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PIETISM , a See also:movement in the Lutheran See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church, which arose towards the end of the 17th and continued during the first See also:half of the following See also:century. The name of Pietists was given to the adherents of the movement by its enemies as a See also:term of ridicule, like that of " Methodists " somewhat later in See also:England. The Lutheran Church had, in continuing See also:Melanchthon's See also:attempt to construct the evangelical faith as a doctrinal See also:system, by the 17th century become a creed-See also:bound theological and sacramentarian institution, which orthodox theologians like Johann See also:Gerhard of See also:Jena (d. 1637) ruled with almost the See also:absolutism of the papacy. See also:Christian faith had been dismissed from its seat in the See also:heart, where See also:Luther had placed it, to the See also:cold regions of the See also:intellect. The dogmatic formularies of the Lutheran Church had usurped the position which Luther himself had assigned to the See also:Bible alone, and as a consequence only they were studied and preached, while the Bible was neglected in the See also:family, the study, the See also:pulpit and the university. Instead of advocating the priesthood of all believers, the Lutheran pastors had made themselves a despotic See also:hierarchy, while they neglected their See also:practical See also:pastoral See also:work. In the Reformed Church, on the other See also:hand, the See also:influence of See also:Calvin had made less for See also:doctrine than the practical formation of Christian See also:life. The presbyterian constitution gave the See also:people a See also:share in church life which the See also:Lutherans lacked, but it involved a dogmatic legalism which imperilled Christian freedom and fostered self-righteousness.
As forerunners of the Pietists in the strict sense, not a few See also:earnest and powerful voices had been heard bewailing the shortcomings of the Church and advocating a revival of practical and devout See also:Christianity. Amongst them were See also:Jakob See also:Boehme (Behmen), the theosophic mystic; Johann See also:Arndt, whose work on True Christianity became widely known and appreciated; Heinrich See also:- MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
- MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
- MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
- MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
- MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
- MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
- MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
- MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
- MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
- MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)
Muller, who described the See also:font, the pulpit, the See also:confessional and the See also:altar as the four dumb idols of the Lutheran Church; the theologian, Johann Valentin See also:Andrea, the See also:court See also:chaplain of the See also:landgrave of See also:Hesse; Schuppius, who sought to restore to the Bible its See also:place in the pulpit; and See also:Theophilus Grossgebauer (d. 1661) of See also:Rostock, who from his pulpit and by his writings raised " the alarm cry of a watchman in See also:Sion." The See also:direct originator of the movement was See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip See also:Jacob Spener, who combined the Lutheran emphasis on Biblical doctrine with the Reformed tendency to vigorous Christian life. See also:Born at See also:Rappoltsweiler, in See also:Alsace on the 13th of, See also:January 1635, trained by a devout godmother, who used books of devotion like Arndt's True Christianity, accustomed to hear the sermons of a pastor who preached the Bible more than the Lutheran See also:creeds, Spener was See also:early convinced of the See also:necessity of a moral and religious See also:reformation of the See also:German Church. He studied See also:theology, with a view to the Christian See also:ministry, at See also:Strassburg, where the professors at the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time (and especially See also:Sebastian See also:Schmidt) were more inclined to practical Christianity than to theological disputation. He afterwards spent a See also:year in See also:Geneva, and was powerfully influenced by the strict moral life and rigid ecclesiastical discipline prevalent there, and also by the See also:preaching and the piety of the Waldensian See also:professor, See also:Antoine Leger, and the converted Jesuit preacher, See also:Jean de Labadie.' During a stay in See also:Tubingen he read Grossgebauer's Alarm Cry, and in 1666 he entered upon his first pastoral See also:charge at See also:Frankfort-on-the-See also:Main, profoundly impressed with a sense of the danger of the Christian life being sacrificed to zeal for rigid orthodoxy. Pietism, as a distinct movement in the German Church, was then originated by Spener by religious meetings at his See also:house (collegia pietatis), at which he repeated his sermons, expounded passages of the New Testament, and induced those See also:present to join in conversatien on religious questions that arose. They gave rise to the name " Pietists." In 1675 Spener published his Pia desideria, cr Earnest Desires for a Reform of the True Evangelical Church. In this publication he made six proposals as the best means of restoring the life of the Church: (I) the earnest and thorough study of the Bible in private meetings, ecclesiolae in See also:ecclesia;
1 Labadie had formed the ascetic and mystic See also:sect of "The Regenerati " in the Church of See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland (c. 1660), and then in other parts of the Reformed Church.
the work of the Church, against the assumptions and despotism of an arrogant See also:clergy. " It was," says See also:Rudolf Sohm, " the last See also:great See also:surge of the waves of the ecclesiastical movement begun by the Reformation; it was the completion and the final See also:form of the Protestantism created by the Reformation. Then came a time when another intellectual See also:power took See also:possession of the minds of men."
Some writers on the See also:history of Pietism—e.g. Heppe and See also:Ritschl—have included under it nearly all religious tendencies amongst Protestants of the last three centuries in the direction of a more serious cultivation of See also:personal piety than that prevalent in the various established churches. Ritschl, too, treats Pietism as a See also:retrograde movement of Christian life towards Catholicism. Some historians also speak of a later or See also:modern Pietism, characterizing thereby a party in the German Church which was probably at first influenced by some remains of Spener's Pietism in See also:Westphalia, on the See also:Rhine, in See also:Wurttemberg, and at See also:Halle and See also:Berlin. The party was chiefly distinguished by its opposition to an See also:independent scientific study of theology, its See also:principal theological See also:leader being See also:Hengstenberg, and its See also:chief See also:literary See also:organ the Evangelische Kirchenzeitung. The party originated at the See also:close of the See also:wars with See also:Napoleon I.
Amongst older See also:works on Pietism are J. G. See also:Walch, Historische and theologische Einleitung in See also:die Religionsstreitigkeiten der evangelisch-Lutherischen Kirche (1730); A. See also:Tholuck, Geschichte See also:des Pietismus and des ersten Stadiums der Aufklarung (1865); H. Schmid, Die Geschichte des Pietismus (1863) ; M. Goebel, Geschichte des christlichen Lebens in der Rheinisch-Westfalischen Kirche (3 vols., 1849—186o) ; and the subject is dealt with at length in J. A. See also:Dorner's and W. Gass's Histories of See also:Protestant theology. More See also:recent are Heppe's Geschichte des Pietismus and der Mystik in der reformirten Kirche (1879), which is sympathetic; A. Ritschl's Geschichte des Pietismus (3 vols., 188o-1886), which is hostile; and C. Sachsse, Ursprung and Wesen des Pietismus (1884). See also Fr. Nippold's See also:article in Theol. See also:Stud. and Kritiken (1882), pp. 347—392; H. von See also:Schubert, Outlines of Church History, ch. xv. (Eng. trans., 1907) ; and Carl Mirbt's article, " Pietismus," in See also:Herzog-Hauck's Realencyklopadie See also:fur Prot. Theologie u. Kirche, end of vol. xv.
End of Article: PIETISM
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