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See also:THOLUCK, See also:FRIEDRICH " See also:AUGUST GOTTREU (1799-1877), See also:German See also:Protestant divine, was See also:born at See also:Breslau, on the 3oth of See also:March 1799. He received his See also:education at the gymnasium and university of his native See also:town, and See also:early distinguished himself by See also:great versatility of mind and See also:power of acquiring See also:languages. A love of See also:Oriental languages and literature led him to See also:exchange the university of Breslau for that of See also:Berlin, that he might study to greater See also:advantage, and there he was received into the See also:house of the Orientalist Heinrich Friedrich von See also:Diez (1730-1817). He was introduced to pietistic circles in Berlin, and came specially under the See also:influence of See also:Baron Hans See also:Ernst von Kottwitz (1757-1843), who became his " spiritual See also:father," and of the historian See also:Neander. Before deciding on the career of theological See also:professor, he had in view that of a missionary in the See also:East. Meanwhile he was feeling the influence to a certain degree of the romantic school, and of See also:Schleiermacher and See also:Hegel too, though he never sounded the depths of their systems. At length, in his twenty-first See also:year, he finally decided to adopt the academical calling. In 1821 he was Privatdozent and in 1823 became professor extraordinarius of See also:theology in Berlin, though he was at the same See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time active in the See also:work of See also:home and See also:foreign See also:missions. He lectured on the Old and New Testaments, theology, See also:apologetics and the See also:history of the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church in the 18th See also:century. In 1821 appeared his first work, Sufismus, sive theosophia Persarum pantheistica; following the same See also:line of study he published Blutensammlung aus der morgenlandischen Mystik (1825) and Speculative Trinitatslehre See also:des spateren Orients (1826). His well-known See also:essay on the nature and moral influence of heathenism (1822) was published by Neander, with high See also:commendation, in his Denkwurdigkeiten; and his Commentary on the See also:Epistle to the See also:Romans (1824) secured him a foremost See also:place amongst the most suggestive, if not the most accurate, Biblical interpreters of that time. Another work, which was soon translated into all the See also:principal See also:European languages, See also:Die wahre Weihe des Zweiflers (1823; 9th ed., with the See also:title Die Lehre von der Sande and dem Versohner, 1870), the out-come of his own religious history, procured for him the position which he ever after held of the See also:modern Pietistic apologist of Evangelical See also:Christianity. In 1825, with the aid of the Prussian See also:government, he visited the See also:libraries of See also:England and See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland, and on his return was appointed (in 1826) professor ordinarius of theology at See also:Halle, the centre of German See also:rationalism, where he afterwards became preacher and member of the supreme consistorial See also:council. Here he made it his aim to combine in a higher unity the learning and to some extent the rationalism of J. S. See also:Semler with the devout and active See also:pietism of A. H. See also:Francke; and, in spite of the opposition of the theological See also:faculty of the university, he succeeded in changing the See also:character of its theology. This he effected partly by his lectures, particularly his exegetical courses, but, above all, by his See also:personal influence upon the students, and, after 1833, by his See also:preaching. His theologicalposition was that of a mild and large-hearted orthodoxy, which laid more stress upon See also:Christian experience than upon rigid dogmatic belief. On the two great questions of miracles and See also:inspiration he made great concessions to modern See also:criticism and See also:philosophy. The See also:battle of his See also:life was on behalf of personal religious experience, in opposition to the externality of rational-ism, orthodoxy or sacramentarianism. Karl See also:Schwarz happily remarks that, as the See also:English apologists of the 18th century were themselves infected with the See also:poison of the deists whom they endeavoured to refute, so Tholuck absorbed some of the heresies of the rationalists whom he tried to overthrow. He was also one of the prominent members of the Evangelical See also:Alliance, and few men were more widely known or more beloved throughout the Protestant churches of See also:Europe and See also:America than he. He died at Halle on the loth of See also:June 1877. As a preacher, Tholuck ranked among the foremost of his time. As a teacher, he showed remarkable sympathy and won great success. As a thinker he
can hardly be said to have been endowed with great creative power.
After his commentaries (on Romans, the See also:Gospel of See also:John, the See also:Sermon on the See also:Mount and the Epistle to the See also:Hebrews) and several volumes of sermons, his best-known books are Stunden christlicher Andacht (1839; 8th ed., 1870), intended to take the place of J. H. D. See also:Zschokke's See also:standard rationalistic work with the same title, and his reply to See also:David See also:Strauss's Life of Jesus (Glaubwurdigkeit der evangelischen Geschichte, 1837). He published at various times valuable contributions towards a history of rationalism—Vorgeschichte des Rationalismus (1853-1862), Geschichte des Rationalismus (1865), i. and a number of essays connected with the history of theology and especially of apologetics. His views on inspiration were indicated in his work Die Propheten and ihre Weissagungen (1860), in his essay on the " Alte Inspirationslehre," in Deutsche Zeitschrift See also:fur christliche Wissenschaft (1850), and in his Gesprache caber die vornehmsten Glaubensfragen der Zeit (1846; 2nd ed., 1867).
He also contributed many articles to See also:Herzog's Realencyklopadie, and for several years edited a See also:journal (1830-1849), Literarischer Anzeiger.
See Das Leben Tholucks, by L. See also:Witte (2 vols., 1884-1886) ; A. Tholuck, ein Lebensabriss, by M. Kahler (1877), and the same author's See also:art. ' Tholuck," in Herzog's Realencyklopadie; "Zur Erinnerung an Tholuck," by C. Siegfried, Protestantische Kirchzeitung (1885), No. 45, and 1886, No. 47 ; Karl Schwarz, Zur Geschichte der neuesten Theologie (4th ed., 1869) ; F. W. F. Nippold's Handbuch der neuesten Kirchengeschichte; cf. See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip See also:Schaff, See also:Germany; its See also:Universities, Theology and See also:Religion (1857), and the See also:article in the Allgemeine deutsche Biographie.
End of Article: THOLUCK, FRIEDRICH
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