Karl See also:Pearson points out, " some-as they are, appear to me to be vastly nearer the truth than the thing we run up against at once, almost as soon as we examine a ' liberal ' popular illusions that babies are all born good, and that the mortality table " (Biometrika, i. 76). The inevitable conclusion, example of a corrupt society is responsible for their failure to remain whether we like it or not, is that the future evolution of humanity is so; that it is given to everybody to reach the ethical ideal if he will as much a part of the cosmic process as its past history, and Huxley's only try; that all partial evil is universal good, and other optimistic See also:attempt to shut the See also:door on it cannot be maintained scientifically.- figments, such as that which represents ' See also:Providence ' under the AuxxoxrrIEs.—Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley, by his See also:guise of a paternal philanthropist, and bids us believe that everything son Leonard Huxley (2 vols., 1900) ; Scientific Memoirs of T. H. will come right (according to our notions) at last." But his " slender Huxley (4 vols., 1898–1901) ; Collected Essays by T. H. Huxley definite creed," R. H. Hutton, who was associated with him in (9 vols., 1898) ; Thomas Henry Huxley, a See also:Sketch of his Life and Work, the Metaphysical Society, thought—and no doubt rightly—in no by P. Chalmers Mitchell, M.A. (Oxon., 1900); a See also:critical study respect " represented the cravings of his larger nature.' founded on careful research and of great value. (W. T. T.-D.) From 1880 onwards till the very end of his life, Huxley was continuously occupied in a controversial See also:campaign against orthodox HUY (See also:Lat. Hoium, and Flem. Hoey), a town of See also:Belgium, beliefs. As Professor W. F. R. See also:Weldon justly said of his earlier on the right See also:bank of the See also:Meuse, at the point where it is joined polemics: " They were certainly among the See also:principal agents in by the Hoyoux. Pop. (1904), 14,164. It is 19 M. E. of See also:Namur winning a larger measure of See also:toleration for the critical examination of and a trifle less See also:west of See also:Liege. Huy certainly See also:dates from the fundamental beliefs, and for the free expression of honest reverent
doubt." He threw Christianity overboard bodily and with little 7th century, a.nd,accordingto some, was founded by the See also:emperor
See also:Antoninus in A.D. 148. Its situation is striking, with its See also:grey citadel crowning a grey See also:rock, and the See also:fine collegiate See also: The citadel is now used partly as a See also:depot of military equipment and partly as a See also:prison. The ruins are still shown of the See also:abbey of Neumoustier founded by See also:Peter the See also:Hermit on his return from the first crusade. He was buried there in 1115, and a statue was erected to his memory in the abbey grounds in 1858. Neumoustier was one of seventeen abbeys in this town alone dependent on the bishopric of Liege. Huy is surrounded by vineyards, and the See also:bridge which crosses the Meuse at this point connects the fertile Hesbaye See also:north of the See also:river with the rocky and barren Condroz south of it. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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