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honour of the first settler of Spencer. There are three other public parks. Among the township's manufactures are boots and shoes, woollens, See also:

MUSLIN (through Fr. mousseline from It. mussolino, diminutive of Mussolo, i.e. the town Mosul in Kurdistan)

muslin underwear, See also:

WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire, and wooden and See also:

paper boxes. Spencer was 'a See also:

PART

part of the See also:

Leicester See also:

grant; was first settled in 1721; was the " See also:

West See also:

PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

Parish of Leicester " in 1744-1753; and in 1753 was incorporated as a township, under its See also:

PRESENT

present name. In one See also:

house in Spencer were born See also:

ELIAS, JOHN (1774-1841)

Elias See also:

Howe, jun., the inventor of the sewing-See also:

machine, and his uncles, See also:

William Howe, inventor of the " Howe See also:

TRUSS (from O. Fr. trusser, trosser, torser, trousser, to pack, bind, gird up, Low Lat. tortiare, formed from tortus, twisted, torquere, to twist; cf. " torch " and " trousers," also trousseau, a bride's outfit, literally a small pack or bundle)

truss " See also:

BRIDGE

bridge (see See also:

BRIDGES), and See also:

Tyler Howe (1800-1880), inventor (in 18.55) of the See also:

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring See also:

bed; in 1909 a memorial was dedicated to these three inventors.

See See also:

Henry M. See also:

TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

Tower, See also:

HISTORICAL

Historical Sketches See also:

RELATING

Relating to Spencer, See also:

Mass. (4 vols.., Spencer, 1901-1909). to the study of See also:

PHILOLOGY

philology, See also:

HISTORY

history and See also:

PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy, and won his degree of See also:

MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master (1653) by a disputation against the philosophy of See also:

HOBBES, THOMAS (1588–1679)

Hobbes. He then became private See also:

TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor to the princes See also:

Christian and See also:

Charles of the See also:

PALATINATE (Ger. Pfalz)

Palatinate, and lectured in the university on philology and history. From 1659 to 1662 he visited the See also:

UNIVERSITIES

universities of See also:

Basel, See also:

TUBINGEN

Tubingen and See also:

Geneva, and commenced the study of See also:

HERALDRY

heraldry, which he pursued throughout his See also:

LIFE

life. In Geneva especially his religious views and tendencies were turned in the direction of See also:

MYSTICISM (from Or. µuety, to shut the eyes; µuorrts, one initiated into the mysteries)

mysticism. He returned to See also:

STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg in 1663, where he was appointed preacher without See also:

PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral duties, with the right of holding lectures. Three years afterwards he was invited to become the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief pastor in the Lutheran See also:

Church at See also:

FRANKFORT

Frankfort-on-See also:

Main. Here he published his two chief See also:

WORKS

works, Pia desideria (1675) and Allgemeine Gottesgelehrtheit (168o), and began that See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form of pastoral See also:

WORK

work which resulted in the See also:

MOVEMENT

movement called See also:

PIETISM

Pietism. In 1686 he accepted the invitation to the first See also:

court chaplaincy at See also:

DRESDEN

Dresden. But the elector See also:

John See also:

George III., at whose See also:

PERSONAL

personal See also:

DESIRE

desire the See also:

POST

post had been offered to him, was soon offended at the fearless conscientiousness with which his See also:

CHAPLAIN

chaplain sought to See also:

DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge his pastoral duties.

Spener refused to resign his post, and the Saxon See also:

government hesitated to dismiss him. But in 1691 the Saxon representative at See also:

Berlin induced the court of See also:

BRANDENBURG

Brandenburg to offer him the rectorship of St See also:

Nicholas in Berlin with the See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of " Konsistorialrat." In Berlin Spener was held in high honour, though the tendencies of the court and the government officials were rather rationalistic than pietistic. The university of See also:

Halle was founded under his See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence in 1694. All his life See also:

long Spener had been exposed to the attacks and abuse of the orthodox Lutheran theologians; with his years his opponents multiplied, and the movement which he had inaugurated presented increasingly See also:

MATTER

matter for hostile See also:

criticism. In 1695 the theological See also:

FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty of See also:

WITTENBERG

Wittenberg formally laid to his See also:

charge 264 errors, and only his See also:

DEATH

death on the 5th of See also:

FEBRUARY

February, 1705, released him from these fierce conflicts. His last important work was Theologische Bedenken (4 vols., 1700-1702), to which was added after his death Letzte theologische Bedenken, with a See also:

BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography of Spener by C. H. von Canstein (1711). Though Spener has been justly called " the See also:

FATHER

father of Pietism," hardly any of the errors and none of the extravagances of the movement can be ascribed to him personally. So far was he from sharing them that A. See also:

Ritschl (Geschichte See also:

des Pietismus, ii. 163) maintains that " he was himself not a Pietist," as he did not See also:

ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate the quietistic, legalistic and semi-separatist practices of Pietism, though they were more or less involved in the positions he assumed or the practices which he encouraged or connived at. The only two points on which he departed from the orthodox Lutheran faith of his See also:

day were the requirement of regeneration as the sine qua non of the true theologian, and the expectation of the See also:

con-version of the See also:

Jews and the fall of Papacy as the prelude of the See also:

TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph of the church.

He did not, like the later Pietists, insist on the See also:

NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of a conscious crisis of See also:

CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion, nor did he en-courage a See also:

COMPLETE

complete See also:

BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach between the Christian and the See also:

SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular life. Spener was a voluminous writer. The See also:

list of his published works comprises 7 vols. See also:

FOLIO (properly the ablative case of the Lat. folium, leaf, but also frequently an adaptation of the Ital. foglio)

folio, 63 See also:

QUARTO

quarto, 7 See also:

OCTAVO

octavo, 46 duodecimo; a new edition of his chief writings was published by P. See also:

GRUNBERG

Grunberg in r889. See W. Hossbach, Philipp See also:

JAKOB, LUDWIG HEINRICH VON (1759—1827)

Jakob Spener and See also:

seine Zeit (1828, 3rd ed., 1861); A. Ritschl, Geschichte des Pietismus, ii. (1884); E. Sachsse, Ursprung and Wesen des Pietismus (1884); P. Grunberg. P. J.

Spener (3 vols., 1893-1906).

End of Article: SPENCER

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